Theories and Levels of Intelligence PDF

THEORIES AND LEVELS OF INTELLIGENCE INTELLIGENCE Intelligence is one of the most talked-about subjects in psychology, but no standard definition exists. Some researchers have suggested that intelligence is a single, general ability. Other theories of intelligence hold that intelligence encompasses...

THEORIES AND LEVELS OF INTELLIGENCE INTELLIGENCE Intelligence is one of the most talked-about subjects in psychology, but no standard definition exists. Some researchers have suggested that intelligence is a single, general ability. Other theories of intelligence hold that intelligence encompasses a range of aptitudes, skills, and talents. APA DICTIONARY OF PSYCHOLOGY the ability to derive information, learn from experience, adapt to the environment, understand, and correctly utilize thought and reason. ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA human intelligence, mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to manipulate one’s environment. According to William Stern, Intelligence, that is to say, reasoning, judgment, memory, and the power of abstraction” According to Alfred Binet, Intelligence is a general capacity of the individual consciously to adjust his thinking to new requirements” According to Charles Edward Spearman, Intelligence is the capacity of the organism to adjust itself to an increasingly complex environment”  Contemporary definitions of intelligence vary considerably, experts generally agree that intelligence involves mental abilities such as logic, reasoning, problem-solving, and WHAT IS planning. Specifically, current definitions tend to suggest that INTELLIGENCE? intelligence is the ability to: Learn from experience: The acquisition, retention, and use of knowledge is an important component of intelligence. Recognize problems: To use knowledge, people first must identify the problems it might address. Solve problems: People must then use what they have learned to come up with solutions to problems. MAIN THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY GENERAL INTELLIGENCE British psychologist Charles Spearman’s Two-factor Theory Spearman (1863–1945) of Intelligence Described the concept of general Spearman stated that various mental intelligence, or the "g factor." After using traits are not independent of each other, factor analysis to examine mental aptitude and there exists a common factor in all tests, Spearman concluded that scores on the cognitive abilities of the person, he these tests were remarkably similar. called this common factor a general factor or ”g” factor. He proposed that intelligence consists of two factors, i.e., People who performed well on one the ”g” factor (general ability) and the ”s” cognitive test tended to perform well on factor (specific ability), where the ”g” other tests, while those who scored badly on one test tended to score badly on factor is involved in every general mental others. He concluded that intelligence is a ability task of the person, and the ”s” general cognitive ability that researchers factor is responsible for only the specific can measure and express numerically intellectual abilities of the person. 2 FACTOR INTELLIGENCE Every individual is born with a different level of the ”g” factor, and the greater the ”g” factor, the greater are the chances that the person will succeed in various aspects of life, whereas the ”s” factor is not inborn, people acquire this factor through experiences and from their surrounding environment. The ”g” factor is shared with every other cognitive or intellectual activity of the person, but the ”s” factor is not shared with different intellectual activities, it’s specific to a particular activity. Spearman stated that the main purpose of the psychological tests is to measure the ”g” factor of the individuals because it is the common factor in all the cognitive abilities, and every individual’s intellectual abilities and performance differ based on their ”g” factor 2 FACTOR INTELLIGENCE In 1927, Spearman published his book, “The Abilities of Man,” in which he called the ”g” factor as ‘mental energy,’ and elaborated the concepts of the ”g” and ”s” factors. He stated that the degrees of the ”g” factor or general intelligence vary in every individual, and the ”g” factor of the person can not be increased upon training, but ”s” factors can be improved. Mathematically, The total intelligence score of the person (I) is the sum of the ”g” factor and ”s” factors that an individual possesses, i.e., I = g+S1+S2+S3+S4+… MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES Howard Gardner, (born July 11, 1943, Scranton, Pennsylvania, U.S.) Multiple Intelligences American cognitive psychologist and At its core, it is the proposition that author, best known for his theory of individuals have the potential to develop multiple intelligences. First presented in a combination of eight separate Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple intelligences, or spheres of intelligence; Intelligences (1983) that proposition is grounded on Gardner’s assertion that an individual’s cognitive capacity cannot be represented adequately in a single measurement, such as an IQ score. MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence: The ability to control body movements and handle objects skillfully Interpersonal intelligence: The capacity to detect and respond appropriately to the moods, motivations, and desires of others Intrapersonal intelligence: The capacity to be self-aware and in tune with inner feelings, values, beliefs, and thinking processes Logical-mathematical intelligence: The ability to think conceptually and abstractly, and to discern logical or numerical patterns Musical intelligence: The ability to produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch, and timbre Naturalistic intelligence: The ability to recognize and categorize animals, plants, and other objects in nature Verbal-linguistic intelligence: Well-developed verbal skills and sensitivity to the sounds, meanings, and rhythms of words Visual-spatial intelligence: The capacity to think in images and visualize accurately and abstractly THE TRIARCHIC APPROACH TO INTELLIGENCE American psychologists Robert Sternberg Triarchic Approach defined intelligence as "mental activity Although he agreed with Gardner that directed toward purposive adaptation to, intelligence is much broader than a single, selection, and shaping of real-world general ability, he suggested that some of environments relevant to one's life." Gardner's types of intelligence are better viewed as individual talents. Sternberg proposed the concept of "successful intelligence," which involves three factors: TRIARCHIC APPROACH TO INTELLIGENCE Analytical intelligence: The ability to evaluate information and solve problems Creative intelligence: The ability to come up with new ideas Practical intelligence: The ability to adapt to a changing environment OTHER TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE FLUID VS. CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE Fluid intelligence Crystallized intelligence, Psychologist Raymon Cattell, along with Crystallized intelligence involves his student John Horn, created the theory knowledge that comes from prior of fluid vs. crystallized intelligence.6 learning and past experiences. Fluid intelligence involves being able to Increases with age—this type of think and reason abstractly and solve intelligence is based on concrete facts problems. This ability is considered and experiences. independent of learning, experience, and education. Refers to the current ability According to the theory, a person's fluid intelligence declines as they get older. FLUID VS. CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE Fluid intelligence examples include: Coming up with problem-solving strategies Philosophical reasoning Solving puzzles or abstract problems Crystallized intelligence examples include: Memorizing text Memorizing vocabulary Recalling how to do something Remembering dates and locations FLUID VS. CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE Tests that measure fluid intelligence: Raven's Progressive Matrices Test (RPM) is a non-verbal assessment that asks a person to examine various shapes and pick from a choice of shapes to complete a pattern. Woodcock-Johnson Test of Cognitive Abilities measures cognitive skill and achievement; it's often given to children to assess them for advanced academic courses. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children measures verbal, reasoning, and memory skills. It is primarily administered to children between the age of six and 16. FLUID VS. CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE Tests that measure crystallized intelligence: Vocabulary and general knowledge tests Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is a measure of cognitive abilities developed for adults. It provides separate scores for different areas as opposed to an overall intelligence score. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE John Mayer and Peter Salovey, but was later popularized by psychologist Daniel Goleman. FOUR COMPONENTS Self-awareness Emotional intelligence (sometimes called EQ) refers to a person's ability to regulate Self-management emotions, and use their emotions to Social awareness relate to others. Signs of emotional intelligence include strong self- Relationship management awareness, empathy, embracing change, and managing emotions in difficult situations.intelligence declines as they get older. HOW PSYCHOLOGISTS AND PSYCHIATRISTS MEASURE INTELLIGENCE INTELLIGENCE (IQ) TESTING Efforts to quantify intelligence took a significant leap forward when German psychologist William Stern first coined the term "intelligence quotient" (IQ) in the early 20th century. Psychologist Alfred Binet developed the very first intelligence tests to help the French government identify schoolchildren who needed extra academic assistance. BINET & SIMON The first modern intelligence test in IQ history was developed in 1904, by Alfred Binet (1857-1911) and Theodore Simon (1873-1961). The French Ministry of Education asked these researchers to develop a test that would allow for distinguishing mentally retarded children from normally intelligent, but lazy children. The result was the Simon-Binet IQ test. This IQ test consists of several components such as logical reasoning, finding rhyming words and naming objects. BINET & SIMON The score for the IQ test in combination with a child's age, provides information on the intellectual development of the child: is the child ahead of or lagging other children? The IQ was calculated as (mental age/chronological age) X 100. However, IQ testing continues to spur debate over its use, cultural biases, influences on intelligence, and even the very way we define intelligence. INTELLIGENCE (IQ) TESTING Experts use a variety of standardized tests to measure intelligence. Some are aptitude tests administered in a group setting such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the American College Test (ACT). Others are IQ tests given to individuals. INTELLIGENCE (IQ) TESTING Binet-Simon intelligence scale: This was the first IQ test ever made, and was developed in 1905 by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon. Stanford-Binet IQ test: This was psychologist Lewis Terman's adaptation of the Binet-Simon test. Scores are based on a person's mental age divided by their chronological age (mental age/chronological age x 100). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS): This was the first intelligence test for adults, developed by David Wechsler in 1939. It was the first to use standardized normal distribution in scoring and is commonly used today. It is divided into verbal and performance measures. Like most modern tests, it scores on a bell curve. APA DICTIONARY OF PSYCHOLOGY Standardized intelligence testing has been called one of psychology's greatest successes. It is certainly one of the field's most persistent and widely used inventions. THANK YOU !!!