Theories of Personality 211 Prelims Reviewer PDF

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 211 PRELIMS REVIEWER INTRODUCTION Assumptions Hypothesis Personality Are basically beliefs and ideas Is a prediction...

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 211 PRELIMS REVIEWER INTRODUCTION Assumptions Hypothesis Personality Are basically beliefs and ideas Is a prediction that we hold to be true. o Originated from the Latin word persona which is referred to as the theatrical masks worn by Roman Often with little or no evidence. Can be statistically tested. actors in Greek Dramas. o There is no single definition is acceptable to all Beliefs about the variables. Prediction of relationship between two or more personality theorists. variables. o According to Feist & Feist, (2018), personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique Based on these beliefs, Predict a relation between characteristics. researchers attempt to discover variables and tested correlation. statistically to conclude a Traits study. It contributes to individual differences in behavior. Referred to as the consistency of behavior over time. Stability of behavior across situations. It can be unique, CONCEPTS OF HUMANITY common or shared with the entire species but its o These dimensions for concept of humanity are the pattern is unique and different from each individual. basis of how the theories are grouped into 5 major Characteristics perspectives in Psychology. o There are 12 concepts of humanity. These are unique qualities of a person which includes attributes such as temperament, physique, or 1. Determinism vs Freewill (What is the MOTIVATOR?) intelligence. ▪ Determinism – people’s behavior determined by Physiological feature of an individual. forces or motives which they have no control such THEORY as their past experiences. o It is a tool used to generate research and organized ▪ Freewill – is about people’s ability to be what they observations but neither truth nor fact has a place in wish to be. scientific terminology. o It is a set of related assumptions that allows scientists 2. Pessimism vs Optimism to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable ▪ Pessimism – people are doomed to live hypothesis. miserable, conflicted and troubled lives. Assumption ▪ Optimism – people change and grow into A realistic expectation which is something that we psychologically healthy, happy, and fully believe is true. functioning individual. An act of faith which does not have empirical evidence 3. Causality vs Teleology (What is the reason we do to support. present behavior?) A thing that is accepted as true or certain even without proof. ▪ Causality – holds that behavior is a function of past experiences. Examples of assumptions: 1. There is a supernatural power which govern this universe. ▪ Teleology (Goal/Future Oriented) – explanation of behavior in terms of future goals and purposes. 2. coronary artery disease is more common among urban people rather than rural people. 3. Regular prayers bring success because it boosts morale. 4. Almighty God exists everywhere in this universe. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 211 PRELIMS REVIEWER 4. Conscious vs Unconscious HUMANISTIC ▪ Conscious – people are ordinarily aware of what Perspective Primary Assumptions Key Figures they are doing and why they are doing it. 3. Humanistic & - people strive to live a - Abraham ▪ Unconscious – unconscious forces impinge on Existential meaningful and a happy Maslow people and drive them to act without awareness. life. - Carl Rogers - people are motivated - Rollo May 5. Biological vs Social Influences by growth and - Victor Frankl psychological health. ▪ Biological – a personal characteristic or trait is a - personality is shaped result of heredity. by freedom of choice, response to anxiety and ▪ Social Influences – people’s behavior are awareness of death. environmentally determined and shaped by social relationships. DISPOSITIONAL 6. Uniqueness vs Similarities Perspective Primary Assumptions Key Figures ▪ Uniqueness – study of personality should focus 4. Dispositional - people are - Gordon Allport on individual’s uniqueness. (Trait) predisposed to behave - Hans Eysenck in a unique and - McCrae & Costa ▪ Similarities – study of personality should focus on consistent ways; they how people’s behaviors are similar with each have unique traits. other. - there are different numbers of dimensions PSYCHODYNAMIC in human personality. Perspective Primary Assumptions Key Figures 1. Psychodynamic - early years of life most - Sigmund Freud shape. - Alfred Adler COGNITIVE - unconscious concepts - Carl Jung Perspective Primary Assumptions Key Figures are most important. - Melanie Klein - neurosis results from - Karen Horney 5. Cognitive - people develops as an - George Kelly unhealthy moving toward, - Erik Erikson interaction between - Jean Piaget against and away - Erich Fromm internal and external choices. - the cognitive BEHAVIORISM constructs we develop to perceive the world Perspective Primary Assumptions Key Figures and others mold our personalities. 2. Behavioral, - the only explanation of - Albert Bandura Social Learning & behavior is that, - B.F Skinner Social Cognitive conditions create - Ivan Pavlov behavior. - learning occurs through association and consequences of behaviors. - learning also occurs through succeeding or failing or watching other people succeed or fail. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 211 PRELIMS REVIEWER FREUD AND ADLER MEETING JOSEF BREUER SIGMUND FREUD (PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY) o A well-known Viennese physician, from whom he learned catharsis. SIGNIFICANT EVENTS o Freud adapted the use of catharsis until he discovered ▪ Meeting Jean-Martin Charcot the free association technique which soon replaces ▪ Meeting Josef Breuer hypnosis as his principal therapeutic technique. ▪ Anna O & and Freud Catharsis ▪ Meeting Wilhelm Fliess The process of removing hysterical symptoms through KEY CONCEPTS “talking them out”. ▪ Phylogenetic Endowment ANNA O & AND FREUD ▪ Seduction Theory ▪ Dynamics of Personality o As Freud continue to work with Breuer, he discussed in ▪ Levels of Mental Life detail with Freud the case of Anna O. ▪ Provinces of the Mind o Breuer spent several years treating Anna O’s hysteria. ▪ Defense Mechanisms o Freud urged Breur to collaborate with him in publishing ▪ Psychosexual Development Stages (OAPLG) an account of Anna O. and several cases of hysteria. ▪ Other Techniques in Psychoanalysis THE CASE OF ANNA O. BIOGRAPHY Her real name is Bertha Pappenheim Sigismund (Sigmund) Freud was born either on March Anna O was diagnosed with hysteria 6 or May 6,1856, in Freiberg, Moravia, which is now The symptoms are as follows: part of the Czech Republic - Paralysis He was the firstborn child (of 7 children) of Jacob and - Involuntary eye movements Amalie Nathanson Freud - Lethargy He was the favorite among the 7 children which - Language Difficulties contributes to his lifelong self-confidence. - Hallucinations When he was about 1 and half years old, his mother Freud and Breuer used hypnosis to treat Anna O which gave birth to his younger brother, Julius, which had a helped to release her anxious thoughts and describe it significant impact on his psychic development because as talking therapy. Sigmund developed hostility and harbored an Anna’s habit of storytelling provided Breuer with an unconscious wish of death for Julius. intriguing insight into her state of mind. Many of the Julius died less than a year later. stories that she would tell involved sitting by a sick Freud suggested that his unexpected and tragic person’s bedside, echoing Anna’s experience in caring fulfillment of his wish was the source of some lingering for her father. guilt that pursued him throughout his life. She also relayed a dream similar in subject matter, in which a black snake approached the person in the bed. MEETING JEAN-MARTIN CHARCOT Anna felt paralysed in the dream, and was unable to o He spent four months with Charcot from whom he protect the bed-bound patient from the creature. learned the hypnotic technique from treating hysteria During her meetings with her therapist, Anna also recalled an occasion when she was younger and had a Hysteria glass of water. She recalled seeing her nanny’s dog, whom she did not like, approach the glass and take a A disorder typically characterized by paralysis or the drink from it, causing her to repulsed at the thoughts of improper functioning of certain parts of the body. sharing her glass with the dog. Came from the Greek word hystera which means Breuer and Freud believed that bringing unconscious uterus anxieties, such as hallucinations and traumatic Hypnosis experiences, to the conscious attention, Anna could overcome any related symptoms. referred to as hypnotherapy or hypnotic suggestion. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 211 PRELIMS REVIEWER Over time, her problems ceased and she made a o Also known as Thanatos which is powered by an gradual recovery, was given a pet dog to look after and unnamed energy due to the death of Freud. It is also engaged in charity work helping other ill people. referred to as the death instinct. MEETING WILHELM FLIESS LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE o Berlin physician who served as a sound board for as a Conscious sounding board for Freud’s newly developing ideas through exchange of letters. Awareness at any given point in time, directly available o As Freud undergo self-analysis due to professional to us. isolation and personal crisis, he began to analyze his Your present thoughts own dreams. e.g., You are aware or conscious right now that you are o During the time, Freud suffered on his second personal reading this module. crises due to his abandonment on his treasured seduction theory for the reasons that: Preconscious held that hysteria and obsessional neurosis are caused by repressed memories of infantile sexual abuse Elements that are not conscious but can become because children unconsciously seduced their parents. conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty. 1. This theory had not enabled him to successfully e.g., I asked you to recall what happened on your birthday treat even a single patient. last year. The information will be recovered from your 2. A great number of fathers, including his own preconscious to your awareness. would have to be accused of sexual perversion. 3. Freud believed that the unconscious mind could Unconscious probably not distinguish reality from fiction. 4. He found that the unconscious memories of Drives, urges or instincts that are beyond our advanced psychotic patients almost never awareness but motivates most of our words, feelings revealed early childhood sexual experiences. and actions. o Their friendship ended in the year 1903. After that, e.g., fears, violent motives, immoral urges, irrational wishes, Freud published his book Interpretation of Dreams. selfish needs, unacceptable sexual desires, etc. DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY Drives From the German word trieb which refers to a drive or stimulus within the person. Also known as instinct or impulse. It operates as a constant motivational force. Two major headings of drive are sex and aggression which Freud also referred it to as the two cornerstones of psychoanalysis. Sex Also known as Eros which is powered by the energy called libido. Referred to as the life instinct. Censorship The aim of the sexual drive is pleasure but it’s not limited to genital satisfaction. These are used to block the passage between the unconscious and preconscious to prevent undesirable Aggression anxiety-producing memories from entering awareness. The level of the minds has only 2 censors, the primary o Freud constituted the concept of aggression after the and the final censors. World War I when he observed why people kill other people. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 211 PRELIMS REVIEWER Examples of Censorship Ego or das ich Situation A. Also known as the “I” It starts at the age of 2. It’s time that a toddler can 1. You have an unconscious wish to eradicate your younger already understand the concept of right and wrong. brother. It is based on reality principle. 2. Your primary censor will filter that irrational wish before It mediates between the id and the superego. it reaches your preconscious. e.g., A person who is dieting, but chooses not to give into 3. On your preconscious, instead of wishing to eliminate your hunger cravings. younger brother, you just want him to get lost. Superego or uber ich 4. Before the information from your preconscious show up to your consciousness, it will be filtered again by your final Starts at the age of 5. At this age, a child starts to censor. develop his conscience. Also known as the moral principle. 5. After filtering on your conscious state, instead of It represents society’s values and parent’s standards. eliminating your brother, you will just tease him, which is It has two subsystems: more morally acceptable rather than killing him. - Conscience: filters the things we should not do e.g., we should not cheat on our exams. Situation B. - Ideal: filters the things we should do. 1. You have an unacceptable sexual desire with someone e.g., you let your friend review your notes for him to who is currently in a relationship. pass the exams. 2. That unacceptable sexual desire will be filtered by the primary censor. 3. From having an unacceptable sexual desire with someone on your preconscious, you just want to have an intimate relationship with her. 4. Having an affair with someone who’s currently in a relationship is still unacceptable, your final censor will filter again your irrational wish. 5. After the final filtration, from your immoral sexual desire, on your awareness, you just save the pictures of the person you like on your phone, react on his/her status which is way more morally acceptable. PROVINCES OF THE MIND DEFENSE MECHANISMS Id or das es Defense Mechanisms Also known as the “it” According to Freud, these defense mechanisms are It starts at birth. used to deal with unwanted thoughts and desires to It is based on pleasure principle which uses wish works unconsciously and also to protect us from the fulfillment to satisfy its needs. anxiety. These defense mechanisms are as follows: It is only concerned with satisfying its personal desires. e.g., Cutting classes, cheating on a test THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 211 PRELIMS REVIEWER 1. Repression Also known as the mother of all defense mechanisms because it is the most common whereas the threatening memories or feeling are forced back to the unconscious. Almost similar to forgetting. 2. Sublimation Substituting id impulses into a socially acceptable actions; converting negative behavior to positive. 3. Displacement Negative impulses are transferred from original target to another person or object. 4. Denial Stating certain facts do not exist. 5. Reaction Formation Male Oedipus Complex Concealing a motive by giving strong expression of the opposite. The male child develops unconscious sexual desired for the mother and will identify the father as a rival. 6. Projection These feelings for the mother and rivalry toward the father lead to fantasies of getting rid of his father and Attributing unconscious impulse to other people instead taking his place with the mother. of oneself. Hostile feelings towards the father lead to castration 7. Undoing anxiety, an irrational fear that the father will castrate (remove his penis) him as punishment. To make up for a bad act by doing good. To cope with this anxiety, the son identifies with the father. 8. Rationalization The father becomes a role model rather than a rival. Making excuses that more socially acceptable. Female Oedipus Complex. sour grape: dislikes what really likes sugar coating: likes what really dislikes Female child develops hostility to her mother because she blames her for not having a penis. 9. Regression She assumed that she previously possessed a penis Turns to behavior in early phases of life (safe stage) but lost it by castration (as a punishment) The female child will just accept that she lost her penis PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES by castration and will begin to identify with the mother. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 211 PRELIMS REVIEWER TECHNIQUES IN PSYCHOANALYSIS Humor Dream Analysis o According to Freud, if you want to know what has been repressed in a person’s mind, examine what he or she According to Freud, our dreams are the “royal road to finds humorous. unconscious”. It’s a type of wish fulfillment where our unconscious ALFRED ADLER (INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY) desire for motives manifests. KEY CONCEPTS Manifest content: what the dreamer sees or remember. ▪ Individual Psychology Latent content: unconscious representation of the dream. ▪ Six Tenets of Adlerian Theory ▪ External Factors of Maladjustments Repetition compulsion: repetition of frightening dreams ▪ Safeguarding Tendencies due to trauma. ▪ Masculine Protest ▪ Birth Order Condensation: unconscious motives or dreams are ▪ Dreams disguised not as extensive as in latent content. ▪ Adlerian Psychotherapy Displacement: unconscious motives are replaced by BIOGRAPHY symbols. Alfred Adler was born on February 7, 1870 in a village Projective Tests near Vienna. o A subject is presented with ambiguous stimuli and asks He was the second child among the 7 children of the person to respond with a story, the identification of Pauline and Leopold Adler. objects, or perhaps a drawing. Responses are When he was just 4 years old, his younger brother, individual and indicative of something going on deep Rudolf died in the bed next to him which made him inside the mind, something unconscious. traumatized and had a go al of being a physician when he grows up. e.g., Thematic Apperception Test, Draw a Person Test, As a young boy, he was wick and sickly, nearly died of Rorschach Inkblot Test pneumonia when he was 5 years old. Free Association All throughout his life, Alfred has a rivalry with his older brother, Sigmund, who became popular in business o A practice in psychoanalytic therapy. In this practice, a industry. therapist asks a person in therapy to freely share He attended school with neither difficulty nor thoughts, words, and anything else that comes to mind. distinction. He completed medicine and started career as eye Transference: a strong sexual or aggressive feeling, specialist but eventually shifted on psychiatry and positive or negative, the client develops towards the analyst; general medicine. usually came from their parents. Alfred and Freud, together with other three physician Counter transference: occurs when a therapists transfers formed a group they called the Wednesday emotion to a person in therapy, is often a reaction to Psychological Society which became Vienna transference. Psychoanalytic Society in 1908. In 1911, Alfred became the president of the VPS which Freudian Slips (Parapraxes) led to tension between him and Freud. Due to personal and professional differences, Alfred o Commonly called slip of the tongue, pen, misreading, resigned his presidency and membership in the VPS. incorrect, hearing, misplacing objects are not chance Adler formed the Society for Individual Psychology. accidents but reveal a person’s unconscious intentions e.g., A woman might mean to tell her friend, “I am so in love with John.” But instead of saying John’s name, she said the name of her ex-boyfriend. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 211 PRELIMS REVIEWER CONFLICT WITH FREUD INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY Professional Differences o Individual Psychology presents an optimistic view of Freud Adler people while resting heavily on the notion of social interest (Gemeinschaftsgefühl), that is a feeling of 1. Freud limited the motivation of 1. Adler saw people as being oneness with all human kind. personality to sex and motivated mostly be social o His concepts of humanity are based on free will, aggression only influences and by their striving for superiority and success. teleology and individual differences. SIX TENENTS OF ADLERIAN THEORY 2. Freud assumed that people 2. Adler believes that people 1. Striving for success and superiority motivates have little or no choice in shaping are largely responsible for who their personality. they are. personality. 2. Subjective perception shapes behavior and 3. Freud had an assumption that 3. Adler had a notion that personality. present behavior is caused by present behavior is shaped by past experiences. people’s view of the future. 3. Personality is unified and self-consistent. 4. Freud emphasized 4. Adler believed that a 4. Value of all human activity must be seen from the unconscious component of psychologically healthy person viewpoint of social interest. behavior. are usually aware of what they are doing and why they are 5. Self-consistent personality structure develops into a doing it. person’s style of life. Personal Differences 6. Style of life is molded by people’s creative power. Freud Adler 1ST TENET 1. When Freud’s younger 1. When Adler’s younger brother died, he felt guilt and brother died, he felt motivated to o The first tenet of Adlerian Theory is: The one dynamic self-reproach (due to his be a physician someday to force behind people’s behavior is the striving for unconscious wish of death for avoid sudden deaths among his success or superiority. his brother) which continued family members. into his adulthood. o Striving for Personal Superiority: - People strive for superiority with little or no concern for 2. Freud felt more attached with 2. Adler was more interested in others. his parents especially to his social relationships especially - Their goals are personal ones for personal gains. mother. with his siblings and parents. - Their striving are motivated largely by the presence of inferiority complex, an exaggerated feeling of inferiority. 3. Freud preferred intense one- 3. Adler felt more comfortable in o Striving for Success to-one relationships. group sessions. - These are type of psychologically healthy people who are motivated by social interest and success for all 4. Freud became the most 4. Adler didn’t become as humankind. popular theorist on personality popular as Freud and Jung -They are concerned with the goals beyond because of his talent in writing because he rarely published his and publishing his books. works. themselves. - They are capable of helping others without demanding 5. Freud established several 5. Adler advanced his theories or expecting a personal payoff. organizations to cascade his through lecturing, establishing theory. child guidance clinics and o The Final Goal training teachers. - Infants are born small, incomplete, and weak, they feel inferior and powerless. - To compensate to these deficiencies, they set a fictional goal to be big, complete and strong. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 211 PRELIMS REVIEWER - Thus, a person’s final goal reduces the pain of understand an unconscious tendency it has already inferiority feelings and points the person in the direction become conscious. of either superiority or success. - The final goal of superiority for a pampered girl may 4TH TENET be to make a parasitic relationship with her mother. - The value of all human activity must be seen from the - On the other hand, psychologically healthy children viewpoint of social interest. set their final goal in terms of success and social interest. Social Interest 2ND TENET Adler’s somewhat misleading translation of his original German term Gemeinschaftsgefühl because a better o The second tenet of Adlerian Theory is: People’s translation is “social feeling” or “community feeling”. subjective perceptions shape their behavior and It means a feeling of oneness with all humanity personality. It implies membership in the social community feeling o The manner in which they strive is not shaped by reality of all people. but by their subjective perceptions of reality, that is, by Tasks to Develop Social Interest their fictions, or expectations of the future. 1. Occupational Task (Work) Fictionalism 2. Social Task Fictions are ideas that have no real existence, yet they influence people as if they really existed. 3. Love & Marriage Task 3RD TENET 5TH TENET The third tenet of Adlerian Theory is: Personality is Adlerian Theory’s fifth tenet is: The self-consistent unified and self-consistent personality structure develops into a person’s style According to Adler, inconsistent behaviors does not of life. exist. Styles of Life Thoughts, feelings and actions are all directed toward a single goal and serve as single purpose. Refers to the flavor of a person’s life. Organ Dialect Includes person’s goal, self-concept, feelings for others and attitude towards the world. The deficient organ expresses the direction of the It’s a product of interaction of heredity, environment and individual’s goal. a person’s creative power. Disturbance of one part of the body cannot be viewed Usually established at the age of 4 to 5. in isolation which affects the entire person. Styles of Life (Based on their Level of Social Interest) Through organ dialect, the body’s organs “speak a language which is usually more expressive and 1. Ruling-Dominant Type – they always dominate others. discloses the individual’s opinion more clearly than words are able to do”. 2. Getting-Learning Type – they always rely on others. Conscious and Unconscious 3. Avoiding Type – they avoid failures; thus, they never pursue anything. Adler avoided the dichotomy between the unconscious and the conscious which he saw as two cooperating 4. Socially Useful Type – confronts problems and attempts parts of the unified system. to solve the problem in a socially useful way. Conscious thoughts are those that are understand and *Note: First 3 types are also called faulty lifestyle* regarded by the individual. Unconscious thoughts are those that are not understood and not helpful. The conscious life becomes unconscious as soon as people fail to understand it – and as soon as they THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 211 PRELIMS REVIEWER 6TH TENET SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES Adler’s six tenet of his theory is: Style of life is molded o Safeguarding tendencies are patterns of behavior to by people’s creative power. protect people from their exaggerated sense of self- According to Adler, each person is empowered with esteem against public disgrace. It enables people to freedom to create his own style of life. hide their inflated self-image and to maintain their current style of life. Creative Power o These protective devices can be compared to Freud’s defense mechanisms. Excuses, aggression and It places people in control of their lives. withdrawal are three common safeguarding It is responsible for their final goal. tendencies according to Adler. It determines their method of their goal. It also contributes to the development of their social Excuses interest. It implies movement with direction which help people to Typically expressed in “Yes, but” or “if only” statements. move free. In “Yes, but” excuse, people first state what they claim they would like to do, something that sounds good to ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT FOR ADLER others, then they follow with an excuse. “If only” excuse protect a weak-but-artificially-inflated FACTORS OF MALADJUSTMET sense of self-worth and deceive people into believing Abnormal Development Defined by Adler that they are more superior than they really are. Creative power endows humans with certain limits: (1) e.g., with the freedom to be either psychologically healthy or 1. Yes, I would like to go to college, but my children demand unhealthy and (2) to follow either a useful or useless to much of my attention. style of life. Underdeveloped social interest can lead to certain 2. Yes, I agree with your proposal, but company policy won’t types of maladjustments. allow it. Adler recognized three major contributing factors to abnormality. These are: 3. If only my husband were more supportive, I would have advanced faster in my profession. 1. Exaggerated Physical Deficiencies. 4. If only I did not have this physical deficiency, I could Physical deficiency in terms of either congenital of compete successfully for a job. result of injury or disease accompanied by accentuated feelings of inferiority. Aggression People who tend to exaggerate physical deficiency Some people use aggression to safeguard their tend to develop exaggerated feelings of inferiority. exaggerated superiority complex. Some of these are: 2. Pampered Style of Life 1. Depreciation Pampered people have weak social interest. 2. Accusation They tend to develop parasitic relationship with their parents, friends, and partner. 3. Self-accusation They expect others to look after them, overprotect them and satisfy their needs. Withdrawal 3. Neglected Style of Life People run away from difficulties. Also referred to as safeguarding through distance. Abused and mistreated children develop little social Some people unconsciously escape life’s problems by interest and tend to create a neglected style of life. setting up distance between themselves and their They feel unloved and unwanted. problems. They have little confidence in themselves and tend to Some of safeguarding tendencies through withdrawal overestimate difficulties. are: THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 211 PRELIMS REVIEWER 1. Moving Backward o If the firstborn’s attitude is one of extreme hostility and vengeance, the second child may become highly 2. Standing Still competitive or overly discouraged. 3. Hesitating o In contrast, if the first born adapted a cooperating attitude with the new sibling, second child will mature 4. Constructing Obstacles towards moderate competitiveness, having a healthy desire to overtake the older rival. MASCULINE PROTEST 3. Youngest Children Origin of Masculine Protest o They are the most pampered and consequently. o In many societies, both men and women place an o They tend to run a high risk of being the problem child. inferior value on being a women that women are weak. o They are likely to have strong feelings of inferiority. o The epitome of success for boys is to win, to be o They lack a sense of independence. powerful, to be on top. o In contrast, some girls often learn to be passive and to 4. Only Child accept on inferior position in society. o But some women fight against their feminine roles, o They are in a unique position of competing not against developing a masculine orientation and becoming their siblings but against his parents. assertive and competitive. o They often develop an exaggerated sense of superiority and an inflated self-concept. Adler and Freud’s Views on Feminity o They may lack well-developed feelings of cooperation, social interest, possess a parasitic attitude and expect o Adler assumed that women have the same others to pamper and protect them. physiological and psychological needs as men and want more or less the same things that men want. Early Recollections (ER) o Freud regarded women as the “dark continent” for psychology and believed that it’s their destiny to be Represent an Adlerian process of collecting early inferior human beings. memories in specified ways. Clients are instructed to remember actual events from APPLICATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY early life (before at the age of 10 is normally acceptable) FAMILY CONSTELLATIONS These recalled memories yield clues which is analyzed 1. Firstborn Children by the therapist to understand the client’s style of life. However, Adler did not consider these memories to o They have intensified feelings of power and superiority, have a causal effect event it states the reality or a high anxiety and overprotective tendencies. complete fantasy. o They experience a traumatic dethronement when a younger sibling is born. Dreams o If the first born is 3 years old or above and they tend to develop a self-centered style of life, they will feel For Adler, dreams can provide clues to solve future hostility and resentment towards the new baby. problems. o But if the firstborn developed a cooperating style of life, It is the way of the body to prepare the person in he will eventually adapt this same attitude towards his possible danger. new sibling. It is also used to analyze problems and plan future o If the firstborn is below 3 years old, their hostility and goals. resentment will be largely unconscious. Adlerian Psychotherapy 2. Secondborn Children The main goal of Adlerian psychotherapy is to: o They begin life in a better situation for developing 1. Enhance courage cooperation and social interest. 2. Lessen feelings of inferiority and o They are shaped by their perception of the older 3. Enhance social interest sibling’s attitude towards them. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 211 PRELIMS REVIEWER Adler let the client examine their goals and see that After the Professional Break Up responsibility for their current misery rests with them by asking them “What would you do after I cure you?” After Jung and Freud ended their professional relationship, Jung wrote to Freud his “boundless He emphasized that what people do with what they admiration” for him and confessed that his veneration have is more important than what they have. “has something of the character of a ‘religious crush’ Adler treat children’s clients in front of their classmates, and it had an “undeniable erotic undertone”. teacher or parents to help the child feel the belonginess Jung confessed that this abominable feeling comes in the community. from the fact that as a boy, he was a victim of sexual He also does not blame the parents for a child’s assault by a man he once worshipped – may have been misbehavior instead, he worked tow in the parents’ one of the major reason why Jung eventually broke confidence and persuade them to change their from Freud. behavior towards the child. After the break up, Jung was filled with loneliness and JUNG & SULLIVAN self-analysis. In 1913 to 1917, Jung underwent the most profound CARL JUNG (ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY) and dangerous experience of his life, a trip through the BIOGRAPHY underground of his own unconscious psyche. This experience was referred as the “creative illness” Carl Gustav Jung is a Swiss psychiatrist. where Jung discovered important concepts in his Born on July 26, 1875 in Switzerland theory while in the period of loneliness and isolation. He is the second child of Johann Paul Jung and Emilie Presiwerk Jung LEVELS OF PSYCHE Both religion and medicine were prevalent in his family. Conscious At the age of 3, Jung was separated from his mother for several months who had to be hospitalized which made Conscious images are those that are sensed by the ego him feel distrustful whenever the word “love” was whereas unconscious elements have no relationship mentioned. with the ego. During his school years, Jung became aware of two Jung saw the ego as the center of consciousness but separate aspects of his personalities which he called it not the core of personality. No. 1 and No. 2 personalities. His first choice of profession is archaeology but he Personal Unconscious wasn’t able to pursue it due to financial limitations; It embraces all repressed, forgotten, or subliminally eventually, he narrowed down his choice of career to perceived experiences of one particular individual. medicine and specialized in psychiatry. It contains repressed infantile memories and impulses, On his 18th year, he was sexually assaulted by a man forgotten events, and experiences originally perceived he saw as a fatherly friend in whom he can confide below the threshold of our consciousness. everything. Collective Unconscious Carl Jung & Sigmund Freud Jung’s most controversial and perhaps, his most Freud invited Jung and his wife, Emma Jung to Vienna distinctive concept. Freud and Jung developed a strong mutual respect and It has roots in the ancestral past of the entire species. affection for one another. Physical contents of the collective unconscious are Their first meeting lasted for 13 hours straight. inherited and passed from one generation to the next Freud believed that Jung is the ideal person to be his as psychic potential. successor. In Freud’s concept of phylogenetic endowment, Freud Personal tension between the two started when they looked first on the personal unconscious and resorted decided to interpret each other’s dreams. to phylogenetic endowment when individual Freud was unable to interpret Jung’s dreams; Freud explanations failed whereas Jung replaced primary was also unwilling to reveal the intimate details of his emphasis on the collective unconscious and used life which was the reason why Jung was also unable to personal experiences to round out the total personality. interpret Freud’s dreams. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 211 PRELIMS REVIEWER e.g., A young mother may unexpectedly react with love and Great Mother tenderness to her newborn infant, even though she previously had negative or neutral feelings toward the fetus. Two other archetypes, the great mother and the wise The tendency to respond was part of woman’s innate old man, are derivates of the anima and animus. potential or inherited blueprint, but such innate potential Everyone, man or woman, possesses a great mother requires an individual experience before it will become archetype. activated. Preexisting concept of mother is always associated with both positive and negative feelings. ARCHETYPES The great mother, therefore, represents two opposing forces – fertility and nourishment on the one hand and Archetypes are ancient images derived from the power and destruction on the other. content of the collective unconscious. It has biological originate through the repeated experiences of human’s Power and destruction is sometimes symbolized as a ancestors. godmother, The Mother of God, Mother Nature, Mother Earth, a stepmother, or a witch. Persona Wise Old Man The side of the personality that people show to the world. Archetype of wisdom and meaning, symbolizes human’s preexisting knowledge of the mysteries of life. Jung believed that each of us should project a particular role, one that society dictates to each of us. Personified in dreams as father, grandfather, teacher, philosopher, guru, doctor, or priest. To be unaware of one’s deep individuality is to become society’s puppet. Hero Shadow Hero archetype is represented in mythology and legends as a powerful person, sometimes part god who These are archetype of darkness and repression; fights against great odds to conquer or vanquish evil in represents those qualities we do not wish to the form of dragons, monsters, serpents, or demons. acknowledge but attempt to hide from ourselves and other. Self To be whole, we must continually strive to know our shadow and that this quest is our first test of courage. Jung believed that each person possesses an inherited tendency to move towards growth, perfection, and Anima completion, and he called this innate disposition the self. Jung believed that all humans are psychologically The self is the archetype of archetypes because it pulls bisexual and possess both a masculine and a feminine together the other archetypes and unites them in the side. process of self-realization. It is represented by irrational moods and feelings. Feminine side of men originates in the collective Mandela unconscious as an archetype and remains extremely resistant to consciousness. Men must realize the feminine side of their personality. The process of gaining acquaintance with his anima was Jung’s second test of courage. Animus The masculine archetype in women. Animus is symbolic of thinking and reasoning. It originates from the encounters of prehistoric women with men. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 211 PRELIMS REVIEWER CONCEPT OF HUMANITY 3. Sensing Causality and Teleology o The function that receives physical stimuli and transmit them to perceptual consciousness. Causality holds that present events have their origin in o Sensation refers to our immediate experience of the previous experiences. objective world, a process that takes place without any Conversely, teleology holds that present events are kind of evaluation of the experience. motivated by goals and aspirations for the future that direct a person’s destiny. 4. Intuiting PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES o Intuition involves perception beyond the workings of consciousness. According to Jung, people has two attitudes, o Refers to a deeper perception of inherent possibilities introversion and extraversion, and four functions, and inner meanings. thinking, feelings, sensing, intuiting. Attitudes Attitude is a predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction. He insisted that each person has both an introverted and an extraverted attitude, although one may be conscious while the other is unconscious. Psychologically healthy people attain a balance of the two attitudes, feeling equally comfortable with their internal and their external worlds. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 1. Introversion Jung’s Stages of Development o Is the turning inward of psychic energy with an He compared the trip through the life to the journey of orientation towards the subjective. the sun through the sky, with the brightness of the sun 2. Extraversion representing consciousness. He grouped the stage of life into four general periods – o Attitude distinguished by the turning outward of psychic childhood, youth, middle life, and old age. energy so that a person is oriented toward the objective and away from the subjective. Functions: - Both introversion and extraversion can combine with any one or more of four functions, forming eight possible orientations, or types. 1. Thinking o Logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas. 1. Childhood o Thinking is a mode of evaluation that is concerned with the truth or falsity of experience. Referred to as the early morning sun. Full of potential but lacks in brilliance. 2. Feeling It has 3 stages: o Describes the process of evaluating an idea or event. o a. Anarchic Phase – chaotic and sporadic o Perhaps a more accurate word would be valuing, a term consciousness less likely to be confused with either sensing or intuiting. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 211 PRELIMS REVIEWER o b. Monarchic Phase – development of the Dream Analysis ego and by the beginning of logical and verbal thinking. Jung believes that dreams have meaning and must be o c. Dualistic – ego is being divided into an taken seriously. objective and subjective manner. Jungian dream interpretation uncover elements from the personal and collective unconscious and to 2. Youth integrate them into consciousness in order to facilitate the process of self-realization. The morning sun climbing towards the zenith. Dreams are the manifestations of the contents of the Puberty to middle life (13 to 40 years old) collective unconscious. Strive to gain psychic and physical independence from their parents, find a mate, raise a family, and make a e.g., The people you see in your dreams that are not familiar place in the world. to you may be your ancestors. 3. Middle Life Active Imagination Early afternoon sun which passed the zenith, headed This method requires a person to begin with any for sunset. impression – a dream image, vision, picture, or fantasy Begins at ages 35 to 40 years old. – and to concentrate until the impression begins to Period of increasing anxiety and achieving tremendous move. potential. The purpose of active imagination is to reveal archetypal images emerging from the unconscious. 4. Old Age HARRY STACK SULLIVAN (INTERPERSONAL THEORY) The evening sun, markedly dimmed. According to Jung, death is the goal of life. BIOGRAPHY Physical, memories and senses decline When he was 8 ½ years old, he formed a very close SELF-REALIZATION relationship to a 13-year-old boy named Clarence Bellinger. Self-Realization Yet, they never spoke again after high school. They both became psychiatrists and never married. Can be compared to Carl Roger’s self-actualization. Sullivan was discriminated because of his gender. Also known as individuation. When he was 35, he disappeared for two years and The process of becoming an individual or whole suspected that he became schizophrenic. person. His graduation on medical school was delayed due to According to Jung, it is the highest level of human lack of internship. development. He also adopted a 15-year-old boy named James Complete self-realization is seldom if ever achieved. Inscoe Sullivan also known as “Jimmie”. To achieve it, people must adapt not only to their outside environment but to their inner world as well. INTERPERSONAL THEORY Both regression and progression are essential to The main concept of the Interpersonal Theory of achieve the individual growth or self-realization. Sullivan is that, without other people, humans would METHODS OF INVESTIGATION have no personality. He believed that one’s personality came from his Word Association Test environment. People develop their personality within the social Jung was not the first to use the word association test, context. but he can be credited with the helping develop and refine it. “A personality can never be isolated from the complex of interpersonal relations in which the person lives and There’s a list of about 100 stimulus words chosen and has his being” (Sullivan, 1953) arranged to elicit and emotional reaction. This theory emphasized the importance of various developmental stages. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 211 PRELIMS REVIEWER TENSIONS 1. Malevolence Tension, according to Sullivan, refers to the potentiality The disjunctive dynamism of evil and hatred is called for action that may or may not be experiences malevolence. consciously or in awareness. A feeling of living along one’s enemies. A tension, once felt or experienced, an action must take Disruptive in interpersonal relationship. place. There are two types of tensions namely the Children who become malevolent have much difficulty needs and anxiety. giving and receiving tenderness or being intimate with other people. Needs e.g., Daniela Mondragon, antagonists. These are tensions brought on by biological imbalance between a person and psychochemical environment, 2. Intimacy both inside and outside the environment. Although needs originally have a biological component, Conjunctive dynamism marked by a close personal many of them stem in interpersonal situations. relationship between two people of equal status. For Sullivan, the most basic interpersonal need is It facilitates interpersonal development while tenderness. decreasing both anxiety and loneliness. There are two types of needs namely the Intimacy must not be confused with sexual interest. o General Needs – overall being needs which 3. Lust includes interpersonal and physiological needs such as food and water. An isolating dynamism. o Zonal Needs – needs that arise from a Lust is self-centered need that can be satisfied in the particular area of the body which includes absence of an intimate interpersonal relationship. oral, genital and manual. Lust is based solely on sexual gratification. It requires no other person for its satisfaction. Anxiety 4. Self-system It is the chief disruptive force blocking the development of healthy interpersonal relations. A pattern of behavior that protects us against anxiety Severe anxiety prevents people from learning, impairs and maintains our interpersonal security. memory, narrows perception and may even result in It is also a conjunctive dynamism because its primary complete amnesia. job is to protect self from anxiety. Because anxiety is painful, people will naturally avoid To reduce anxiety, our self-system uses security it, inherently preferring the state of euphoria or operations, the dissociation and selective complete lack of tension. inattention o Dissociation – blocking all experiences from Energy Transformation awareness that are inconsistent with our self. These are the tension that are transformed into actions o Selective inattention – blocking only certain either overt or covert. experiences from awareness. These refers to our behaviors that are aimed at PERSONIFICATIONS satisfying needs and reducing anxiety. Personification refers to a mental image we have of e.g., You’re hungry (tension) → you will eat (energy other people and ourselves. transformation) May be a real image or imagined which both can DYNAMISMS influence one’s behavior. Sullivan believed that people acquire certain images of Dynamisms refer to a typical pattern of behavior. It self and others throughout the developmental stages, may relate either to specific zones of the body or to and he referred these subjective perceptions as tensions. personification. Some of the following are: According to Sullivan, there are four dynamisms including malevolence, intimacy, lust and self- system. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 211 PRELIMS REVIEWER 1. Bad-Mother & Good-Mother 2. Parataxic Level This personification grows out of infant’s experience Experiences that are prelogical and nearly impossible with the nipple that does not satisfy their hunger needs. to communicate to others. All infants experience bad-mother personification, Sees events as causally related because of temporal or even the real mothers may be loving and nurturing. serial connections, in the absence of logical Later, infants will acquire a good-mother relationships. personification as they become mature enough to recognize the tender and cooperative behavior of their Parataxic Distortion – a distortion in perception mothering one. especially of interpersonal relationships, based on a tendency to perceive others in accordance with a 2. Me Personification pattern determined by previous experiences. The most noteworthy of the personifications are those 3. Syntaxic Level related to the self. According to Sullivan, we all form images of ourselves, Experiences that can be accurately communicated to and these images fall into three basic categories: others. Children become capable of syntaxic language at about Good-Me Personification – aspects of ourselves that 12 to 18 months of age when words begin to have the we feel good about, that have been rewarded in the same meaning for them that they do for others. past and that are not associated with anxiety. STAGES OF DVELOPMENT Bad-Me Personification – reflects those parts of our Sullivan saw interpersonal development as taking experiences that we would rather not think about, that place over seven stages, from infancy to mature adulthood. have not been rewarded, and that have been Personality changes are most likely during transitions associated with anxiety. between stages. Not-Me Personification – aspects of ourselves which 1. Infancy are threatening that we dissociate them from our self- From 0 to 2 years. system and maintain them in our unconscious. The infant must receive tenderness from the mother. 3. Eidetic Personification At about the age of 18 – 24 months, the child receives tenderness from the mother while also learning anxiety. One of the most interesting observation of Sullivan. Anxiety may increase to the point of terror but such According to him, people often create imaginary traits terror is controlled by the built-in protection of apathy that they project onto others. and somnolent detachment that allows the baby to go to sleep. Included in this personification are the imaginary playmates that pre-school aged children have (2-6 2. Childhood years old) From 2 to 6 years LEVELS OF COGNITION Child’s primary interpersonal relationship continues to Sullivan recognized three levels of cognition or be with the mother. ways of perceiving things. These are: Besides their parents, pre-school aged children often have one other significant relationship, an imaginary 1. Prototaxic Level playmate. Experiences that are impossible to put into words or to 3. Juvenile Era communicate to others. New born infants experience images mostly on a From 6 to 8 ½ years. prototaxic level, but adults, too, frequently have At this time, children should learn how to compete, to preverbal experiences that are momentary and compromise and to cooperate. incapable of being communicated. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 211 PRELIMS REVIEWER These three abilities, as well as an orientation toward After his return, he was invited by a friend to teach living, help a child develop intimacy, the chief children in a school owned by Anna Freud which later dynamism of the next developmental stage. on became his employer and psychoanalyst. Erik got married and had 4 children. 4. Preadolescence Neil, the youngest child was born with down syndrome (Mongolian idiot disease/disorder) whom later was put From 8 ½ to 13 years in an institution; he died when he was 20. The most crucial stage because mistakes made earlier Erik’s family moved to USA where he got a research can be corrected during preadolescence, but errors position in Harvard Psychological Clinic. made during this stage are nearly impossible to They later on moved to California where he evolved his overcome in later life. theory. On this stage, the child needs a single best friend, also known as chum, who can be a person on the same EGO PSYCHOLOGY gender or social status for them to build intimacy. Failure to learn intimacy on this stage will result to Ego difficulties relating to potential sexual partners during Erikson held that our ego is a positive force that creates later stages. a self-identity, a sense of “I”. 5. Early Adolescence It is the center of our personality. It helps us adapt to the various conflicts and crises of From 13 to 15 years life. Begins with puberty and ends with the needs for sexual During childhood, the ego is weak, pliable, and fragile. love with one person. By adolescence it should begin to take form and again Development during this stage is ordinarily marked by strength. coexistence of intimacy with a single friend of the same Erikson identified three interrelated aspects of ego: gender and sexual interest in many persons of the opposite sex. Body ego o Experiences with our body. 6. Late Adolescence o A way of seeing our physical self-unique from From 15 to 18 years others. It begins when a person is able to feel both intimacy o Realizing that it is the only body you’ll ever have. and lust toward the same person Ego Ideal 7. Adulthood o Images of oneself as one wants to become. o Image of perfect self. From 18 years onwards. A time when a person establishes a stable relationship Ego Identity with a significant other person and develops a o Images we have of ourselves in the variety of consistent pattern of viewing the world. social roles we play. ERIK ERIKSON (EGO PSYCHOLOGY) Epigenetic Principle BIOGRAPHY Implies a step-by-step growth of fetal organs. Erik H. Erikson had no college degree. For example, children crawl before they walk, walk He changed his name from Erik Salomonsen to Erik before they run, and run before they jump. Homburger, to Erik Homburger Erikson and later It’s a principle that you cannot move on to the next became Erik H. Erikson. stage without fulfilling the previous stage. He dedicated his whole life looking for his biological Erikson believed that the ego develops throughout the father which contributed to his identity crisis. various stages of life according to an epigenetic During his adolescence, he left their home to travel as principle. an artist but after 7 years, he came back confused, Ego must develop in a fixed sequence. depressed and unable to sketch and paint. Each stage developing at its proper time. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 211 PRELIMS REVIEWER PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY It has basic points: 1. Growth takes place according to the epigenetic principle. 2. Every stages in life is an interaction of opposites, a conflict between the a syntonic (harmonious) element and a dystonic (disruptive) element. - Both are necessary for proper adaptation. - An infant who learns only to trust becomes gullible and is ill prepared for the realities encountered in later development, whereas an infant who learns only to mistrust becomes overly suspicious and cynical. 3. At each stage, conflict between the dystonic and syntonic elements produces basic strength, an ego quality that allows an infant to move into the next stage. 4. Too little basic strength at any one stage results in a core pathology. HORNEY AND FROMM KAREN HORNEY (PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIAL THEORY/ FEMININE PSYCHOLOGY) BIOGRAPHY Karen Danielsen Horney was born on Germany. She retained a compulsive need to merge with a great man. She believed that culture, not anatomy, was responsible for psychic differences between men and women. Freud reacted negatively to Horney’s position. Horney and Fromm were close friends, greatly influencing one another and eventually becoming lovers. Their relationship ended when Fromm left organization Horney formed (Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis) Life Experiences Similar with Klein ▪ They were both born during 1880s. ▪ Both the youngest child. ▪ Their both mothers were second wife. ▪ They both have older sibling favored by the parent. ▪ Each felt unwanted and unloved. ▪ Each had wanted to become a physician but only Horney fulfilled it. ▪ They both psychoanalyzed children of one another. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 211 PRELIMS REVIEWER PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL THEORY Basic Hostility and Basic Anxiety ▪ Horney noted that “Man is ruled not by the pleasure ▪ Each person begins life with the potential for healthy principle alone but by two guiding principles: development. safety and satisfaction”. ▪ If parents do not satisfy the child’s needs for safety and ▪ She claimed that neuroses are not the result of instincts satisfaction, the child develops feelings of basic but rather of the person’s “attempt to find paths through hostility towards the parents. a wilderness full of unknown dangers” ▪ Children seldom overtly express this hostility as rage. ▪ Instead, they repress their hostility toward their Impact of Culture parents and have no awareness of it. ▪ Horney emphasized cultural influences as the primary ▪ Repressed hostility then leads to basic anxiety, a bases for both neurotic and normal personality feeling of being isolated and helpless in a world development. conceived as potentially hostile. ▪ Modern culture, she contended, is based on ▪ Basic anxiety refers to a feeling of being small, competition among individuals. insignificant, helpless, deserted, endangered, in a ▪ Everyone is real or potential competitor of everyone world that is out to abuse, cheat, attack, humiliate, else. betray, envy. ▪ Competitiveness and the basic hostility it spawns result Basic anxiety itself is not a neurosis, but it is the in feelings of isolation. nutritive soil out of which a definite neurosis may ▪ These feelings of being alone in a potentially hostile develop at any time. world led to intensified needs for affection, which cause It permeates all relationship with others and leads to people to overvalue love. unhealthy ways of trying to cope with people. ▪ As a result, many people see love and affection as the solution for all their problems. ▪ Genuine love, of course, can be a healthy, growth- producing experience. ▪ Desperate need for love can develop neurosis, an excessive and irrational anxiety or obsession. ▪ Rather than benefiting from the need for love, neurotics strive in pathological ways to find it. ▪ Their self-defeating attempts result in low self-esteem, increased hostility, basic anxiety, more competitiveness, and a continuous excessive need for DEFENSES AGAINST ANXIETY love and affection. Importance of Childhood Experiences These defense let people protect themselves against this feeling of being alone in a potentially hostile world. ▪ Childhood is the age from which the vast majority of 1. Affection neurotic conflicts arise. ▪ Traumatic events, such as sexual abuse, beatings, A strategy that does not always lead to authentic love. open rejection, or pervasive neglect, may leave their In their search for affection, some people may try to impressions on a child’s future development. purchase love with self-effacing compliance, material ▪ A difficult childhood is primarily responsible for neurotic goods, or sexual flavors. needs. ▪ These needs become powerful because they are the 2. Submissiveness child’s only means of gaining feelings of safety. ▪ Children need to experience both genuine love and Neurotics may submit themselves either to people or to healthy discipline. institutions such as an organization or a religion. ▪ This will provide them feelings of safety and satisfaction Neurotics who submit to another person often do so in and permit them to grow in accordance with their real order to gain affection. self. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 211 PRELIMS REVIEWER 3. Striving for Power, Prestige and Possession NEUROTIC NEEDS Power is a defense against the real or imagined Horney tentatively identified 10 categories of neurotic hostility of others and takes the form of a tendency to needs that characterized neurotics in their attempts to dominate others. combat basic anxiety. Prestige is a protection against humiliation and is These needs were more specific than the four expressed as a tendency to humiliate others. protective devices discussed earlier, but they describe Possession acts as a buffer against destitution and the same basic defensive strategies. poverty and manifests itself as a tendency to deprive The 10 categories of neurotic needs overlapped one others. another, and a single person might employ more than one. 4. Withdrawal Each of the following neurotic needs relates in some Neurotics frequently protect themselves against basic way or another to other people. anxiety either by developing an independence from NEUROTIC NEEDS others or by becoming emotionally detached from NEUROTIC NEED FOR/TO NEUROTIC SALIENT FEATURES them. TREND By psychologically withdrawing, neurotics feel that they cannot be hurt by other people. 1. Affection and approval. Move Live to please others towards. and win love. NEUROTIC TRENDS 2. A powerful partner. Move Attach themselves to a These are the basic attitudes toward others. These towards. powerful partner, attitudes are moving towards, against, or away from submit to the person. people. 3. To restrict one’s life. Move Tend to be contented Moving Toward People away. with very little; downgrade Compulsively seek affection to conquer helplessness. themselves. Extremely dependent. 4. Power Move Need to control others; They tend to be compliant and submissive. against. avoid feelings of “If you love me, you can’t hurt me.” mindset. weakness and stupidity. Moving Against People 5. To exploit othe