Technology Unit Full PDF

1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology A. Educational Technology  Educational technology- concept, objectives and scope  Difference between technology in education (Instructional technology) and technology of education (teaching technology)  Approaches of educational technology – Hardware, Software and Systems approach  Resource centers and services in educational technology  CIET (NCERT)  NME-ICT  SIET  IT@SCHOOL- VICTERS  EMMRC Channel  UGC-CEC  AKSHAYA PROJECT  C-DIT  GYAN DARSAN  EDUSAT  INFLIB NET B. Media in Education  Print media- Newspapers Books Journals Magazines  Non print media- mass media( radio, T.V., Films in education)  A-V aids: definition, types audio aids visual aidsA-V aids.  Meaning & concept of Multimedia and Multi-sensory approach  Dales cone of experience  Teleconferencing: Audio Video  Interactive white board- uses & advantages over normal chalk board  Smart Classrooms EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY - Mans’ desire for excellence gave birth to new innovations and inventions in all walks of life, which we call science and technology. Thus science and technology is instrumental for bringing development, improvement and efficiency in the process and products of human work. Thus it is the key to development and we cannot live without it. What is technology? The word technology is derived from the Greek word ‘technique’ meaning art or skill or craft and ‘logos’ meaning study or skill. Thus etymologically it means the science or study of an art, skill or craft i.e. the technique used by a person. Technology is considered in two aspects 1. Technology of things – the set of instruments or skills that are used satisfy the needs of a community. 2. Technology of process- the application of scientific knowledge to a practical task or purpose. The concept of ET: Educational technology involves two words education and technology. Technology involves any valid and reliable process or procedure adopted using scientific method is considered as technology. Technology without education will not yield the proper results. So we have to consider education also. Education is defined differently by different persons. Education in the technical sense refers to the process by which the society through its different institutions deliberately transmits its accumulated values, knowledge, skills, customs, traditions and heritage from one generation to another. The world of education is also not free from the influence of technology and this gave birth to educational technology. ET involves the application of technology in the field of education. Technology has evolved new machines and materials whose judicious application will yield greater results in the field of education. An educational personnel with adequate knowledge of theory and practices of education can use ET in a more efficient and effective manner. In education ET involves a system of the 5M’s i.e., machines, materials, media, men and methods which are interrelated and work together for the fulfilment of the specific educational objectives. It is branch op study in which the results of engineering techniques, UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 1 2 information science, natural science, Behavioural sciences and human technology are used to promote the efficiency of education. History of Educational Technology: History of education takes us to a stage where the subject matter was orally transmitted. Then learning materials began to available in the printed form. Then technology advanced and teaching began to be supplemented by the use of black-board, specimen, pictures, charts, models, maps, figures, graphs etc i.e. concrete materials began to be used. This was the age of audio-visual aids where ET was considered as the simple use of A-V aids for direct teaching and learning. Later industrial development led to the invention of sophisticated scientific instruments with the advancement of physical sciences and advent of electronic revolution. This led to the use of projectors, tape-recorders, radios, television etc in education. Then came the age of mass media and massive communication revolution where sophisticated appliances began to be utilized for formal and non-formal education i.e. utilization of radio, television, tele-text, CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction) etc. By the influence of behavioural sciences i.e. the concept of theories of learning, new materials for individualization of instruction and self learning began to be made i.e. software were prepared and utilized for instruction. Programmed Instruction, Self instructional materials like modules, teaching machines for auto instruction etc began to be used. Thus a new dimension was added to ET by the application of Psychology. Micro teaching, models of teaching, Analysis of behaviour etc also was added to ET. The latest approach is the systems approach which stemmed from engineering. According to systems approach ET is more than sum of its parts. It a systematic way of designing, carrying out and evaluating the total process of teaching and learning in terms of specific objectives for the best possible results. Thus over the years new approaches, contents, theories and changes in the teaching-learning process have broadened the concept, nature and scope of ET. There has been a gradual shift in the meaning and definition of ET over the years. Definitions of ET G.C.M.Leith, (1967): ET is the systematic application of scientific knowledge about teaching-learning and conditions of learning to improve the efficiency of teaching and learning. I.K.Davis, (1971): ET is concerned with the problems of education and training context and it is characterized by the disciplined and systematic approach to the organization of resources for learning. ET is the development, application and evaluation of systems, techniques and aids in the field of human learning. Objectives of Educational Technology To understand the nature, concept and different components of Educational Technology, compare Hardware and Software Technologies. To Understand the meaning and types of Communication system, types of Communication and its use in classroom. It facilitates effective communication between the teachers and students, in order to accomplish learning objectives. To acquaint with ideas about Computers, internet and the latest technologies and its use in School Education To develop and understand the Models of Teaching To understand the principles of designing Instructional Strategy. To acquaint with the ideas of Micro – teaching, Programmed – instructions and Classroom Interaction Analysis Educational technology aims to locate the problems in the field of education, find remedy and ultimately aims at improving the educational system. ET enables use of the research findings of psychology, sociology, engineering, physical sciences and social psychology among others, and applies the same to the field of education. ET applies technical knowledge systematically to the field of education to attain the objectives of practical goals. It provides hands-on experience to both the teachers and the learners. UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 2 3 The application of a variety of educational technologies to classroom teaching and learning is both effective and efficient in terms of time effectiveness, systems approach, and attainment of objectives both by the teachers and the taught. Educational technology has the potential to impart education and training to large masses with varied backgrounds in terms of education, socio-economic status, language competencies, location, etc. Educational technology is a means to achieve an end but is not an end in itself. Better classroom performance is a product or output or an end in an educational process, but the treatment provided to the students in terms of using educational technologies in the teaching learning process may be the ‘means’ for it. Scope of Educational Technology The scope of educational technology is not only confined to the use of technological gadgets in education rather, it includes the development, application and evaluation of systems, techniques and aids in the field of learning. Educational technology encompasses educational objectives, selection of media and resources, management of resources, etc. thus, ET is a dynamic, progressive and effective tool in the hands of teachers, students, and educational administrators. New conceptions are possible only due to such educational technologies as computer, e-learning, mobile learning, online learning, spread of synchronous experiences etc. Educational technology accepts the ‘school’ as a system. In this system, the school’s infrastructure such as, the building,, furniture and teachers act as inputs while various methods, techniques, strategies, teaching and examination (all with the help of audio-visual aids) function in the form of a process. Lastly, the output is in the form of the capability of the pupils. Engineering technology is used largely in the manufacturing sector that produces radios, CD players, tape records, CDs/DVDs, video-tapes and the television. Even though all these audio video gadgets are used in the teaching-learning process, engineering technology is different from educational technology. These aspects of engineering technology are accepted as the hardware approach in education. In education, the stresses lie equally on software technology which makes the hardware meaningfully useful. Suitable programming makes educational technology both productive and efficient. Educational technology is a rapidly developing modern discipline that is ready to face the challenges of the near future. The world over many institutions of higher learning have started using information and communication technologies, such as the internet, web-based learning, online learning etc. It involves the adoption of scientific and technological innovations and inventions to solve problems confronted by the education sector. Advancement in scientific knowledge produces more and more sophisticated electronic devices into the field of Educational technology. Some teachers feel that educational technology will replace the teacher. It is simply a myth. Educational technology cannot replace the teacher. Largely because of three aspects of educational technology; input, process and output. The teacher has a crucial role to play in order to achieve the desired learning outcomes with the support of educational technology. ET and related concepts: Teaching Technology: Teaching Technology is concerned with the systematization of teaching and provides necessary theory and practice for the teachers to bring improvement in the task of teaching. It is a specialized branch of the subject ET. Instructional Technology: Instruction is only a part of the total educative process and only one of the means to achieve the goals of education. Instructional Technology is concerned with the determining of appropriate stimuli to Differentiate between Technology in Education and Technology of Education i) Technology in Education: Technology in education is the application or use of technology in the field of Education. It is concerned with electronic gadgets such as television, radio, language labs, teaching machines, Closed Circuit Television (CCTV), motion picture, epidiascope and various other projected media such as slides and Liquified Crystal Display (LCD) projectors which are used to teach learners. It was one of the earlier concepts of Educational Technology when it was UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 3 4 considered as only the use of Audio Visual Aids. It can be considered as the hardware approach to educational technology because it includes tangible aspects of technology. It is the application of principles of physical sciences and engineering in the development of electro-mechanical equipment used for instructional purposes. Silverman (1968), called this technology ‘relative technology’ which refers to borrowing and to applying technology, machines, and devices in the process of teaching and learning. ii) Technology of Education: This approach to educational technology involves a systematic, scientific application of appropriate scientific research, both from the physical sciences as well as, from the social sciences particularly from psychology and sociology, in order to solve a problem. This is the real modern aconcept of Educational Technology. Here, it is important to understand that technology of education emphasizes on the techniques of teaching and learning derived from the principles, ideas, and practices drawn from various fields of knowledge such as; psychology, sociology, philosophy, management, cybernetics, etc. in order to optimize the teaching-learning process. It refers to the application of teaching-learning principles towards directing and shaping of behaviour. It is closely associated with the modern principles and theories of teaching, instruction, teacher behaviour and principles of programmed learning. It is characterized by task analysis, stating objectives in clear terms, selection of appropriate teaching strategies, reinforcement for correct responses, and continuous evaluation. Silverman (1968), called this ‘constructive educational technology’. It concentrates on the analysis, selection and construction of whatever is necessary to meet the educational needs of the learners. The three important approaches of ET: Broadly speaking Educational technology connotes three meanings which gave birth to three different approaches in ET namely – hardware approach, software approach and systems approach. Hardware approach: The first view refers to the application of physical sciences and engineering technology to provide the necessary hardware for the instructional purposes. This is called the hardware approach to ET or ET1. The hardware approach of education implies the use of mechanical materials and equipments to education. In these sense audio visual aids like charts, models, films strips, slides and audio cassettes and other sophisticated equipments and gadgets like films, projectors, radio, tape recorders, record player, television, video, teaching machines, computers etc come under this category of hardware and they are called educational hardware. The hardware approach is based on the physical science approach. It is based on the application of engineering principles for developing electro-mechanical equipments for instructional purposes. The hardware approach is sometimes called high technology as it deals with application of many fields of technological aspects to educational needs of individual as well as society. James O. Finn is the exponent of this approach. This is promoted by the electronic communication industry and it gave rise to the audio-visual education movement. In this sense the preference is given to the use of equipment for presenting instructional material such as projectors, tape-recorders, television, teaching machines, computers etc. By using hardware devices teachers can deal with larger group of students to discourse on teaching- learning experiences. It promoted mass education and helped in improving the efficiency of teaching and is more teacher-centred. It also reduced the education cost per head. Software approach: The second meaning stands for the application of scientific principles to instruction. This view is called the ET2 or the software approach to ET. The software approach owes its origin to the behavioural science approach in ET. It deals with the behavioural sciences and their applied aspects concerned with psychology of learning. It uses the principles of psychology for building in the learner a complex repertory of knowledge for modifying his behaviour. It originated from the pioneering efforts of Skinner, Gagne and other behaviourists. The programmes which such a technology produces are often called ‘software’. Newspapers, books, magazines, educational games, flash cards may also form part of software. Software teaching technology is directly related to psychology of learning which comprises behavioural changes resulting from experience. Software view of ET is closely associated with the modern principles of programmed learning and is characterized by task analysis, writing precise UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 4 5 objectives, selection of appropriate learning strategies, reinforcement of correct responses and constant evaluation. It is also known as low technology, instructional technology, teaching technology and behavioural technology. The primary aim of software approach is to control and determine the learning process by scientific procedures like attaining mastery, reinforcement theories, precise shaping of emitted behaviour etc. It is linked with learner centred instruction method. In this approach psychology of learning is made use of in the production and utilization of software techniques and materials, teaching learning strategies, tools of evaluation and other devices to soften and smoothen the task of teaching and learning. It aims at improving the learning process. Having talked about both the hardware and software approaches, we shall now examine the interdependence of these two approaches on each other. One without the other is incomplete. It is the software approach that makes the hardware function and without the use of software, hardware alone would have little or no value; for example; a CD burner is not useful without the burning software. Systems approach: The third and modern view of ET3 as described by Davis and Hartley (1972) incorporates both ET1 and ET2, through application of systems approach to education. According to this view the 5M’s are to be interrelated and organized in such a way that they work as a system. The systems approach to the design and analysis of teaching/learning situations is the basis of the great majority of modern educational technology-related developments. The terms systemmeans any collection of interrelated parts that together constitute a larger whole. These component parts, or elements of the system are intimately linked with one another, either directly or indirectly, and any change in one or more elements may affect the overall performance of the system, either beneficially or adversely. The system consists of distinct elements which are related to or dependent upon each other and some interrelationships may be two-way, while others may be one-way only. These elements may themselves be capable of further breakdown into other smaller components, and may thus be regarded as sub-systems of the overall system. Meaning of System Set of interrelated parts. Parts have unified whole. Each and every part is equally important in constituting the whole. Types of System Closed and Open Systems Closed system - It is self sufficient and self –regulatory. No interaction with environment. No exchange of material with environment. Open system - Continuous interaction with the environment. Receives inputs form external environment, processes then and supplies output to external environment. Natural and Man-made Systems Natural system – Systems that are creations of nature. Function beyond the control of man and so behaviour not predictable. Man-made system – Deliberately designed systems made by man. Functions are quite controllable and so their behaviour can be predicted. Parameters of System  Input – what is put into the system, the resources utilizes.  Process – what goes on in a system, the way in which the input is utilized to get the output?  Output – the product or outcome of a system  Environment – conditions, factors, and constraints related to physical and social environment. ENVIRONMENT INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 5 ENVIRONMENT 6 Systems Approach is a technique based on the systems concept and its basic parameters for understanding, controlling and predicting the operation of a system in a given environment to achieve the pre-determined objectives in an intelligent, efficient and economy way. Systems approach is amanagement tool that allows individuals toexamine all aspects of the organization, toexamine the effects of one set of decisionsto another and to optimally use all theresources at hand to solve the problem. Steps in Systems Approach There are three major steps in a systems approach, namely i. Systems analysis – Concerned with the task of analysing a system in terms of its elements, their interrelations, functions etc. It analysis the output first, then the input, process and environmental constraints. ii. Systems design and development – After analysis the next step is the process of synthesising. Here a design is develop for the functioning or the process of the system on the basis of the results of analysis to attain the output. iii. Systems operation and evaluation –Here the actual operation of the system occurs and this is evaluated to get feedback. Changes are made in the structure and functioning of the system if the output does not meet the expectations. The systems approach to education -Education system is a man-made system which is a sub-system of the society. On the same lines the education system will have an input, process and output. The school system may be considered as a subsystem of the educational system. Structure of Education System INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT FORMAL AND PUPILS, TEACHERS, ATTAINMENT OF INFORMAL CURRICULUM, ADMINISTRAION, EDUCATIONAL EDUCATION MATERIALS FOR FORMAL AND AIMS INFORMAL EDUCATION PROCESS EVALUATION AND FEEDBACK ENVIRONMENT Instructional system - The processes of teaching and learning can be considered to be very complex systems indeed. The input to a given teaching/learning system consists of people, resources and Information, and the output consists of people whose performance or ideas have (it is to be hoped) improved in some desired way. A schematic representation of the instructional systems is given below. INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT STUDENTS, TEACHERS, ATTAINMENT INSTRUCTIONAL SYLLABUS, CONTENT, METHODS, INSTRUCTIONAL OF STRATEGIES AND MATERIAL, A-V AIDS APPROACHES OBJECTIVES UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Pag e 6 ENVIRONMENT 7 EVALUATION AND FEEDBACK This approach entails analysis of problems and synthesis solutions. In the analysis phase, a given situation is examined to identify the forces affecting it. The situation is viewed as a system composed of interconnected parts and related to other systems. For example a classroom may be portrayed as a system in which teachers collaborate with students in the shared construction of meaning in the context of community expectations under the constraints of limited time and resources. Analyses are constructed to determine the sorts of knowledge and skills most useful to students and the order in which these should be learned. In the synthesis phase, modifications in the system (inventions) are designed to overcome forces that interfere with the achievement of the system’s goals. In classroom, such modifications generally take the form of instructional programs. Steps involved in using System Approach to instructional system Input Formulation of objectives Pre assessment of the pupil’s entry behaviour Desirable attitude and aptitude of pupils is to be considered Content to be taught and instructional material to be used is planned. Cost factor should be considered. Process a) Analysing the output, process and input What should be the objectives, analysing if the formulated objectives are well defined and in accordance with the process. Analysing what are the input available. The whole instructional process and its elements and their interactions and constraints are analysed. b) Deciding suitable teaching strategies/methods Selection of appropriate media and material. Selection of appropriate evaluation procedures. Formulating a scheme of comprehensive programmes/ timetable for the working of the system in relation to its parameters and stimulated objectives. c) Systems operation /implementation The role and function of the elements teaching , pupils, and material resources. d) Evaluation of learning outcomes objectives Formative and Summative evaluation is done during and at the end of the process to find how effectively the system has worked. Output Attainment of objectives is the output. The first thing is to set the objectives of the system. Output analysis is done to evaluate the success of the system. If the objectives are achieved as per desired the system is allowed to continue. If the objectives are not achieved certain modification need to be made in the system.The system in this case can be restructured, reorganized and its function may be re plannedfor better results. This has enabled educational technologists to structure the input to systems of this type in such a way as to try to improve the output through increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the learning process, thus leading to a systems approach to course and curriculum design based on current knowledge of how people learn. Such a systems approach attempts to mould the input to a course in such a way as to enable the optimal assimilation of knowledge and skills to take place during the learning process, and hence maximize the quality of the output. UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 7 8 The various stages in the systems approach to educational system: (a) Consider target population characteristics and topic area The population to which the education is to be provided should be considered. Their range of backgrounds, interests, knowledge, attitudes and skills of students coming on to the course will have a strong influence on the system design. Pre-knowledge and any common misconceptions will have to be catered for in the design of the course. (b) Estimate pre-skills and knowledge of learners (entry behaviour of students) There may be minimum standards of entry to the course, have to be assessed. Many a times the students will not possess the essential skills and knowledge for that particular course. So these have to be assessed. This may have implications for course design, teaching methods, bridging courses, support systems etc. (c) Formulate goals of education The goals (ie, what we are trying to achieve in the course), of the course or curriculum element will enumerate the new skills, knowledge or attitudes which it is intended that the students will acquire. They may be formulated by the learners themselves, by employers, by teaching staff, by a validating, examining or professional body, or by some combination of these and other sources. (d) Select appropriate instructional methods Having specified the goals, the next step is to select appropriate teaching/learning methods through which these goals can be achieved. The process of attempting to match appropriate methods to given objectives and learning outcomes are done for the achievement of the aims of education. (e) Operate course or curriculum (implementation of the course) The next element in the system is the actual implementation of the course. This involves all the elements associated with running the course, including overall structuring, pacing, teaching strategies, media and materials. (f) Assess and evaluate How effective the pre-planning and subsequent operation has been can be measured by assessment and evaluation. These assessments should be closely related to the specified course objectives and learning outcomes. Poorly-achieved goals lead to re-examining of the entire system in order to identify places where improvements might be made. This could involve a change in the goals, revised assessment of students' pre-knowledge, a critical review of the instructional methods used, an examination of the course structure and organisation, a consideration of the assessment methods used, or a combination of some or all of these. Importance of System Approach for Education 1. Helps in systematic educational planning. Provides a framework for planning, decision making controland problem solving. 2. Throws light on dynamic nature of management. Helps in bringing efficiency in school administration and management. 3. Provides a unified focus to institutional efforts.Helps to look at institution as a whole and not asparts. Helps in improving institution. 4. Helps the manager to identify the critical subsystems and their interaction with each other. 5. Maximum utilization of resources. 6. Helps in improving examination and evaluation system. 7. Maintaining, controlling and improving the guidanceservices. 8. Designing, controlling and improving non-formal and adulteducation system. 9. In improving quality of education. 10. In improving the teacher training programmes- in –serviceas well as pre – service. Mass media- Meaning and relevance- role of television, radio, newspapers and films in education UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 8 9 MASS MEDIA- “Mass media can be defined as any means agency or instrument through which ideas, attitude, impressions or images are simultaneously communicated to a large number of people”. The mass media are diversified media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication. Mass media" is sometimes used as a synonym for mainstream media or public media.The common mass media are Print, Recordings,Cinema, Radio, Television, Internet and Mobile phones. Characteristics of mass media are the following.  Comprises both technical and institutional methods of production and distribution mainly for commercial utility.   Involves large scale manufacturing and selling.   Separate contexts between the production and reception of information  It reaches those far away, in time and space.   It’s a "one to many" form of communication.   Products are mass-produced and disseminated to a great quantity of audiences. Classification of Mass Media – Mass media is mainly classified into two print and non-print media. Printmedia use a physical object such as a newspaper, book, pamphlet or comics, to distribute their information. Outdoor media is a form of mass media that comprises billboards, signs or placards placed inside and outside of commercial buildings, sports stadiums, shops and buses are forms of print media. Non Print Media or Electronic Media transmit their information electronically. Broadcast media such as radio, recorded music, film and television , Public speaking and event organizing can also be considered as forms of non-print media. The digital media comprises both Internet and mobile mass communication. Internet media provides many mass media services, such as email, websites, blogs, and internet based radio and television. Functions of Mass Media Information and Interpretation - Mass Media is the prime Communicator. Mass Media can provide timely awareness and proper education. The mass media continues to play an important role in democracy, informing people and generating discussion about events and issues worldwide.It also interprets and explains matters which will be otherwise difficult to understand. Influencing - It acts as a catalyst in social transformation. Media is influencing the process of socialization. We have been encircled by the influence of mass media that have outgrown to influence our day to day activities and are leaving deep imprint on our attitude, conduct and ideologies. Entertainment – Mass media is an important means of entertainment. Television and films are the largest entertainment industries in the world.A mass media entertains its readers through films, special programmes, special features, stories of human interest and cartoons etc. Advertisement - As mass media is a medium for communication to a large number of audiences it is an important means of advertisement.It serves as an agent between seller and buyer. It increases sale of various goods and services through its advertisements. Opinion Building - Besides reflection of public opinion it build opinion about various national and international issues, events and policies. Education - A mass media is a great public educator. It discusses every topic ranging from news to literature; supplies the readers up-to- date information about science about science and technology and also promotes civilization in the society. Besides the above mentioned functions, a mass media also provides a forum to the minorities, serves as a watchdog of the government, and is used as a source for record and background information etc. Mass Media and Education - It was considered for a child, school in infancy is home. But now for a child Media is the first school.Mass media is one potent force in the social environment of education. UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 9 10 Through modern electronic techniques and technologies, mass media prove that education is, really comprehensive not confined within four walls of the classroom. Really, mass media are the educational medium for the mass and mass education. Irrespective of caste, colour, geographical, sociological, economical diversities mass media prove as an important means for the education to all. Mankind gets a great deal of information from the widespread mass media i.e. newspaper, TV, radio, magazines, journals, films, etc. Mass Media is a prime resource in achieving the goals of educationand also for the development of education. The Main Educational Functions are listed below: (1) Providing various information:These media help in disseminating various information for the mass. People acquire different knowledge very quickly. (2) Providing vocational information:Media help in providing vocational and professional information to a larger group of the community. (3) Spreading awareness and civic responsibility:People can be aware of different problems of the society and their role in changing society through mass media. People know their rights and duties for the nation clearly. (4) Educational programmes:Mass Media help in forming suitable habit for different programmes and they utilize their leisure time in a productive way. It also influences the behavior of the people through different programmes. (5) Role as a non-formal agency:Now in an advanced society mass media are not treated as informal agencies of education. They are called non-formal agencies due to its wide coverage of educational items in a systematic way. It is viewed that these media can substitute the classroom teaching in future. Therefore, mass media are the main means of educating the society. These are the cheapest and quickest means of the education for the people. The impact and motivation is very quick through mass media. The teacher must use the educational media and methods effectively in the classroom. Print Media: Print media are lightweight, portable, disposable publications printed on paper and circulated as physical copies in forms we call books, newspapers, magazines and newsletters. They hold informative and entertaining content that is of general or special interest. They are published either once or daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly or quarterly. The Chinese were the first to invent the art of printing. No other invention has had such an influence in the history of mankind. Their competitors include electronic, broadcast and Internet media. Today, many books, newspapers, magazines and newsletters publish digital electronic editions on the Internet. Characteristics of print media  They are collections of printed pages.  They are portable and disposable.  Their content can be public affairs and events information and/or entertainment.  Preparation and production of print media can take hours.  Print media is usually printed in large quantities.   They are published once or at regular intervals.   Relatively permanent medium  Needs door to door physical distribution.  Newspapers, magazines and books comprise the three most important representatives of the printed media. They are all widely used by teachers and students altogether in their daily activities, but when it comes to using them within the classroom environment the situation becomes a bit complicated. This is mainly due to the amount of time teachers need to prepare and adapt articles taken from newspapers and magazines into their classrooms. But, if we compare the usage of articles in the classroom with UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 10 11 that of a video for example, the amount of time needed and the tools needed to organize such activities are fewer. No television set is required, no electricity needed and the cost of purchase of items such as a newspaper or a magazine is rather low. What is more, newspapers, magazines and books are now easily accessed and as such students themselves can contribute in the collection of these materials that will later on be used in their teaching and learning environment. News papers - From the days of wooden block printing, newspapers have undergone a sea change. Technological revolution has modernized the print media. Recently almost all newspapers have internet editions. These are called web newspapers. One advantage of internet papers is that they are available worldwide. Newspaper is one of the most important and effective print media of mass communication. Its valuable services to the community like information, education, entertainment, persuasion, cultural transmission, record facility etc., have made it an inevitable medium for the contemporary world. Role of Newspaper in Education 1. Sharpens students’ thinking skills. Newspapers are an important source of intellectual stimulation that in the classroom promotes critical thinking. 2. Increases students’ interest and motivation by providing study materials relevant to their lives 3. Prepares students for active citizenship in their democracy. Transforms students into interested, active citizens. 4. Heightens teachers’ interest in new teaching techniques. Newspaper can be used as supplementary method for education. Newspapers provide interdisciplinary curriculum that students make connections between different fields, subjects, topics, issues, and events. 5. Involves schools in the lives of the communities they serve. Enhances the quality of citizen participation in schools and local government through better mutual understanding among journalists, educators, students, and parents 6. Recognizes newspapers as the main source of continuing education for members of the community no longer in the classroom 7. Newspapers are a tool for educational and personal empowerment. Students become more independent and increase their active learning, by finding, evaluating, and communicating information independently. 8. Students get global information. Newspaper moves the reader beyond localism and regionalism to a greater sense of international awareness. 9. Newspapers help students anticipate trends and understand rapidly changing events. Students can read the enormous array of sources providing information on politics, international affairs, business, health, science, arts, entertainment, travel, and sports. 10. Newspapers help students develop reading skills and vocabulary. 11. Preserves and transmit our culture also. Gives information about past. Advantages of Newspaper 1. Economical and easily available 2. Adaptable to different learning environment 3. Provides diverse and upto date knowledge 4. Provides knowledge about society, democracy, nation and the whole world. 5. Helps in developing students' vocabulary, reading skills and language. 6. Makes life long education possible 7. Provides different views of different people 8. Much easier and enjoyable to read in print 9. They are a reliable and cheap source of information. 10. They can be read wherever you go. It can help in proper usage of leisure time. 11. Gives a relatively permanent source of information UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 11 12 Disadvantages of Newspaper 1. One way communication 2. No active learner participation 3. No development of psychomotor skills 4. Some newspapers provide biased information. There are many people who just believe these views and as a result they reduce the ability of the readers to analyze the situation by themselves. 5. Today newspaper reading is decreasing. So can be wastage of money and paper. 6. Many news papers can be politically inclined or controlled by the government in some countries and these newspapers just transmit the good things and hide the adverse aspects. 7. Newspapers are becoming more and more commercial based. They have started to give more and more space to the advertisements which is not the primary purpose of a newspaper. Finally, in today’s fast world, the news is transmitted using many other faster mediums than newspapers like internet and every one with a camera in their cell phone is a potential reporter for these sources. On the other hand newspaper involves a time lag between the event and its publishing. MAGAZINES According to Farlex (2012), a magazine is a paperback periodic publication containing pictures, stories and articles of interest to readers. They are usually published monthly, quarterly or weekly. Magazines are readily available for everyone from kids to executives; hence the ability to reach specific audience. Magazines are channels of communication halfway between newspapers and books due to the changing lifestyle in the world. Today only few people create time to read a book with full concentration, they rather peruse the magazine to find something of interest, and then settle down to read. Magazines help students write and express their ideas in a corporate way by assisting them in public speaking. Educational magazines provide a variety of reading materials which exposes children to literary genres, including poetry, photo stories, Short stories, fiction, non-fiction and current event articles. Magazines are another representative group of the printed media. Their purpose is exactly the same as that of newspapers, to inform, entertain and persuade the public as well as to offer a means for targeted advertising. As such they could very easily be used just like newspapers. Their advantage is that they are much more colorful than newspapers and they offer many opportunities to the teachers to organize photograph activities that could stimulate verbal and/or written stories. For instance, they could be used to introduce colors, means of transport, fables and short stories and other stimulating activities as well. Nowadays, there are magazines suitable for every age group which makes the decision making much easier. Educational magazines generally include exercise that develop spelling , vocabulary and word analysis skills. Magazines lead to professional development of teachers, can be used as a means form class room management techniques. It can provide Subject knowledge and knowledge about current affairs, instructional practices and strategies etc. Advantages  Available easily and Not very expensive  Various languages available  They provide a valuable source of authentic materials which can be easily adapted to classroom use. The wide range of topics they cover allows teachers to use them in many different subjects and occasions.  They provide facts, data and stories which can serve as supplements to subject content. UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 12 13  Magazines are child friendly as they are full of pictures and colours. Young children especially are easily attracted by colourful magazines and this may serve as a tool to motivate the students’ reading skills  Magazines offer to students a ‘real’ natural source of language comprised of words characterized by several connotational components pertaining to a wide variety of language styles, enriching this way the students’ passive and active vocabulary.  Magazines (similarly to newspapers) are the first to present to our students (and not only) the changes in which the language undergoes and they can do this much faster than textbooks as they are published daily, weekly or monthly.  Magazines can also be used basically for the culture they transmit. Since they serve as a country’s mirror, students are able to be in contact with the culture of the language they are studying through magazines in particular and printed media in general.  Lighter in weight hence it is easy to carry anywhere you want  We can advertise our business adds Disadvantages  We can publish our add but it’s expensive  Some times in some magazines the news which are shown are false. The news are even twisted and distorted  Sometimes poor printed image quality is seen in the magazines Journals: Academic journals are academic magazines. Like magazines they are periodicals, meaning they are published periodically e.g. monthly or bi-monthly, and contain a series of articles in each published issue. However, unlike the kind of popular magazines that you would buy, journals are written by and for experts in their chosen field. They are used as a means for scholars and researchers to share their research with the academic community. Whilst there are many popular magazines on more ‘serious’ subjects which can be excellent sources of background information, these are written with the lay person in mind and do not include the depth of coverage that an academic researcher would need. For in-depth examination of a topic, academic journals are needed. Journals are the main forum by which research is published. Often the articles in Journals will report in detail the finding of research studies. Whilst text books will frequently make reference to key pieces of research, this will be secondary source on the research rather than allowing you to read the actual findings of the study. Important studies published in journals may be reported in more mainstream magazines or in newspapers, but the reports of the studies may greatly simplify the findings so that they are easily accessible to the lay person.  Advantages:  Focus: Each article published in a journal will also explore a very narrow, specific topic in depth. You can learn about a particular aspect of your topic in far greater detail than that which would be afforded in a text book or if it was reported in a popular magazine or newspaper.  Currency: The process of writing an academic book may take a long time, even years. While the information contained within it is clearly very useful, it may not be very up to date. As issues of journals are published more frequently they are the best way of keeping up to date with the latest research in your field. This is particularly pertinent if your topic is subject to frequent changes and developments.  Quality: Through peer review, academic journals can be seen as the ‘gold standard’ for academic research, ensuring a high level of quality and academic rigor in the articles that are UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 13 14 published. The process of getting published in an academic journal, therefore, is very different to how an article in a popular magazine or newspaper is published, where decisions on what to publish are solely at the discretion of an editor. Decisions on whether to publish an author’s article in an academic journal are made by a process called peer review. When an author submits an article to the journal the article will be reviewed by other subject experts in the same field to verify that its methodology is sound and that its conclusions are valid. The author may be asked to re-draft the article several times before it is of a suitable standard to be published. Journals Magazines Journals are scholarly periodicals aimed at A magazine is a periodical aimed at the general researchers or specialists. Scholarly articles public, which contains news, opinion and which usually focus on original research in personal narratives. Covers broad subjects and a specific subject field or discipline. topics of general interest. Appeal to broad, Specialized readership; specialists; scholars general readership. and professionals in subject field. Only those who know the subject that is Most people easily understand the articles in a being discussed understand the articles in a magazine journal. A journal contains original academic or Magazines contain articles pertaining to current scientific research articles and information events or general interest topics. Articles are written to inform or to entertain. Articles in a journal contain an abstract and A magazine article does not come up with a bibliography abstracts and bibliographies Journals contain elaborate write ups and Articles in a magazine are brief and give broad provide in-depth knowledge of the topic. overviews of the topic written. Most often short Longer articles, often including tables, articles with illustrations. graphs, charts Journals are published monthly or quarterly Magazines are published weekly or monthly. The journals are meant for research Magazines are profit making purposes Journals have only a few advertisements Magazines will have extensive advertisements, which are their source of income The authors of a journal are given A magazine may or may not name the writer credentials A writer in a will be an expert of the subject A writer in a magazine could be a professional; that he handles. Experts, scholars, he may or may not be an expert of the subject professionals in subject field that he handles. Magazine staff or freelance writers. The language of journals is aimed mainly at The language used in a magazine is the scholarly people with special understandable to everyone. They are written in terminology and jargons. A prior knowledge very simple language keeping in mind both the is required to understand the language used scholarly and the common man. in journals. A jury of experts always reviews a journal The articles in a magazine are generally reviewed article before it is published. Usually or edited by the staff editors and not by experts. articles are reviewed by a panel of peers; they are often called peer-reviewed or UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 14 15 refereed articles An article in a journal begins with an Magazines have eye-catching articles, including abstract of the contents. It contains illustrations and photographs. conclusion, bibliography, charts, graphs, but rarely contains photographs. The journals cite sources. Documented The magazines rarely come up with such a thing. research with footnotes and bibliographies Sources are often not cited or are incomplete Books: Books are crucial in modern life as well, a driving force in education, business, law, science, medicine and entertainment. Through books the students gain the legacy of knowledge earned by those who came before. Without books (and textbooks are included here), no education could have been possible. They are the primary source of information used by all humanity. After the invention of the typewriter, the printing of the textbooks and books in general reached high peaks and expanded its readership. Unfortunately, despite the worldwide known value of books, we hear students grumble each day and more about books assigned to be read by their instructors. As such, teachers should intentionally make books part of their everyday teaching and learning experience and should always use them in the classroom together with the students so as to nurture them with the love for books. No progress in whatever field of study can be imagined without books. They are an indispensable tool used in the classroom. People of every age group, sex, religion or profession find information, pleasure, relaxation and inspiration while reading books. They are the main source of reference for students and researchers. In contrast to the other two print media mentioned above, books lack immediacy, but they make up for this by greater thoroughness and permanence. One of the ways in which instructors can make use of books is that of essay writing. Based on a particular story described in a book, every student is able to sit and write his or her own perspective on the events occurred. Apart from extensive benefits in reading skills books offer to students a wide variety of language styles that can later on be adapted by the students themselves in their speaking or writing skills and activities. Books are considered as the most enduring of the mass media and their benefits should always be kept in mind by teachers and students altogether so as to never forget to use them in and out of the classroom. How a teacher can use print media Give the students the material before the lesson; ask them to look for vocabulary as home work Explain key vocabulary in the materials Summarize the newspaper/book/magazine and report item Ask the students to brainstorm what they know about the newspaper/book/magazine and report item Let your students read a newspaper/book/magazine and report Tell the students the headline and show any accompanying photograph Before reading, write on the board and explain key vocabulary, then ask the students to use a dictionary during the activity Encourage your students to go for the overall meaning of the text, rather than understand every word Encourage your students to bring to their reading their own world knowledge Try to help the students in understanding the grammatical complexity of the text, facilitate to assimilate the density of information, guess the low-frequency vocabulary, etc. Show your students different kinds of reading material. For example you could hold up a newspaper/book/magazine. Show them a book that you have read and tell them about it and why you enjoyed it. UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 15 16 Finally, create a reading corner which contains your classroom book collection, newspaper/other books/magazines. Radio: Radio a senior component of electronic media has maintained a very good influence. Radio is widely used mass communication medium and has a great potentiality in dissemination of information as radio signals cover almost entire population. Role of Radio inn Education i) Helps in preserving culture and art. ii) Radio serves as a carrier vehicle of development and education. iii) It carries developmental messages from the various sectors like family welfare, agriculture, health, art, culture, education etc. to the general public. iv) It is a media that can help in language learning. It can foster the imaginative and creative power of the students. It also develops the listening skills of the students. v) Radio is effective not only in informing the people but also in creating awareness regarding many social issues and need for social reformation, developing interest and initiating action. It can help in creating a positive climate for growth and development. vi) In India, radio with its penetration to the rural areas is a powerful medium for reaching local audiences. vii) It widens the horizons of the people and enlightens them, thereby gradually changing their outlook towards life. viii) It offers many possibilities in networking, from locally or regionally co-ordinate broadcasts and interactive exchange of queries and data. Advantages of Radio 1. It is an audio aid that can be used in classrooms. Recordings are very effective. 2. It is handy, portable, easily accessible and cheap. It reaches most of the people anywhere anytime. 3. It is most suitable means for communication to the illiterates and blind. 4. Radio as mass medium caters to a large rural population which has no access to TV and where there is no power supply. 5. Radio reaches a larger population. Disadvantages of Radio 1. Weather conditions affect the broadcasting 2. Only the auditory senses are utilized 3. Proper educational programmes according to syllabus may not be available during class time. 4. Radios they need electric power as well as a band width to work properly. 5. Radios can also experience signal limitation as well as interruptions. 6. Radios divide the listener's attention as in some cases they do not have anywhere to refer back too. 7. It is a one way communication. So no feedback or response. Television as a Mass Media – Characteristics 1. Audio- visual Medium 2. Live medium 3. Transitory medium (Existing or lasting only a short time) 4. Domestic and intimate medium 5. Does not require door to door distribution of it UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 16 17 6. Expensive medium EDUCATIONAL TELIVISION (ETV) Educational television is a system that presents learning content in various subjects produced by an agency. It can also help in bringing social and cultural changes. Television helps in enforcing the public understanding of social, political and scientific advancement of a country. TV can be an important central media in providing formal and non formal education Merits of educational television 1. It provide the expert teaching skills of such teachers on video tape or film for later use 2. It provide the teacher an opportunity to observe the ideas of their expert and to increase his own knowledge of teaching methods and stimulate new ideas 3. It brings live demonstration , video tape or film presentations to the class room at the instant 4. It permit inclusion of up-to date information , modification , new equipment into the class room instruction 5. Educational television provide a common experience to all student and it save time it allow the teacher time to observe individual students Limitations of educational television 1. It a one way communication 2. Individual students are not attended to in a TV lesson 3. TV lessons may not suit the school timing 4. Instruction through TV is not child centered 5. Costly affair both production and receiving Role of teacher in educational television/radio  Planning and preparation of program - A teacher can be the person who creates an ETV programme. Here the teacher will have to plan and prepare the matter to be presented based on proper methodology and pedagogical principles.  Production of program - A teacher while producing a ETV programme should have knowledge about the technical aspects of recording, editing etc.  Presentation of program - A teacher can be the real presenter of the programme. Here the teacher should have good knowledge about the subject presented and should be able to present it in an interesting manner.  Selection and Utilization of program - Educationally useful programmes can be utilized by the teacher in classrooms to supplement normal classroom teaching. It is the responsibility of the teacher to identify and select suitable programmes. The teacher has to make necessary arrangements for utilizing the broadcasted programme.  Evaluation of the program - The broadcasted programmes all need not be good and useful. So a teacher can critically review and analyze these programmes. A teacher's evaluation can be valuable in bringing modifications in future programmes. FILMS - Films present a fact in realistic way, dramatizes human relation, emotions and transmits attitudes. It may be used for the communication of an idea, attitude and expression. An educational film is described as the greatest teacher. It can present facts in a very interesting and stimulating way. Production of films itself is a very educative and creative process. Students in this digital era can be made to create their own short documentary films. Role of teacher in the use of films  Teacher selects the film - Select films appropriate and suitable to the situations. It should be useful and should have some educative purpose or convey some socially relevant message.  The teacher should make arrangements for the screening of the film - All the facilities like TV or LCD projector, audio aids, hall arrangements etc should be arranged.  Preview film - Before presenting a film it is advisable for the teacher to preview the film. UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 17 18  Presenting the film - The film is shown to the audience.  Evaluation and feed back- The students can be made to review the film either individually or collectively, after watching the film. Advantages of films 1. Motion pictures motivates the students 2. Increased reading interests of the students 3. Development of study habits 4. Recreation 5. It is an edited version of reality. 6. It is very effective in adult education. 7. A good educational film help the students to develop a sense of citizenship 8. It is a very effective medium to provide awareness to the community. Limitations of films 1. Good educational film are not available in our country 2. The whole process is very costly 3. It may have some bad effect on eyesight 4. It need electricity 5. Teachers are not trained to handle the projector and organize the show 6. Can give a wrong concept of size and time DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRINT MEDIA AND ELECTRONIC MEDIA After the advent of printing nearly six centuries ago, the print media was the only form of mass communication. Then came the electronic medium. Though both print and electronic media deal with mass communication, there are certain basic differences. Print Media Electronic Media Literacy is a basic requirement for the media. Only a Even an illiterate person can print watch a news literate person can read it. bulletin and grasp its contents though the written matter on the screen cannot be read. In print media readers have the choice to go back and Viewers cannot go back and recheck what they what they have read. have seen. Print media provides more scope for in depth analysis Less scope for such long in depth analysis. of events. Print media does not provide scope for a live Live discussions are possible. discussion. Language is more literary and flowery and reader – Language used is spoken and more viewer - friendly. friendly. Frequent update of news is not possible. Even a minute-to-minute update is possible. Print media works according to a deadline. Usually a There is no deadline for the electronic media. morning paper carries news received upto the midnight News can be updated anytime. of the previous day. % of learning Examples of accruing Senses Usage through the sense Sight Picture 83.0 UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 18 19 MULTY SENSORY APPROACH Touch Pat on the back 1.5 Multi sensory teaching technique means helping a child to learn through Taste Eating 1.0 more than one sense. Teaching and learning should, therefore, make Smell Smell the flower 3.5 effective use of the sensory functions of the child to enhance educational Hearing Music 11.0 impact.Multisensory means just what it Total 100.0 sounds like, using the visual, aural, tactile, and kinaesthetic senses to teach. It is defined as "Continual use of the five senses, including the use of body movement, to teach abstract concepts, making them concrete and accessible for memory, usage, and transference. Using several modalities at one time to strengthen neural pathways". Multi-sensory learning, as the name implies, is the process of learning new subject matter through the use of two or more senses. This may include combining visual, auditory, tactile- kinaesthetic, and/or even olfactory and taste. The extent to which knowledge is retained through various senses also varies. It is  20% of what one hears  30% of what one sees  50% of what one sees and hears  80% of what one says  90% of what one says and does Multisensory techniques  Multisensory techniques are frequently used for children with learning differences.  Multisensory teaching techniques and strategies stimulate learning by engaging students on multiple levels.  Using a multisensory teaching technique means helping a child to learn through more than one sense Some of the multisensory techniques are 1. To stimulate visual reasoning and learning  Text and/or pictures of paper, posters , models, projection screens, computers or flash  Use of color for highlighting, organizing information or imagery  Student created art, images, text, pictures and video 2. Auditory techniques.  Books on tape, peer assisted reading, paired reading and computerized text readers.  Video or film which accompanying audio  Music, song, instruments, speaking, rhymes, chants and language games 3. Tactile teaching methods  Modeling materials such as clay and sculpting materials  Using small materials called manipulative to represent number values to teach math skills  Textured objects, finger paints and puzzles to improve fine motor skills. 4. Kinesthetic methods  Games involving jumping rope, clapping or other movements paired with white counting and singing songs related to concepts.  Any large movement activity for students involving dancing, rhythmic recall and academic competition such as quizzes, flash card races and other learning games. Advantages of using multi-sensory approach UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 19 20 Multisensory teaching techniques and strategies stimulate learning by engaging students on multiple levels. They encourage students to use some or all their senses to:  Provide direct experience  Gather information about a task by linking information to ideas they already know and understand  Perceive the logic involved in solving problems  Learn problem solving tasks  Tap into nonverbal reasoning skills  Understand relationships between concepts  Store information and store it for later recall  Create interest in children for learning  New things can be learned easily and can be retained for a longer time.  Provide clarity of concepts  Creativity and thinking is enhanced  Create an harmonious learning environment  All the senses are trained and the child learns how to make proper use of them  Increased learner engagement  Generating a greater capacity for learning  Encouraging a greater knowledge transfer  Improved attitudes towards learning  Greater student achievement  Multisensory teaching is effective for all students MULTI MEDIA APPROACH - Multimedia is derived from the two words: Multi - means many or multiple and Media - means a way of conveying information. Thus multimedia means using more than one media’. The teaching – learning process carried out through a number of media is termed as multimedia approach to education. It aims at providing meaningful learning experience and thus improves the process of teaching- learning. Concept of Multimedia Multimedia is a hot topic in education because it represents the latest technology andintroduces into the classroom whole new ways of thinking about curriculum,interactions with students and even the nature of learning itself. Themeaning of multimedia has changed from meaning nothing to everything. Packiam (1986), had referred to the use of appropriate and carefully selected varietiesof learning experiences which when presented to the learner through selected teachingstrategies will reinforce and strengthen one another in such a way that he learner will achieve predetermined objectives in an effective way. Education is defined as a means of providing systematic training and instruction andtraining is provided by instruction, discipline on drill In terms of having training andinstruction, multimedia is a powerful tool which can provide individual and interactiveinstructions as well as motivation for practice in an entertainment environment. Multimediaalso provides students with different learning styles, the opportunity to learn, share,communicate and grow using all their faculties. Nature of Multimedia Approach Multimedia approach uses a number of media, devices, techniques, in the teachinglearning process. Multimedia approach has come out of researches and experiments in educationaltechnology that have been undertaken in order to improve the process of teachinglearning. Multimedia approach aims at providing meaningful learning experiences via a mix ofmedia in order to achieve predetermined objectives. UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 20 21 The choice of the media has to be done carefully so that one does not hamper or reducethe effect of the other i.e. each media must complement he after. The media have to used sequentially and judiciously. Only necessary ones are to be used.Then it would be possible to make optimum use of them in a most economical manner. In multimedia approach, several media and techniques are used as powerful means ofcommunication. THE TYPE OF MEDIA USED IN MULTI-MEDIA APPROACH a) Classification of Media in terms of the method and strategic of teaching.  Methods Strategies Lecture method Team teaching Demonstration method Microteaching Discussion method Simulated teaching Lecture –demonstration method Workshops Heuristic method Group discussion Project method seminars Problem - Solving Method Symposia Inductive – Deductive Method Conferences Laboratory method Brainstorming Analytic synthetic Method Counseling Question – answer Method Buzz groups Assignment Method Providing practical experiences b) Classification of media in terms of auto Instruction.  Modules  Personalized System of Instruction  Computer Assisted Instruction  Self learning materials  Programmed Instruction  Assignments c) Classification of Media as a means of Mass Communication.  Radio  Films  Television  Internet  Newspaper  Pamphlets  Magazines d) Classification of Media in terms of the Audio Visual material and equipments.  Non-projected aids  Diagrams  Audio aids  Maps  Radio  Pictures  Mobile  Photographs  Walkman  Cartoons  Tape-recorder  Comics  3D Aids  Models  Projective Devices  Specimens  Episcope  Puppets  Diascope  Living and non living object  Epidiascope  Diorama  Television  Mockups  Slides and slide Projectors  Two dimensional aids  Film strips and Motion picture  Graphs  OHP  Charts  LCD projector  Flash cards  Posters  Graphs e) Classification of media in terms of gaining living experience. UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 21 22  Activity aids  Exhibitions  Field trips  Demonstrations  Nature Calendar  Dramatizations  Aquarium  Planetarium f) Classification of media in term of Reading /Teaching material.  Books  Teachers Notes  Journals  Internet Role of Teacher in Multimedia Approach The teacher has to make a lot of modifications and adjustment if he has to adopt multimedia approach. His role would have a different connotation compared to the traditional role.  The teacher has to adopt a number of methods and techniques.  Teacher has to aware of the different available media and their availability.  Teacher should be physically competent to use and demonstrate the use of the different media.  Teacher should be skillful enough to make a judicious choice of media and be competent enough to mix them sequentially and in an orderly manner.  Teacher’s role is that of facilitator or manager of activities.  Teacher has to lead his student for independent, individualized learning.  The teacher should provide experience such that students can link practice and theory and integrate them  Teacher should play a constructive role in making students learn things in a practical way by going through concrete and living experiences PROCEDURE FOR ADOPTING MULTIMEDIA APPROACH The following are the six steps to be followed while adopting the Multimedia Approach First Stage In this stage the teacher initiates the teaching – learning activities. Teacher deliver a well prepared lesson based on the objectives formulated. Teacher could use a variety of media for his presentation. Second Stage Teacher demonstrates a specific and specialized unit using a mix of media. The teacher may provide learner with programmed learning materials, cassettes, CD's etc. Third Stage This is a preparatory stage for the learner before he stars independent learning. The student discusses with peer students and teachers his plan of action. Forth Stage In this stage the learner actively participates. He uses variety of media and materials in his self-study. Fifth Stage In this stage the learner integrates theory and practice. Sixth Stage In this stage learner finds that teaching – learning activities have to be organized on a higher level. The student involved in critical analysis, critical evaluation and exchange of ideas. MEDIA SELECTION METHOD  Combining the plus point of the available media  It is usually done by considering two media at a time  Positive points are needed in effective teaching and achievement of the desired object  Identifying media for the objectives looking for availability and selecting cheapest as shown UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 22 23  ORGANISATIONAL IMPLICATIONSNeed for sound infrastructure and needed facilities for the adoption of multimedia approach such as: 1) Blackboard 2) Bulletin boards and display boards 3) Hall and darkroom facilities for showing films 4) Slides and other projective aid materials 5) Library and reading room facilities 6) Laboratory 7) Workshop 8) Audio-visual library containing useful software material and hardware equipments Advantages of the Multimedia Approach Can arouse the curiosity among the learner and provide them vivid impression. Multimedia can take into account different learning styles-some pupil learn by interpreting text, while others require more graphical representations. Can develop a positive attitude among the learners towards the teaching-learning process Multimedia approach enables the student to represent information using several different media. Multimedia approach allows for self-pacing. Technique of stimulation can be effectively applied through the multimedia approach Helps in development of higher order thinking skills Helps in developing group and interpersonal skills Effective remediation programmes can be implemented through the multimedia approach Multimedia approach provides the student the flexibility of ‘any where’, ‘any time’ learning. Multimedia approach can bridge language barriers since audio is not the only means of communication. UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 23 24 Multimedia enables students to represent information using several different media. Multimedia can take into account different learning styles. Some students learn by interpreting text, while others require more graphical or aural representations. Multimedia allows for self-pacing and discovery, students can take the time they need andchose the path of learning making learning meaningful and pleasurable. Multimedia helps in development of higher order thinking skills. Interactive multimediaencourages student. Multimedia provided the students the flexibility of anywhere, ‘any time’ learning. Multimedia helps in developing group and interpersonal skills. Better communication between students via e-mail, chat sessions etc., can encourage collaborative learning andenhance student-teacher interaction. Multimedia helps students to learn the content in a given discipline. It helps students tothink effectively, practice problem solving and decision making. Disadvantage of the Multimedia Approach Requires highly sophisticated infrastructure facilities, which may lead to heavy financial burden. Expertise and skill are required to operate the multimedia devices, which will lead to the problem of non-availability of human resources. Not feasible in the all topics of study. Resource centers and services in educational technology (learn from the assignments)  SIET (State Institute Of Educational Technology)  CIET(Central Institute Of Educational Technology)  SITE (Satellite Instructional Television Experiment)  UGC-CEC ( Consortium for Educational Communication )  AVRC (Audio Visual Research Centre)  C-DIT (Centre for Development of Imaging Technology)  EDUSAT  IT@SCHOOL- VICTERS channel (Virtual ClassroomTechnology on Edusat for Rural Schools)  AKSHAYA PROJECT  GYAN DARSAN  INFLIB NET(Information and Library Network) TELECONFERENCING - Teleconferencing is a telephone meeting among two or more participants involving technology more sophisticated than a simple two way phone connection. It is a two way communication between two or more persons via who are remote to one another by excommunication systems. It is also known as tele-call, tele-seminar. Teleconferencing offers a means of interacting with others at remote places by circumventing travel costs, time and associated problems. There are two kinds of teleconferencing - Dedicated system and Computer based system. Components of video conferencing  Essential hardware for Audio, Video, Graphics or Text input and Output (video cameras, webcam, TV, computer screen, projector, headphone, speakers etc)  Data transferring devices like cable connection, telephone line, satellite communication system, internet connection.  Essential software Types of teleconferencing  Audio teleconference  Audio-graphics teleconference  Computer teleconference UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 24 25  Video teleconference Audio teleconference - An audio conferencing can be taught of an extended telephone conversation, but instead of talking with only one person, you may be talking with several or more students,located at multiple sites (school). Voice only Also known as conference calling Links people in remote locations via telephone lines Meeting can be conducted via audio lines Distance learning can be conducted Preplanning is necessary Audio graphics teleconference - Transmit visual information such as graphics, alpha-numerics, documents and video pictures as an adjunct to voice communication Also known as desk top computer conferencing and enhanced audio Used for meetings and distance learning Electronic tablets, fax etc Computer teleconference - It is the conduct of meeting by the use of computer based telecommunication. Uses telephone lines to connect to or more computers and modems Using e-mail, memos, reports, updates, newsletters etc can be sent It is an emerging area for distance conferencing Video teleconference - Video conferencing is the conduct of video conference by a set of telecommunication technologies which allows two or more locations to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions simultaneously.it has also been called visual collaboration. Combines audio and video to provide voice communications and video images Capable to display moving images One teacher can teach to a number of sites Institutions are able to serve all students equitably Advantages of teleconferencing Reduction in travel or low cost of communication. Saves time and energy Good support for students widely scattered in a region. Easily accessible by remote students. Familiar mode of instruction where the faculty initiates and controls it. Easy scheduling of group discussion and conferencing by telephones. Immediate feedback from all concerned and quick remedial action. Easily adaptable and flexible Highly interactive as all have to actively participate DISADVANTAGES Connection Problems can occur during the conference which might disrupt the conference. Language barriers and miscommunication of ideas can occur as communication occurs between people of different culture and background. Background Noise can be a disturbance during teleconference. Time consuming for preparation. Lack of participant familiarity with the equipment The current cost of teleconferencing is high if compared to travel and accommodation expenditure. Interactive Whiteboard - An interactive whiteboard is an instructional tool that allows computer images to be displayed onto a board using a digital projector. The instructor can then manipulate the elements on the board by using his finger as a mouse pointer, a pen or a stylus, directly on the screen. It is also known as the smart board. Items can be dragged, clicked and copied and the lecturer can handwrite notes, which can be transformed into text and saved. Any application that runs on your computer can be used on an interactive whiteboard. You can surf the internet, annotate a text document or demonstrate a piece of software. UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 25 26 Fundamentally, an interactive whiteboard combines a dry erase whiteboard with an LCD projector and is usually mounted on a wall or floor stand. Powered by easy-to-use software, the whiteboard becomes a computer screen viewable by an entire classroom. The projector projects the content from a computer onto the surface of the board while the teacher controls the content either with a pointer or a touch of the hand instead of a keyboard and mouse. The combination of software with the projector results in much more than simply a projected image. Used innovatively they create a wide range of learning opportunities. However, in many environments they are not being used to their full potential, and in many cases acting as glorified blackboards. An interactive whiteboard can be a cost saver as this technology demonstrates how one computer can provide learning stimuli for a whole classroom. This is more cost effective than equipping an entire IT room, or every student with a laptop. An IWB is also available in a portable format. Examples of the features available when using an interactive whiteboard:  Add annotations, Highlight text - The screen shade lets you cover your screen, allowing you to gradually reveal information to your audience.  Add notes and drawings and then save them to be printed out and shared, or added to a virtual learning environment.  Show pictures and educational videos to the whole lecture theatre. You can label parts or highlight elements of an image.  Spotlight allows you to focus the attention of your audience on a specific area of the screen.  Transparency controls how dark the background is. Shape allows you to change the focused area from a circle to a rectangle or a star. Exit allows you to close the spotlight. The magnifier enlarges a certain area of the screen which can be useful when you want to show a close-up of a spreadsheet or a web address.  Choosing calculator opens the calculator available on your computer.  Pointer allows you to highlight key areas with a pointer.  The screen capture toolbar allows you to capture images of your screen.  Mathematical drawings like straight lines, circles, triangles, angles etc can be drawn easily using the mathematical tools.  Demonstrate the content available on a website in a teacher-directed activity Advantages of interactive white board over normal chalk board. IWB is a whiteboard on which you can not only write but play videos, show interactive presentations and recall previously-erased information. An interactive whiteboard uses a special touch- sensitive whiteboard in conjunction with a computer and projector to receive commands and display information. While the information is projected onto the whiteboard, nothing is actually written on the board; it's processed on the computer. This gives interactive whiteboards more functionality than traditional whiteboards, making them advanced tools in places of education and work. One of the most significant advantages of interactive whiteboards is that they enable far greater participation than traditional whiteboards. They also enable people to manipulate information in ways that wouldn't be possible or practical on a regular whiteboard, such as tapping to performing calculations on the screen, reveal layers of information, or moving information around with the tip of a finger. All of the information on an interactive whiteboard actually comes from a connected computer and is simply projected onto the whiteboard. This means whatever you do on the whiteboard can be recorded directly to a hard drive and even transported on portable storage. This enables you to recall and reuse the information, such as the results of a brainstorming session, any time. By contrast, data on a traditional whiteboard must be copied manually or lost when erased. There are a variety of visuals that can be used with interactive whiteboards. Videos can be uploaded from websites or previously saved files. Additionally, entire presentations can be uploaded onto an interactive whiteboard. You can display and manipulate complex images and graphics. All of UNIT I: Concept of Educational Technology Page 26 27 this can create a more engaging presentation and that can help keep the audience's attention and even increase their retention. Particularly for students, an advantage of interactive whiteboards is that they give students a chance to interact extensively with technology, thus interweaving technology with education. Particularly if students are allowed to use the whiteboards for their own presentations, the use of an interactive whiteboard can be a great way to introduce students to electronic devices and a variety of software. This type of tool promotes creative teaching and motivates students into absorbing information. Teaching with an interactive whiteboard allows lecturers to accommodate all different learning styles. Tactile learners get to touch and move things around the board. They can also make notes and highlight elements. Visual learners benefit from a clear view of what is happening on the board. Audio learners can participate in a class discussion. The teacher can call upon the students to interact with the whiteboard themselves. The lecturer can sit at the computer, with the student at the whiteboard, and the class offering suggestions and contributing ideas. Interactive whiteboards promote group discussion and participation. They are an effective tool for brainstorming as notes made on the screen can be turned into text, and saved to be shared and distributed later. They are an ideal tool for small group work and collaborative learning, as students can huddle around the board developing ideas, and then save the work for sharing over a network or by email. 1. Interesting lesson that incorporate video, moving diagrams. 2. Provide electronically all the familiar teachers of black board or ordinary whiteboard. 3. Replace the scenario of a large group crowding around a single computer. 4. Enhance any presentation of lesson by integrating video, animation, graphic, with the spoken presentation. 5. Notes diagrams entire lesions or presentations can be archived & added to the intranet of any other recourse. 6. Display material from a number of sources such as CD-Rom, Websites, DVDs, VHS tape of TV. 7. More dialogue b/w tutor and students, peer to peer &within groups. 8. Enable people to manipulate information. 9. Create a wide range of learning opportunities, Prompt group discussion of participation. 10. Cost effective than equipping an entire IT room. 11. Presenters can poll a classroom audience or conduct quizzes capturing feedback out the white board. 12. Dust free and also helps in saving time as materials can be per-prepared. 13. Any amount of material can be prepared in advance and dis

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