Sustainable Tourism Chapters 1-4 PDF

CHAPTER 1: THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM Sustainable Tourism - lone that meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunity for the future. (UNTWO) GOALS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM 1. Economic Prosperity 2. Social Equity 3. Environmental Conser...

CHAPTER 1: THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM Sustainable Tourism - lone that meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunity for the future. (UNTWO) GOALS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM 1. Economic Prosperity 2. Social Equity 3. Environmental Conservation PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM 1. enhances the well-being of communities in which tourism takes place. 2. supports the protection and enhancement of the natural and cultural resources of the destination 3. recognizes the importance of product quality (physical products, hospitality, and services) and tourist satisfaction as key factors for the economic success of tourism; and 4. adopts adequate management and monitoring measure. According to the Economist (2012) quality of life is an overarching concept that covers the following: material well-being life expectancy at birth family life based primarily on divorce rates; political freedom job security climate personal physical security ratings governance gender equality REQUISITES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM Sustainability - simply means being able to continue for and indefinite period of time. Many tourism projects suffer from the “ningas cogon” syndrome wherein they tend to experience rapid boom and bust cycle. Safety And Security are of paramount importance to potential visitors. Attractions - need to be evaluated in terms if their uniqueness and sociocultural value. They should offer outstanding appeal to be able to draw tourists to the area. Professor Felipe de Leon, Jr. suggests exploiting the following aspects in order to make attractions stand out. Excellence Superlative Characteristic Authenticity Endemicity Originality Accessibility - involves the presence of transportation, whether airplane, van, jeepneys, buses, tricycle, ship, habal- habal, or boat. Preliminary Site Assessment - includes observation about the availability of utilities such as water, power, and infrastructure like roads, and bridges in the area to be developed. Tourist Facilities and Infrastructure could only be built in a certain class of land. Tourism development is restricted in ecotourism sites, natural parks, and marine sanctuaries. Philippine Strategy for Sustainable Development (PSSD) - achieve economic growth while ensuring adequate protection of the Philippines’ biodiversity, vital ecosystem functions, and overall environmental quality. EARTH SUMMIT Produced Agenda 21( The United Nations Programme of Action for the 21 st Century) which is the action plan for achieving sustainable development at all levels. The plan consist of 700 pages, divided into 40 chapters, grouped into four (4) sections Section I - Tackles about the social and economic dimensions or sustainable development such as combating poverty, changing consumption patters, demographic dynamics, and human health. Section II - Discusses the conservation and management of resources Section III - Explains how to strengthen the roles of major stakeholders groups Section IV - Talks about the means of implementation, such as financial resources and mechanisms, transfer of technology, cooperation and capacity-building, education and public awareness and training programs. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) comprised of eight primary goals: 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; 2. Achieve universal primary education; 3. Promote gender quality and empower women; 4. Reduce child mortality; 5. Improve maternal health; 6. Combat HIV/AIDS; 7. Ensure environmental sustainability; 8. Develop a global partnership for development. The 16 SDGs (Stakeholder Forum 2015) are the following: 1. No Poverty 2. Zero Hunger 3. Good Health and Well-Being 4. Quality Education 5. Gender Equality 6. Clean Water and Sanitation 7. Affordable and Clean Energy 8. Decent Work and Economic Growth 9. Industry Innovation and Infrastructure 10. Reduce Inequality 11. Sustainable Cities and Communities 12. Responsible Production and Consumption 13. Climate Action 14. Life Below Water 15. Life on Land 16. Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions 17. Partnerships for the Goals  CHAPTER 2: Definition, Dimensions, and Determination of Tourism Impacts Tourism Impacts - categorized in terms of their scope, the direction of change and type of impact, and the scale, distribution, and duration of the effects. The Scope Of Tourism Impact Economic - inflation Environmental - Improved connectivity among transportation nodes Social - Increased crime and prostitution Cultural - cultural diffusion Political - higher priority in terms of government allocations for tourism-related projects The Type Of Impact May Be Categorized In Many Ways Actual or objective impacts of tourism are backed up by hard data. Most economic impacts, such as the increased population, number of jobs, amount of investment, and amount of tourist receipts generated by tourism are objective in nature and are quantitatively measured. Perceived or subjective impacts refer to the opinions of somebody concerning the effects of tourism. Quantitative impacts are impacts which can be measured and expressed in numerical form. Qualitative impacts are impacts that can only be observed and described. Examples of this would be the effects of tourism on social relationships and the effect of tourism experiences on an individual's self- esteem. direct tourism impact is one that is immediate and flows from tourism to the receiver of impact (e.g., residents) without intervening persons, agencies, or industries. In contrast, an indirect impact flows from tourism to the receiver of the impact through intervening persons, agencies, or industries. Cumulative impact is one that is caused by tourism development over time. An example is the urbanization of hitherto idyllic island resorts. Immediate impact is an impact that is caused by a single event, and could happen within a short period of time. An example is the increased occupancy of hotels brought about by the hosting of an Olympics. Long-term impacts are those that will be borne or experienced by the affected sectors or stakeholders for years or even generations to come. Reversible impact is one which can be corrected immediately or over a short period of time.. Irreversible impact is one that requires a long period of time to recover. A point source is a specific tourism-related facility, project, or object. This could be an airport, hotel, attraction, or event. Point sources of impact are site-specific, tangible, and have clear finite lifespans. A non-point source is mobile, intangible, and has an indefinite lifespan. LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) - is a tool used to measure a country's tourism development. Philippines rank remained at the 75th spot out of 117 countries. Switzerland Japan France USA Spain UK Italy It consists of 14 sub-indices, including: 1. Enabling Environment- supports that facilitates the development for travel and tourism sectors. 2. Policy and Enabling Conditions - this category assesses the policies and conditions that foster tourism growth. 3. Infrastructure - it refers to infrastructure that supports smooth and enjoyable travel experience. 4. Natural Cultural Resources -.natural attractions and resources that the destinations can offer. Cruz's A's Framework assesses a place's potential for tourism based on access, accommodation, activities, attractions, amenities, atmosphere, attitude, administration, assistance, and awareness. Access - it refers to the process of how visitors can get to the destinations which also acquire the relationship of destinations. Atmosphere - refers to the general impression of being welcome and safe in a destination. Attitude - it is about friendliness and readiness of residents in a destination. Administration - is the management of tourism in the destination and covers how effective the national and local tourism agencies are in doing their jobs. Assistance - is the level of support provided by the government to tourists and to the tourism industry. STRENGTH OF THE ECONOMY AND LINKAGES Leakage - happens when we import products or pay for expatriate managerial expertise. Stakeholder Power and Capacity - One of the key issues in tourism development is the extent by which the benefits and opportunities are shared by the stakeholders. Social Representation -refers to the way people construct knowledge about tourism and its impacts. Social Representations Theory - holds that "where there is limited knowledge of tourism, a destination community must either develop its own social representation of tourism or adopt an existing one." TOURISM POLICY - Another determinant of tourism impact is tourism policy as embodied in republic acts, presidential decrees, or local ordinances. Tourism policy serves as the tourism development framework. Investment Incentive Criteria and Weights - The kind of tourism impact is shaped by the chosen tourism development strategy. One of the major strategies for tourism development that was formulated in the National Tourism Development Plan TOURISM DENSITY OR RATIO Tourism Density - refers to the number of tourists at a given time in relation to the area of the destination. Tourism Ratio refers to the volume of tourists in relation to the local population. In general, the impact of tourism rises in proportion to the increase in tourism density or ratio. CONCENTRATION OR DISPERSAL OF TOURIST ZONES - tourist movement is tightly controlled in order to minimize tourist-host contact which may lead to unwanted foreign influence. Individuals or groups must always be accompanied by foreign language-speaking tour guides. TOURIST MARKET SERVE - The tourist markets determine the kind of impacts that are exerted on the host destination as well as those experienced by the tourists themselves.Cohen (1972) differentiated "institutionalized" from "non-institutionalized" tourists. Demonstration Effect - is how the behavior of people is influenced by observing, and imitating the actions of tourists. Technology - Tourism impacts, especially on the environment, may be modified by technology. Capacity - The impact of tourism in a given environment will depend on the volume of tourism compared with the carrying capacity of the site. Tourism Carrying Capacity - is defined as "...the level of human activity an area can accommodate without the area deteriorating, the resident community being adversely affected, or the quality of visitors experience declining" CHAPTER 3: TOURISM IMPACTS ON THE ECONOMY Direct Impact - produced when tourists spend for such commodities as accommodation, transportation, entertainment and attractions Visitor Exports – refers to the money spent by international tourists on goods and services within the destination country− includes accommodation, food, transportation, entertainment, and other tourism-related activities. Indirect Impact - arise from the subsequent rounds of spending by businesses that supply goods and services to the tourism-related businesses. Dynamic Impact - refers to the longer-term macro-level effects, such as general enhancement of skills within the economy, provision of better social services (health, education, security), and infrastructure (roads, airports, internet). Induced Effects - the collective spending by direct and indirect employees on food and beverages, recreation, clothing housing, and household goods. Negative impacts of Tourism on the Economy Leakage- Tourist look for products that they have been accustomed to consuming or using many such products and services cannot be sourced locally. Leakage also happens when there is very loose or non- existent linkage in the tourist value chain. Poor Quality of Jobs- Critics of tourism argue that workers from tourism suffer from low wages, unpaid overtime pay, lack of security of tenure, and seasonality. These problems may be attributed to outsourcing and contractualization by some tourism establishments. Price Increase - Tourist represent demand for goods and services available in a destination. When tourists come too suddenly, the local economy is not able to respond by augmenting the supply of goods and services. Overdependence - Tourism, because of its attractiveness as a business venture, tends to encourage investment in tourism- Positive Impacts Of Tourism on the Economy Jobs - Tourism generates job, with the most optimistic estimate being one job created for every tourist received by the country. Livelihood Generation - Tourism provide economic opportunities for other industries. Hometown’s Share of Tourism Income - Tourism’s economic impact is not restricted to the destination alone. Taxes and Fees- Several - sources of tourism-related revenues for the government. These include passport processing fee, fees for National Statistics Office (NSO). The government also collects value-added tax from tourism-related business establishment. DETERMINANTS OF ECONOMIC IMPACT Economic Diversification - A well-diversified economy will be better able to provide such inputs, compared to one which is underdeveloped or totally dependent on tourism. Strength of Backward and Forward Linkages - Backward and forward linkages are crucial for understanding how tourism activities ripple through an economy, creating multiplier effects. Seasonality - Dictated by climate, wind patterns, school openings, vacation times, and the occasion of certain festivals, among others Quality of Human Resources - The host destination can gain a lot in terms of all levels of impacts if the employees hired for tourism establishments are from the local community  CHAPTER 4: TOURISM IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT THE CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENT - Natural Environment - Wildfire - Farms - Built Environment - Natural Resource - Weather/Climate - Natural Phenomenon TWO MAJOR TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM Terrestrial Ecosystem Forest Ecosystem – A community of plants, animals, and microbes interacting with their environment, often used for leisure activities. Desert Ecosystem – Found in regions with less than 25 inches of annual rainfall, supporting activities like dune bashing and caravanning. Grasslands – Ecosystems in tropical and temperate regions dominated by grasses and legumes, offering opportunities for camping and hunting. Mountain Ecosystem – An ecosystem in mountainous regions with diverse organisms, where activities like mountaineering and skiing are common. Aquatic Ecosystem Marine Ecosystem – Ecosystems in the ocean, characterized by high salinity and diverse habitats like coral reefs, playing a key role in the global carbon cycle. Freshwater Ecosystem – Ecosystems in inland water bodies, divided into lentic (slow-moving), lotic (fast- moving), and wetlands with saturated soil. IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONTMENT - Tourism can negatively affect the environment through resource overconsumption and can contribute to wildfires, environmental degradation, and climate change. CAUSES OF IMPACTS Tourist Behavior Construction Quality of Infrastructure Dynamic between tourism supply and demand Design of Facilities and Infrastructure Violation of tourism development guidelines bu developers and ineffective law enforecement. NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF TOURISM Land Depletion Waste Pollution Climate Change Water Stress Habitat Fragmentation Animal Species Extinction Impact on Coral Reefs Beach Encroachment and Crowding Land Degradation – Tourism can lead to land degradation through urban sprawl, commercial development, and activities like overhunting and quarrying. Waste Depletion – Improper disposal of solid waste can result in litter that clogs drainage systems and causes environmental damage. Pollution – The introduction of harmful substances or energy into the environment at a rate faster than it can be naturally processed. Types Of Pollution Water Pollution – The contamination of water bodies to a level that interferes with ecosystem functions or human use. Noise Pollution – Harmful or excessive noise that negatively affects humans, wildlife, and the environment. Air Pollution – The contamination of the atmosphere by harmful chemicals or biological agents that affect air quality. Light Pollution – Excessive or improper use of artificial light, which impacts wildlife, human health, and the visibility of celestial objects. Visual Pollution – The presence of unattractive or obstructive objects in natural or man-made landscapes, such as billboards and litter. Climate Change – Long-term changes in weather patterns and temperatures, with tourism contributing through activities that have a large carbon footprint. Water Stress – Occurs when water demand exceeds supply or quality, often worsened by tourism-related pollution, unregulated development, and population growth. Types of Water Scarcity Physical Water Scarcity – occurs when there is not enough water to meet all demands, Including environmental flows. Economic Water Scarcity – occurs when water is adequate, but is unavailable due to a lack of significant investment in water Infrastructure. Habitat Fragmentation & Animal Species Extinction Promote Conservation Forster Environment Awareness Support Local Conservation Projects Encourage Sustainable Practices Bolster Local Economies Preserve Cultural Heritage Impacts on Coral Reefs – Tourists accidently touch, pollute or break off parts of the reef, corals experience stress. The coral organisms try to fight off the intrusion, but this process often leads to coral bleaching. Beach Encroachment and Crowding – An impact that has been observed in Boracay was beach encroachment by resort owners, abetted by beach setbacks that got smaller and smaller over the year. POSITIVE IMPACTS OF TOURISM Awareness Raising and Experience Conservation Activities Education Protection and Conservation