Environmental Management PDF

Environmental Management Environmental Management – consists of a number of interrelated elements that function together to achieve the objective of effective environmental management. − Understanding the structure and functioning of the earth, as well as how humans fit in, is central to en...

Environmental Management Environmental Management – consists of a number of interrelated elements that function together to achieve the objective of effective environmental management. − Understanding the structure and functioning of the earth, as well as how humans fit in, is central to environmental management. − Environmental management is multifaceted, concerned with predicting future environmental changes, maximizing human benefit while minimizing environmental degradation. − Decision Making, as well as the Political Aspects of it, play a significant role. − The process of environmental management involves: 1. Identifying the environmental desired outcomes 2. Identifying the physical, economic, social, cultural, political and technological constraints on obtaining these outcomes 3. Considering the most feasible options for achieving the desired outcomes 4. Anticipating, avoiding, and solving environmental and conservation issues A Sustainable Relationship between Tourism and the Environment Tourism & Environment – are interdependent and closely intertwined. − If tourism continues to expand, we must discover ways to enhance the interaction between tourism and the environment and make it more sustainable. − This could entail the following: 1. Regulation of the Negative Impacts 2. Encouraging Good Practice 3. Keeping a Sense of Proportion 4. Raising Awareness amongst Tourists and the Industry 5. Paying a Price that covers the Environmental Costs of Tourism 6. Maintaining a Balance Between Conservation and Development − The Scope of the Concept of the Environment 1. The Natural Environment: Mountain areas, seas, rivers, lakes, caves, beaches, natural woodland. 2. Wildlife: Land-based mammals and reptiles, flora, birds, insects, fish, and marine mammals. 3. The Farmed Environment: Agricultural landscapes, man-made forests, fish farms. 4. The Built Environment: Individual buildings and structures. Villages and townscapes. Transport infrastructure (roads and airports). Dams and reservoirs. 5. Natural Resources: Water, climate, air. Implementing Environmental Management via an “Environmental Management System” Environmental Management System – provides the means for you to continually plan, implement, review, improve business processes and actions to better your environmental performance. − Any effective environmental management system uses the 'Plan, Do, Check, Act '(PDCA) model, which embodies the concept of continual development. − Benefits of Environmental Management System: 1. Enforces sustainable action and provides sustainable profits, for long- term business success. 2. Establishes a marketing advantage. 3. Reduces the frequency of environmental incidents. 4. Improves your business’ reputation. 5. Reduces costs. 6. Attracts shareholders and investors. 7. Improves your regulative performance. Environmental Impact Assessment – were first used in the 1960s to raise environmental awareness. − An ElA is a document that is used to calculate the environmental impacts of a Planned Development or Construction project. − ElAs are technical assessments that are meant to aid in more objective decision-making. − Environmental Impact Assessments were given legal status in the United States in 1969, when the National Environmental Policy Act was passed (NEPA). − ElAs are becoming more widely used around the world. − ElA is a decision-making tool that offers information on the possible impacts of construction projects to those making the decision on whether or not the project should be approved. − It is the Government Policy that any industrial project has to obtain ElA clearance from the Ministry of Environment before approval by the planning commission. − The following are importance of doing environmental impact assessment: 1. Make Development projects environmentally sustainable. 2. Reduce adverse environmental impacts. 3. Identify environmental impacts on ecologically fragile landscape before development projects. 4. Assess the effects of development pressures on the natural resource base as well as on the socio-cultural aspects. 5. Reduce the overall environmental and economic costs of projects. 6. Optimize projects benefits. − Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) should contain the following: 1. Description of proposed action (construction, operation and shut down phase) and selection of alternatives to the proposed action. 2. Nature and magnitude of the likely environmental effects. 3. Possibility of earthquakes and cyclones. 4. Possible effects on surface and ground water quality, soil and air quality. 5. Effects on vegetation, wildlife and endangered species. 6. Economic and demographic factors. 7. Identification of relevant human concerns. 8. Noise pollution. Efficient use of inputs. 9. Recycling and reduction of waste. 10. Risk analysis and disaster management.  8 Guiding Principles of the Entire Process of EIA 1. Participation – an appropriate and timely access to the process for all interested parties. 2. Transparency – assessment decisions and their basis should be open and accessible. 3. Certainty – process & timing of the assessment should be agreed on by all participants in advance. 4. Accountability – the decision makers of all parties are responsible for their action and decisions under the assessment process. 5. Credibility – assessment is undertaken with professionalism and objectivity. 6. Cost Effectiveness – the assessment process and its outcomes will ensure environmental protection at the least cost to the society. 7. Flexibility – the assessment process should be able to deal efficiently with any proposal and decision-making situation. 8. Practicality – the information and outputs provided by the assessment process are readily usable in decision making and planning. Participants in EIA Process 1. Proponent – government or private agency which initiates the project. 2. Decision Maker – designated individual or group. 3. Assessor – agency responsible for the preparation of ElS. 4. Reviewer – Individual/agency/board. 5. Expert Advisers – media and public, environmental organizations etc. EIA Process in Sequence of Application 1. Stakeholders’ Involvement – stakeholders involvement occurs in various stages of FIA to ensure Duality, Efficiency, and Effectiveness. 2. Project Screening and Scoping – − Determine necessity for ElA requirement. − Describe various screening criteria. − Scoping determines coverage or scope of ElA. 3. Project Design and Construction – − Type of project under consideration. − Physical dimensions of the area being considered. − Whether the resources will be used optically? − Whether there is an irretrievable commitment of land? − Whether the project is a critical phase of a larger development? − Whether there will be serious environmental disruptions during construction? − What are the long-term plans of the proponent? 4. Project Operation – − What provisions have been made to check the safety equipment regularly? − How will the hazardous waste products be handled? − What are the contingency plans developed to cope with the possible accidents? − What provisions have been made for training the employees in environmental protection? − What plans have been made for environmental monitoring? 5. Site Characteristics – − Whether the site is susceptible to floods, earthquakes and other natural disasters? − Whether the terrain is creating problems in predicting ground water characteristics and air pollution etc.? − Whether the local environment is conductive for the success of the project? − How many people are likely to be displaced because of the project? − What are the main attributes of the local fauna and flora? − Whether the project will interfere with the movements of fish population and important migratory animals? − Whether historic sites are likely to be endangered because of the project? 6. Possible Environmental Impacts – − What are the positive shortage constronom to no projects during construction and after construction? − Who would be effected because of these impacts? 7. Mitigation Measures – − Design system to avoid, reduce and minimize adverse impacts. − Enhance beneficial outcomes. 8. Monitoring & Auditing Measures – − Identify impacts that require monitoring and auditing. 9. Socio-Economic Factors – − Who are the expected gainers and losers by the projects? − Where are the expected trade-offs? − Will the project interfere (blend, increase or reduce) with the existing inequalities between occupational, ethnic and age groups? − Will it affect the patterns of local/regional/national culture? 10. Availability of Information and Resources – − Whether local and outside experts are available to consult specific impacts of the project? − Whether the relevant guidelines, technical information and other publications available to identify the possible impacts of similar projects? − Whether relevant environmental standards, by-laws etc. are considered? − Whether the sources of relevant environmental data are identified and whether they are accessible? − Whether the views of the specialist groups and general public regarding the property have been considered? − Whether the competent technical manpower is available to handle the project? Importance of EIA 1. EIA is potentially a useful component of good environmental management. 2. It is the Government Policy that any industrial project has to obtain EIA clearance from the Ministry of Environment before approval by the planning commission. 3. Make Development projects environmentally sustainable. 4. Reduce adverse environmental impacts. 5. Identify environmental impacts on ecologically fragile landscape before development projects. 6. Assess the effects of development pressures on the Natural Resource Base as well as on the Socio-Cultural aspects. 7. Reduce the overall environmental and economic costs of projects. 8. Optimize projects benefits. 9. Screening often results in a categorization of the project and from this a decision is made on whether or not a full ElA is to be carried out. 10. Scoping is the process of determining which are the most critical issues to study and will involve community participation to some degree. 11. It is at this early stage that EIA can most strongly influence the outline proposal. 12. Detailed Prediction and Mitigation Studies follow scoping and are carried out in parallel with feasibility studies. 13. The main output report is called an Environmental Impact Statement and contains a detailed plan for managing and monitoring environmental impacts both during and after implementation. 14. Finally, an audit of the EIA process is carried out some time after implementation. 15. The Audit serves useful feedback and learning functions. Process of Environmental Impact Assessment 1. Screening – determines whether a planned construction project's environmental and social effects are important enough to warrant an ElA. 2. Scoping – establish the ElA's boundaries, the basis for the assessments that will be performed at each point, the project alternatives, and public consultation. 3. Impact Assessment & Mitigation – evaluate the proposed projects socioeconomic and environmental effects, as well as the initiatives, and define mitigation steps to mitigate such impacts. 4. Impact Management – prepare the required plans for dealing with mitigation steps as well as their ropes threats like technical problems and natural disasters. 5. The EIA Report – assemble all the previous steps research and work into a concise, well- structured text, ensuring that the ElA report includes all of the necessary elements. 6. Review and Licensing – the ElA report is reviewed by designated authorities to see whether the proposed project will be granted a license or whether it will need to be amended. 7. Monitoring – ensure that the mitigation steps, EMP goals, and contingency plans are enforced correctly and efficiently to resolve the project's impacts. Application of Environmental Impact Assessment 1. It helps ensure that the ElS used for decision making provides a comprehensive picture of the important effects of the project, including issues of particular concern to affected groups and individuals. 2. It helps focus resources on the important issues for decision making and avoid wasted effort on issues of little relevance. 3. It helps ensure that the EIS provides a balanced view and is not burdened with irrelevant information. 4. It helps effective planning, management, and resourcing of environmental studies. 5. It should identify alternatives to the proposed project and mitigation measures which ought to be considered by the developer. 6. It can identify other legislation or regular controls which may be relevant to the project and provide opportunities for the necessary assessment work for different control systems to be undertaken in parallel, thereby avoiding duplication of effort and costs for all concerned. 7. It reduces the risk of delays caused by request for further information after submission of the development consent application and ElS. 8. It reduces the risk of disagreement about impact assessment methods (baseline surveys, predictive methods, and evaluation criteria) after submission of the EIS. Environmental Controlling & Auditing – are a form of environmental management tool that asses the environmental impacts of various activities against a set of requirements or standards. Environmental Audit – is a type of evaluation intended to identify environmental compliance and management system implementation gaps, along with related corrective actions. − In this way they perform an analogous (similar) function to financial audits. − Come in a variety of shapes and sizes, depending on the criteria used and the audit's emphasis. − Environmental auditing is used to: Investigate, Identify, Understand. Environmental Auditor – may conduct a comprehensive and recorded review of an organization's environmental effects and produce an environmental audit report. − There are a variety of factors for conducting an environmental audit, including Environmental Regulation and Consumer Pressure. Auditing – in general, is a methodical examination - involving analyses, tests, and confirmations - of procedures and practices whose goal is to verify whether they comply with legal requirements, internal policies and accepted practices.  3 Main Types of Environmental Audits 1. Environmental Compliance Audits – 2. Environmental Management Audits – to verify whether an organization meets its stated objectives. 3. Functional Environmental Audits – such as for water and electricity. Benefits of Environmental Audits Benefits vary depending on the objectives and scope of the audit. Environmental auditing benefits include: 1. Organizations understand how to meet their legal requirements. 2. Meeting specific statutory reporting requirements. 3. Organizations can demonstrate they are environmentally responsible. 4. Organizations can demonstrate their environmental policy is implemented. 5. Understanding environmental interactions of products, services & activities. 6. Knowing their environmental risks are managed appropriately. 7. Understanding how to develop and implement an ISO 14001 EMS. 8. Improving environmental performance and saving money. ISO 19011 (2012) – guidelines for auditing management systems provide information regarding the choice of Environmental Auditor. Environmental Auditors – should have personal attributes, such as ethics, open-mindedness, perceptiveness and tact. − They should understand audit principles, procedures and techniques, as well as having gained experience through conducting audits. − They should know the subject matter they are auditing against and how this applies to different organizations. − Preferably Environmental Auditors should complete training and have attained an appropriate level of education. − A Good Environmental Auditor should have adequate skills and experience. Audit Team Leaders – should be able to plan and resource effectively, have good communication and leadership skills. Carrying Capacity Concept – according to the WTO, the carrying capacity is fundamental for environmental protection and sustainability. − It is a maximum amount of development, use, growth, or change a site can endure without unacceptable alternation in physical environment, community's social public and or local economy; and without unacceptable decline in quality experience gained by a visitor. Carrying Capacity Concept (in Tourism) – is the maximum number of people who can use a site without an unacceptable alteration in the physical environment and an unacceptable decline in the equality of the experience gained by visitors. − In tourism, the Carrying capacity is described as the most number of tourists that are accepted at a place without harming the physical atmosphere. − The main aim of tourism carrying capacity is to prevent the over-utilization of the destination by identifying the maximum number of people who can visit an area. − For example, a destination may have many rooms to accommodate 5000 people per night. − But if the sewage plant can handle only 2000 people per night, in this case, the carrying capacity is 2000 and not 5000. Application of Carrying Capacity Concept 1. The average length of stay. 2. The characteristics of tourist and hosts. 3. The geographical concentration of tourists. 4. The degree of seasonality. 5. The type of tourism activity. 6. The accessibility of specific sites. 7. The level of infrastructure use and its spare capacity. 8. The extent of spare capacity among the various productive sectors of the economy. Dimensions of Carrying Capacity 1. Environmental Carrying Capacity – this relates to the most number of people who can use the place without any damage or environment change. − If the carrying capacity exceeds it will destroy the fragile environments. − Such as flora and fauna, ecosystems, soil erosion, and loss of endangered species. 2. Physical Carrying Capacity – it refers to the most number of people that can be accepted by the available services and facilities. − This involves the capacity of transport, hotels, attractions, and tourist facilities. − For example, if the car has a seating capacity of 5 passengers. − The physical capacity of the car is 5. − If it exceeds 5 passengers, it can create discomfort. 3. Economic Carrying Capacity – this refers to the growth of tourism in the area that offers economic impacts for the host people without harming the economy. − Uncontrolled or unplanned tourism causes inflation and a lack of vital commodities. − Therefore, tourism projects must be created that can provide profitable employment for the local community. 4. Socio-Cultural Carrying Capacity – this relates to the views of the local people on tourism-related activities. − The view includes the number of visitors and their involvement in tourism activities, without any effect on lifestyle and culture. − Therefore, it is the level of tourism that helps preserve and maintain the host socio-cultural. − Such as historical monuments, local arts, crafts, customs, traditions, as well as values and beliefs. − If the socio-cultural capacity exceeds, it can damage the historical, cultural, and building assets. 5. Perceptual Carrying Capacity – this refers to the number of tourists that can be accepted at a place without affecting the degrading quality of the destination. − Lots of people in small areas and overcrowding have mental effects that lead to bad tourism experiences. − Thus, it is appropriate to have the exact number of people at a destination. − Beyond that tourist's experience discomfort. − Therefore, perceptual carrying capacity is how visitors view destination, attitudes, and levels of acceptance and tolerance. − In fact, these perceptual views are where tourists begin to find visits that are not acceptable. Factors Affecting Carrying Capacity 1. The Tourists – 1. Mass Tourism – has a greater impact on the environment. − For example, mass tourism can lead to littering at picnic spots; throwing polythene bags and bottles in water bodies; collecting coral and shells from beaches. 2. Independent Tourists – have a lesser impact on tourism. 3. Tourists Concerned with Environmental Issues – will protect and prevent the environment from destruction. 2. Destination – the destination is one of the reasons why people travel. − A destination with easily accessible has greater impacts, especially during peak season. − For example, the beach in Goa, India is overcrowded during peak season. 3. Local Factors – a developing country is more prone to the negative impacts of tourism due to the lack of technological advancement. 4. Guest-Host Relationship – it is an outcome of the guest-host relationship where the local people view tourists as superior and tries to copy their behavior. Visitor & Traffic Management – the main factors that affect the carrying capacity of a destination are the number of visitors and their behavior. − Therefore, to minimize the negative impact, number of visitors and behavior needs to be controlled. − Visitor Management may be considered as a component of destination management at all levels of a destination. − It involves a wide range of stakeholders. − Visitor Management provides insight into critical concepts such as the visitor experience, service quality, the uses of indicators and frameworks, and interpretation. − It also addresses current issues including the social and political dimensions of visitor management, the implementation of monitoring, vandalism and augmented reality. Importance of Visitor Management – creating a workplace environment where your employees feel safe is highly important. − Feelings of safety and comfort are key to overall productivity and success. − Your employees will feel more comfortable knowing that any strangers or guests on-site have been processed through a Visitor Management system and screened accordingly. − At the most basic level, Visitor Management perform the important task of tracking who Is on your premises. − More advanced Visitor Management systems can track when guests arrive, limit where they are allowed to go, control the length of their stay and even screen them against publicly available background data. − Simply put, Visitor Management Systems give you maximum control over the guests accessing your facilities, a key aspect of keeping those facilities safe and secure. 2 Types of Visitor Management Techniques (according to Page & Dowling 2002) 1. Hard Measures – the aim of this method is to restrict the number of people and to regulate the usage of visitors. − To achieves this measure, a technique such as opening time, charging high fees during peak hours, cautions signs such as not to liter or feed the animals, etc. must be kept. 2. Soft Measures – this method is achieved by influencing the behavior and attitude of the visitor. − However, to influence the visitors, codes of conduct are displayed, and by educating the measures to be taken on how to prevent the fragile flora and fauna. Zoning – refers to what can and cannot occur in different areas of the protected areas in terms of natural resources management, cultural resource management, human use and benefit, visitor use and experience, access, facilities and Protected Area development, maintenance and operations. − Through management zoning, the limits of acceptable use and development in the Protected Area are established. − It allows areas to be set aside for particular activities such as protection of key habitats or nursery areas and breeding sites, research, education, anchoring, fishing and tourism. − Zoning helps to reduce or eliminate conflict between different users of the Protected Areas, to improve the quality of activities such as tourism, and to facilitate compliance. − Zoning is a widely accepted method to keep people out of the most sensitive, ecologically valuable, or recovering areas, and to limit the impact of visitor. − Importance of Zoning: 1. Zoning is an important adjunct of any town planning. 2. Zoning sets apart different areas in the town for specific purposes. 3. It prevents encroachment of one zone upon another adjacent to it. 4. Height Zoning regulates the height of the buildings. 5. Zoning helps proper co-ordination of various public amenities like water supply, drainage, electricity, transport etc. 6. Zoning secures orderly growth of the town, promotes health, safety, order. Environmental Conservation – is the protection, preservation, management, or restoration of natural environments and the ecological communities that inhabit them. − Conservation is generally held to include the management of human use of natural resources for current public benefit and sustainable social and economic utilization. − The words "preservation" and "conservation" are often used interchangeably, but the two concepts are quite different. 1. Conservation – protects the environment through the responsible use of natural resources. − Methods and Process of Conservation: 1. Forest Conservation 2. Soil Conservation 3. Managing Waste 4. Recycling 5. Reducing Water Consumption 6. Control Consumption 7. Create Public Awareness 2. Preservation – protects the environment from harmful human activities. − For example, conserving a forest typically involves sustainable logging practices to minimize deforestation. − Preservation would involve setting aside part or even all of the forest from human development. Solid Waste Management – the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful. − Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary conditions, and these conditions in tum can lead to pollution of the environment and to outbreaks of vector-borne disease that is, diseases spread by rodents and insects. − In the hospitality industry, solid waste is a major concern. − A typical hotel guest produces 1 kg of waste per day, which adds up to thousands of tons of waste per year. − Small businesses lace a variety of challenges when it comes to recycling their waste, including a lack of space, Inconvenience, and time. − Small tourism business owners also lack the knowledge, guidance, line, and incentive to enforce environmental practices. − Small businesses face a variety of challenges when it comes to recycling their waste, including a lack of space, inconvenience, and time. Waste Typology in Hospitality Sector – the Hotel Industry has been described as the largest user of both durable and nondurable products, and it is anticipated that the industry will produce significant waste. − The food and beverage department generates waste in the form of packaging and food waste, aluminum cans, glass bottles, and cooking oil, while the housekeeping department generates waste in the form of cleaning materials and plastic packaging. − The major problems in waste management are: 1. No storage of waste at source 2. No waste segregation 3. No System of Primary Collection from the Doorstep 4. No proper mechanism for disposal or treatment Tourist Destinations and Attractions Tourist Attraction – are an important part of the tourism industry. − Some tourist attractions are there predominantly to provide entertainment, such as theme parks and zoos. − Other tourist attractions provide entertainment as well as other aspects, such as education. − Examples of educational tourist attractions might include museums and exhibitions. − Other types of tourist attractions may facilitate recreation, hospitality, and special events. − Types of Tourist Destinations: Beach Areas, Natural Areas, Towns and Cities, Winter Sport Areas, Areas known for Culture and Heritage. − Types of Man-Made Tourist Attractions: Art, Local Traditions, Architecture, Cultural Monuments, Museums, Food and Drink, Music and Drama, Important Historical or Political Sites. Tourism Geography – the study of travel and tourism as an industry. − The environmental effects of tourism, the geographies or tourism and leisure economies, addressing tourism industry and management issues, and the sociology of tourism and tourism locations are all topics covered by tourism geography. − Since tourism is geographical in nature, geography is essential to the study of tourism. Geography – is a social and cultural practice Tourism – takes place in locations, includes movement and activities between places, and is a type of action in which place characteristics and personal self-identities are developed through the relationships formed between places, environments, and people. Vulnerability – Tourism Destinations are becoming increasingly vulnerable to environmental change. − However, available scientific information is of limited practical use because it is too aggregated, conceptualized, or static. − Various scholars have advocated for dynamic vulnerability assessments, but the criteria for such assessments have yet to be established, and it is unclear how to put these principles into practice. Uniqueness Each of Destination – Tourist Attraction is anything that has a uniqueness, beauty, and value diversity in the form of natural resources, culture, and the result of man-made or objectives targeted tourist visits. 1. Tourist Attraction from Almighty God's Creation – which is tangible, the state of nature such as flora and fauna. 2. Tourist Attraction from Human Masterpiece – that is intangible, such as museums, historical relics, ancient heritage, cultural arts and entertainment venues. Agri-Tourism – tourist attraction made as a blend of manmade and natural state. Attraction – a mix of tangible and intangible assets, including its organizer. − The attraction is the elements and conditions that are not available at home, among others. − Everything that can be seen, activities undertaken, and the experience that should be remembered so that motivates people to engage in activities outside their residential areas. − The main component of the tourist attraction is something that attracts people from other areas visit to a place in order to see or do something. Typology of Visitor Attraction – there are several types of tourism destinations. − They are described and promoted as visiting places where tourism products are coordinated by one or more identifiable authorities, coast areas, urban or rural areas that draw tourists wishing to enjoy man-made or natural resources, and they are dependent on the types of tourism.  − Importance of Visitor Attractions: 1. Attract visitors from overseas 2. Stimulating domestic tourism 3. Supporting the regeneration of areas 4. Contributing to the local and national economy 5. Promoting cultural change 6. Conservation − Visitor Attractions’ main purpose is to grab the customer's attention, so they come to a certain place and explore the different attractions on holiday. − There are 4 different types of attractions in the travel and tourism industry. − In the travel and tourism sector, attractions are an important part as this is what brings in tourists from all over the world. 4 Different Types of Attractions in the Travel and Tourism Industry 1. Purpose Built – are attractions that have been built purposely to attract tourists into that area. − Tourist attractions make people automatically think about purpose-built attractions as they are fun, enjoyable and designed for many different reasons. 2. Natural Attractions – is an attraction that has been created by nature. − Many of these areas have been given a status to protect their environment and provide facilities so that people who visit are able to enjoy the sites. − Natural attractions are also known as areas of outstanding natural beauty. 3. Events as Attractions – are attractions that often bring a lot of tourists into the area and are often staged to increase the appeal of attractions. − These are attractions such as small events like the Blackpool illumination. 4. Heritage Attractions – are attractions that are old and have been in place for many years. − In the UK, a lot of the attractions are heritage attractions. − These are attractions such as canals, places of worship, Historic properties, and visitor heritage Centers. − These attractions are in place so that people can gain an appreciation of the past. Positive and Negative Roles of Tourism Attractions 1. Positive Roles of Tourism Attraction – it boosts huge tourism money is invested in preserving the local heritage, in improving infrastructure, in providing better local facilities which in turn creates better education, better leisure facilities, organizing frequent social events and thus a better lifestyle for the local people. 1. Supporting Preservation Efforts 2. Renewable Energy Initiatives 3. Inspiring Environmental Protection Loss 4. Establishing Natural Reserves. 2. Negative Roles of Tourism Attraction – Travelling is a wonderful experience. − It allows us to learn about the environment, try new things, and sample a variety of foods. − However, if people do not travel sustainably, tourism can have a variety of negative consequences in any given region. 1. Destruction of Nature and Habitat 2. Pressure on the Resources of the Area 3. Loss of the Cultural Identity of the Place and Community 4. Growth of Aggression and Crime Rates 5. Congested Human and Vehicle Traffic 6. The Exploitation of Animals to Entertain the Tourists 7. Increase Prices on Goods and Services 8. Dependence on tourism 9. Increase of Pollution 10. Destruction of Historical Monuments Natural Landmarks Heritage Tourism – means traveling with the primary purpose of exploring the history and heritage of a place. − It may mean simple sightseeing of renowned historical architecture, visiting local museums that document the past through artifacts, art, and literary remains, or even something as quaint as sampling authentic historical recipes in their place of origin. − The older a country, the more charm its long history holds. − And this is true for visitors and locals alike. − Countries like Egypt, India, Russia, Iraq, and several European capitals are the top choices when it comes to heritage tourism. − Heritage defines as a broad concept that includes the natural as el a no aus environment. − It encompasses landscapes, historic places, sites and built environments, as well as biodiversity, collections, past and continuing cultural practices, knowledge and living experiences. − It records and expresses the long processes of historic development, forming the essence of diverse national, regional, indigenous and local identities and is an integral part of modern life. − It is a dynamic reference point and positive instrument for growth and change. − The particular, the heritage and collective memory of each locality or community is irreplaceable and an important foundation for development, both now and into the future. Tourist Destination in the Philippines 1. Boracay – Boracay Island is located northwest of Panay Island and is part of the Western Visayas island group, or Region VI of the Philippines. − The island is roughly 7 kilometers long, dog-bone shaped, with the narrowest point being less than 1 Kilometer wide and has a total land area of 10.32 square Kilometers. − Boracay Island, one of the Philippines most popular beach destinations, is known for its fine white sands and lush tropic scenery. − Tourists from all over the world have found refuge in this silver of paradise, making it a destination that people return to time and again. 2. Fort Santiago Intramuros, Manila – Intramuros was the seat of power for the government and the clergy during the three centuries of Spanish colonialism. − Intramuros, as the seat of the Church and the State, witnessed the famous annual Galleon Trade with Acapulco in Mexico, having been located along a long stretch of the world-famous Manila Bay, one of the world's finest and best natural harbors. − Intramuros was shaped like a pentagon with a perimeter of 4 kilometers long, located along the delta of land at the mouth of the Pasig River, along its Southern Bank, which over hundreds of years has evolved into a foreshore as it used to be a part of the sea that reached as far as the present city of Mandaluyong ("a place of waves") and Makati ("a place of tides"). − Intramuros' walls, which were built to protect the city from foreign invasions, were 6 meters high and 3 kilometers long, covering an area of about 160 acres. − Its 7 Fortified Gates were the only way in and out. − Churches, hospitals, government offices, military barracks, schools, and homes of the Spanish elite were all housed within the city's vast walls, which stretched across 51 blocks. − After your tour, you can have lunch at one of the local restaurants and take in modern-day Manila while watching the colorful jeepneys zip by on the streets. 3. Mayon Volcano, Albay – the Mayon Volcano Natural Park covers 5,775.7 hectares (14,272 acres) and is divided into 8 cities and Municipalities that have authority over the mountain. − Camalig, Daraga, Guinobatan, Legazpi City, Ligao City, Tabaco City, Malilipot, and Santo Domingo are villages in Albay's province. − At 2,462 meters, the Volcano's Peak is the highest point in the Bicol Region. − Mayon Volcano erupted for the first time on February 19, 1616, and the last time was in 2001. − As a result, people have begun to settle around the volcano, putting them at greater risk of an eruption. − The most dangerous impact is pyroclastic surge, which travels downhill at about 300 km/h. − Mayon Volcano is an active volcano in Southeastern Luzon, Philippines, dominates Legaspi City. − It has a base 80 miles (130 kilometers) in diameter and rises to 8,077 feet (2,462 meters) from the shores of Albay Gulf, earning it the title of the World’s Most Perfect Volcanic Cone. 4. Chocolate Hills, Bohol – are a geological formation in the province of Bohol. − There are at least 1,260 hills, but there may be as many as 1,776 hills spread over a 50-square- kilometer radius (20 sq. mi). − During the Dry Season, they are covered in green grass that turns brown (like chocolate). − The key shock of the magnitude 7.2 earthquake on October 15, 2013, resulted in shallow landslides on the steep natural slopes of Bohol's popular Chocolate Hills. − Shallow disaggregated landslides are seldom linked to specific geologic units or slope types. − 'Chocolate Hills' comes from the fact that the lush green grass turns a chocolate brown color in the Summer. − Surprisingly, the exact number of Haycock Hills has never been registered. − Up to 1800 dome-shaped hills have been estimated to exist on the island of Bohol. 5. Underground River Tour, Puerto Princesa – the park's landscape is made up of limestone karst mountains. − The St. Pauls Underground River Cave is more than 24 kilometers (15 miles) long and includes an underground portion of the Cabayugan River that is 8.2 kilometers (5.1 miles) long. − The river flows through the cave before entering the West Philippine Sea, and it is navigable by boat up to 4.3 kilometers (2.7 miles) from the sea. − The Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park is home to one of the world's most stunning cave systems, with spectacular limestone karst habitats, pristine natural scenery, preserved old-growth forests, and unique wildlife. − The cavern of the river has some amazing, eye-catching rock formations. 6. Sagada – is located in the Central Cordillera Mountains, between the major Cordillera Region and the llocos Region, in a valley at the upper end of the Malitep tributary of the Chico River, about 1/2 kilometer above sea level. − The popular historical and enigmatic hanging coffins, scenic and relaxing mountain valleys, rice terraces, limestone caves, breathtaking waterfalls, and welcoming Igorot are all found in Sagada Mountain Province, allowing visitors to learn about the province's rich culture and traditions that have been preserved over time. 7. Batad Rice Terraces, Banaue – are situated in the Cordilleras of Luzon Island. − The remote area-some 220 miles (350 km) from Manila-has long been home to the Ifugao, wet- rice agriculturalists who began building the terraces about the 1st century CE. − Despite possessing only basic tools, the Ifugao created an engineering marvel: a vast network of rice terraces sustained by an elaborate irrigation system. − According to reports, the terraces-which resemble steps carved into the mountainside cover some 4,000 square miles (10,360 square km), and their total length is estimated at approximately 12,500 miles (20,100 km), roughly half the Earth's circumference. − The Banaue Rice Terraces in Ifugao province, dubbed the "Eighth Wonder of the World," occupy 1, 670 hectares of agricultural land. − According to recent statistics, 600 hectares of land have been abandoned and need to be restored. − Add to that the younger generations' lack of interest in farming. − Banaue Rice Terraces magnificent beauty of the Ifugao rice terraces and the culture that they had preserved over the years. − According to UNESCO, are a monument to the past and labor of over a thousand generations of small- scale farmers who, working together as a group, have built a landscape focused on the careful and sustainable use of natural resources. 8. Corregidor Island – also known as "The Rock" due to its rugged terrain and strong fortifications, divides Manila Bay's entrance into the North and South Channels, along with Caballo Island, about 1.7 km (1.1 mi) South. − The reef sites in Maragondon and a few on Corregidor and Caballo Islands had fair to good live coral cover, but these reefs are continually threatened by sedimentation, nutrient contamination, reduced water clarity, and high fishing pressure. − Corregidor stretches for 6 kilometers and is 2.4 kilometers deep at its widest point. − Its bulbous head, which faces the South China Sea, rises prominently to the Topside, vast flat field. 9. Pagsanjan Falls, Laguna – also known as “Cavinti Falls” is without a doubt one of the Philippines' most well-known waterfalls and most visited tourist attractions. − The best way to see the falls, which are located in Laguna province, is by river. − This entails a two-hour canoe ride during which your experienced boatmen toil away pulling your wooden canoe across the rapids and up to the main waterfall. 10. Batanes – located between the Babuyan Islands and Taiwan, is the first major island group in Luzon's northernmost region. − Itbayat, Batan, and Sabtang make up the three main islands. − The capital is Basco, on Batan Island. − In Batanes, hills and mountains make up nearly half the orth e landscape. − Batanes' vulnerability following a quake that hit the province but noted that it was "unclear if previous administrations" did anything about it. − The same report also revealed that Itbayat has not had a municipal engineer for about a year. − One that is more plain, laid-back, and quiet, but certainly energizing. − Batanes' rock formations, quaint lighthouses, and wild horses roaming freely in vast pastureland make it a truly special destination for many people in a country renowned for tropical islands. Natural and Protected Area – ecosystems and biodiversity, as well as associated cultural values and conventional natural resource management structures, are conserved in protected areas. − They are typically large, with the majority of the land remaining in its natural state, a portion of which is managed sustainably, and low-level non-industrial use of natural resources that is consistent with nature conservation. − Ten Reasons why we should protect protected areas: 1. To provide safe havens for wild plants and animals. 2. To preserve and enhance Indigenous knowledge and value systems, as well as their implementation in the protection of important ecosystems and cultural traditions for Indigenous peoples and all life. 3. To strengthen our resilience to climate change. 4. To maintain functioning ecosystems and the benefits they provide. 5. To improve our overall health and well-being through contact with nature. 6. To benefit and diversify local economies. 7. To celebrate our natural and cultural heritage. 8. To gain a better understanding of natural processes and their impact on humans. 9. To provide opportunities for outdoor recreation. 10. To conserve vital gene pools.  Issues and Trends in Sustainable Tourism Trends in Sustainable Tourism – tourism is always evolving and for all operators in the sector it is essential to know the new trends so as to anticipate the wishes of future customers and align their offer accordingly. 1. Sustainability as a Lifestyle – sustainability is no longer a trend, but a lifestyle embraced by more and more people. − Every day the consequences of man's actions on the environment are evident and increasing awareness that the only possibility to save the planet is to change, even in our way of experiencing tourism. − In 2030, tourists around the world will in fact be 1.8 billion every year and global emissions related to the sector are set to increase. − According to a study by the University of Sydney, they will grow by 4% every year. − This is also why more and more people want to travel green: if in 2016 62% of travelers wanted to stay in an eco-sustainable hotel, now it is 73% who want to do so. 2. More and More Guests in Electric Cars – in Norway 50% of cars are already electric and worldwide sales of electric vehicles continue to increase exponentially. − As a result, travelers traveling with electric vehicles are also growing. − And they are going to choose their destination also considering the presence of charging stations. − It is a challenge and an opportunity for both localities and accommodation facilities. − By choosing to offer a recharging service for electric vehicles in your hotel, you can help to combat climate change, attract new customers thanks also to EVs maps, reach a target of aware travelers who are usually willing to spend more than the average tourists, take advantage of financing, increase the competitiveness of your accommodation, and position yourself as an innovative company. 3. Slow Tourism and Cycling Tourism – the watchword of the new tourism trends is: slow down. − More and more travelers want to travel with slower means of transportation to reduce their environmental impact and to enjoy every moment of the trip. − According to our recent survey, bikes that are available free for guests in the hotel they are more popular than the wellness center. − Electric Bikes have contributed to the success of cycling in recent years, making longer and more challenging trails accessible to all. − In the coming years, tourists will prefer the accommodations that offer a reinforced breakfast, both sweet and savory, the possibility of recharging the batteries of the e-bikes, a small workshop for the repair and washing of bicycles and hosts available to advise and indicate itineraries in the surroundings. 4. Experiences, Experiences, Experiences! – travelers are no longer looking for tourist products, but authentic experiences that are hard to find elsewhere. − Experiential Tourism continues to assert itself and is destined to become an important trend in sustainable tourism. − When we travel, we want to be the protagonists of every moment. − We want to learn something new, to know the locals and their traditions. − Tourists try to live unforgettable activities that involve all the senses. − This also explains the success that the Alberghi Diffusi are having. − It's a type of hospitality that revives the abandoned villages in Italy. 5. Digital Detox and Immersion in Nature – we constantly use social media, the internet and never forget our phone at home. − And now more and more people feel the need to detox from the web, at least on vacation. − Digital Detox Holiday is an ever-growing tourism trend. − Tourists want to experience some off-grid days, connected only with nature, trying experiences such as "Forest Bathing". − There are indeed many studies that show that a few hours of immersion in the green are enough to recover your psycho-physical well-being. Tourism and Climate Change – according to UNWTO tourism is highly vulnerable to climate change and at the same time contributes to the emission of Greenhouse Gases (GHG), one of the causes of global warming. − Accelerating climate action in tourism is therefore of utmost importance for the resilience of the sector. − Climate Action is understood as the efforts to measure and reduce GHG emissions and strengthen adaptive capacity to climate induced impacts. − The tourism and travel sector are developing a higher dependency on high energy transport and activities and more luxurious accommodations, thus further decreasing eco-efficiency. 1. Air Transport causes an increasing share of all tourism & travel related to global warming, a share that is currently already over 60%. 2. Most tourism trips are relatively Eco-Efficient as 80% of the trips (by rail, coach and car) cause just about 20% of the GHG emissions. 3. Individuals’ Travelers are faced with more choices for increasing their personal contribution to global warming per travel day than options to reduce this personal contribution. 4. Technology for reducing GHG emissions and increasing energy efficiency offers the best opportunities for tourist accommodation and rail transport. 5. For Road Transport, fuel efficiency and alternative fuels remain the best solution, apart from a modal shift to rail. 6. Further prospects for increasing fuel efficiency of air transport are relatively low because the technology of jet aircraft is already more or less mature. 7. Alternative fuels will not be introduced on a large scale within the next three to five decades, unless strong government incentives are given.  Other Impacts of Climate Change 1. Direct Climate – arises as a result of warming, cooling, or extreme weather events are referred to as direct change impacts. − Lack of snow for mountain resorts, melting glaciers in mountainous regions, and flooding, landslides, and wildfires that could impact tourism areas are just a few examples. 2. Indirect Environmental Change – impacts are the by-products of climate change. − Global Temperature changes may create water shortages, a loss of biodiversity, impacts to landscape aesthetics, and damage to infrastructure, through extreme weather events. − Examples in tourism include the inability to maintain resort facilities in desert environments due to water shortages, erosion of tropical atolls from rising sea levels, extinction of valuable wildlife species due to changes in habitat, and increased costs of maintaining infrastructure in the face of environmental change. 10 Major Climate Change Impacts & Implications for Tourism Destinations 1. Warmer Temperatures – altered seasonality, heat stress for tourists, cooling costs, changes in plan-wildlife-insect populations and distribution, infectious disease ranges (mountain pine beetle infestation in BC). 2. Decreasing Snow Cover & Shrinking Glaciers – lack of snow in winter destinations, increased snow-making costs, shorter winter sports seasons aesthetics of landscape reduced (early closure of Lower Mainland Mountain resorts due to lack of snow in 2014). 3. Increasing Frequency & Intensity of Extreme Storms – risk for tourism facilities, increased insurance costs/loss of insurability, business interruption costs (superstorm Hurricane Sandy and its destruction of parts of Coney Island). 4. Reduces Precipitation & Increased Evaporation in some Regions – water shortages, competition over water between tourism and other sectors, competition for water between visitors and residents, desertification, increased wildfires threatening infrastructure and affecting demand (drought in California). 5. Increased Frequency of Heavy Precipitation in some Regions – flooding damage to historic architectural and cultural assets, damage to tourism infrastructure, altered seasonality (flooding in Souris, Manitoba, causing washout of swinging bridge attraction). 6. Sea Level Rise – coastal erosion, loss of beach area, higher costs to protect and maintain waterfronts (threat to PEI’s historic West Point Lighthouse; now close to falling off cliff due to erosion). 7. Sea Surface Temperatures Rise – increased coral bleaching and marine resource and aesthetics degradation in dive and snorkeling destinations, increased invasive species in waterways (threat from yellow perch driving out salmon in BC rivers and lakes). 8. Changes in Terrestrial & Marine Biodiversity – loss of natural attractions and species from destinations, higher risk or disease in tropical-subtropical countries (heavy rainfall leading to an increase in dengue fever and malaria). 9. More Frequent & Larger Forest Fires – loss of natural attractions; increase of flooding risk; damage to tourism infrastructure (destruction of Kettle Valley Railway bridges used by cyclists in 2003 BC forest fire). 10. Soil Changes – (moisture levels, erosion, and acidity). − Loss of archaeological assets and other natural resources with impacts on destination attractions. Technology and Sustainable Tourism The change of information and communication technology influenced the tourism industry dramatically and therefore, boosted innovative ideas for the development of the sector in unprecedented ways. Not only various applications were found but also the growth of widespread usage of the Internet and Social Media channels is continuing. Sustainable Technology or Cleantech – describes technologies that enable more valuable use of natural resources and greatly reduced ecological impact among other technological benefits. − Although there is currently no standardized comprehensive definition for Sustainable Technology (such as the SIC code), there are three important characteristics that define a Sustainable Technology: 1. Technology has already emerged as a key driver of change in the tourism industry (Neuhofer et al., 2014). 2. In their state-of-the-art review of information and communication technologies (ICTs). 3. Hughes and Moscardo (2019), the future of tourism management observes that: Tourism Scholars have traditionally focused on the implications of ICTs for supply rather than tourists. ICTs will change the way we manage tourist experiences, including how tourists connect with other people immediately in time and space. Technology is stimulating a move away from intermediaries in directly connecting tourists with destinations. Tourists are tapping into specialized tourism providers for tailor-made and co-created experiences. New opportunities are emerging for ICT infrastructure and IT literacy to facilitate new opportunities for tourists at the destination. Greater concern over war, conflict and security threats among the Gen Y and Z cohort in developed economies is forcing tourism providers to develop new approaches to serving the needs of these cohorts.