Study Guide - Tissue: The Living Fabric PDF

Chapter 4: Tissue: The Living Fabric Introduction Unicellular (one-cell) organisms nervous - Operates independently...

Chapter 4: Tissue: The Living Fabric Introduction Unicellular (one-cell) organisms nervous - Operates independently Multicellular human body - Form cell communities that work together muscle Tissues - Cell groups that work together - Similar structure and function epithelial Four primary tissue types 1. Nervous tissue 2. Muscle connective 3. Epithelial 4. Connective 4.1 Tissue samples are fixed, sliced, and stained for microscopy List the steps involved in preparing animal tissue for microscopic viewing. Preserved Sliced TEM Stained Light microscopy Colored synthetic dyes used to stain tissue. ______________ charged molecules bind within tissues. negative or positive Variations in cellular uptake of dyes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) - stained with heavy metal salts - color is a property of light, not of electron waves. - artificially colored Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), - three-dimensional TEM - unsectioned tissue surface - artificially colored SEM cilia found in trachea 4.2 Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands. List several structural and functional characteristics of epithelial tissue. Covering Stratified squamous of epidermis keratinized Epithelium - sheet of cells o covers a body surface o lines a body cavity Two forms occur in the body 1. Covering and lining of epithelium Covering - outer layer of skin - closed ventral body cavity o walls and organs Lining - open cavities of respiratory, digestive, and urogenital systems Lining of digestive system (stomach) Glandular epithelium of Thyroid Gland 2. Glandular epithelium - Glands Functions - protection - absorb and secrete - filtration and excretion - sensory reception Special Characteristics of Epithelium A. Polarity Apical surface Basal surface B. Supported by Connective Tissue Basement membrane Location - Between __________________ epithelium and _______________________ connective tissues Function - Defines epithelial boundary apical - Resists stretching and tearing Layers of basement membrane 1. Basal lamina - Noncellular, adhesive supporting sheet - __________________ glycoproteins and collagen fibers 2. Reticular lamina - layer of extracellular material. - network of collagen fibers + reticular fibers basal basal lamina C. Regeneration Why necessary? basement - Exposure to friction and hostile substances reticular lamina membrane D. Specialized Contacts - Tight junctions and desmosomes E. Avascular but innervated - No blood vessels - Contains nerve fibers 2 Classification of Epithelial Tissue Name, classify, and describe the various types of epithelia, and indicate their chief function(s) and location(s). Name Function Layer(s)/Shape apical Simple Epithelia Diffusion, absorption, secretin, and filtration single layer Stratified Epithelia basal protection multi layer apical Squamous Flattened and scale like A Cuboidal Boxlike B Columnar Tall and column shaped C basal C A B simple squamos Function Diffusion and filtration Location Lungs alreoli -> gas exchange Kidney glomeruli -> solutes (filtration) simple cuboidal Function Absorption and secretion Location Kidney tubules - solutes Glands - secretion (exocrine + endocrine) simple columnar Function Absorption and secretion microvilli Location Feature Function Small intestine Microvilli surface area - absorption goblet cell Intestine and Goblet cells respiratory tract secrete mucus (mucus) - trap substances Uterine tubes Cilia propulsion 3  psuedostratified columnar Location Feature Function goblet cells Trachea Secrete mucous goblet cells cilia Trachea cilia propulsion stratified squamous Location Feature Function Skin (Epidermis) Abrasion resistant keratinized Mouth non-keratinized Abrasion resistant Esophagus Vagina transitional Function Stretch Location Ureters and urinary bladder Two simple squamous epithelia in the body have special names that reflect their location. Endothelium Function - slick, _________________ friction -reducing lining Location - Cardiovascular System o All hollow organs o Capillaries exclusively endothelium - Lymphatic System o Lymphatic vessels endothelium Mesothelium - Serous membrane 4  exocrine Exocrine and Endocrine gland development endocrine lose duct duct endocrine cells exocrine gland cells Unicellular Exocrine glands: Goblet cell Glandular Epithelia Define gland. Differentiate between exocrine and endocrine glands and between multicellular and unicellular glands. Describe how multicellular exocrine glands are classified mucin structurally and functionally. Gland - Cells that produce a secretion Endocrine glands golgi - “Internally secreting” - Ductless glands -> capillaries rough ER - Produce hormones Exocrine glands - Secretions to body surface or into body cavities Includes Liver - bile Multicellular Exocrine glands: Structural classification Pancreas digestive enzymes Salivary glands simple ducts compound Sweat and oil glands Many others Unicellular exocrine glands tubular - One celled: Mucous and Goblet cells - Location: Intestinal and Respiratory tracts simple - Mucin production compound tubular tubular Multicellular exocrine glands Two basic parts 1. Epithelium-derived duct 2. Secretory unit alveolar secretory Structural classification structure 1. Ducts compound tubuloavlveolar - Based on duct structure alveolar Simple glands: ___________________ unbranched duct Compound glands: ___________________ branched duct Multicellular Exocrine Glands: Modes of secretion 2. Secretory units (acinus) Tubular: secretory cells form _______________ tubes Alveolar: secretory cells form _______________. flask-like sacs Tubuloalveolar: have both types of secretory units. Modes of secretion - Merocrine exocytosis - Holocrine cell ruptures merocrine holocrine 5 4.3 Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body. Indicate common characteristics of connective tissue, and list and describe its structural elements. Describe the types of connective tissue found in the body and indicate their characteristic functions. Four main classes of connective tissue and several subclasses 1. Connective tissue proper loose v dense 2. Cartilage 3. Bone 4. Blood Common Characteristics of Connective Tissue Extracellular matrix extra cellular matrix Feature: separates the living cells of the tissue. ground substance Function collagen - bears weight and withstand tension elastic - endure abuses and physical trauma reticular - abrasion Common origin: all connective tissue arises from ______________ mesenchyme Composed of Ground substance and fibers Structural Components of Connective Tissue Connective tissues have three main components - ground substance, fibers, and cells. extracellular matrix _____________________________= ground substance and fibers 1. Ground Substance - unstructured material - fills the space between the cells and contains fibers. extracellular matrix a. Interstitial fluid Features - large amounts of fluid Function - diffusion between capillaries and cells. nutrient and solute _________ - Fibers o reduce pliability o minimally ___________ hinder diffusion. b. Cell adhesion proteins Function extracellular - connective tissue glue fluid c. Proteoglycans - Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) o chondroitin sulfate o hyaluronic acid - form aggregates o GAGs intertwine and _________ trap water - substance varies à fluid to a viscous gel o ­GAGs = ________ viscosity of the ground substance. cell adhesion proteins proteoglycans extracellular matrix = ground substance extracellular fluid = intestinal fluid nutrient + diffusion 6 2. Connective Tissue Fibers a. Collagen Fibers Feature - Most abundant collagen Composition - Fibrous protein collagen forms ________________ thick collagen fibers Function - high tensile strength to the matrix. Location - Collagen secreted into the extracellular space ligaments tendons b. Elastic Fibers Feature - Form branching networks in the extracellular matrix. Composition - Contain a rubberlike protein, elastin ______________________. Function - Stretch and recoil Location - skin, lungs, and blood vessel walls. c. Reticular Fibers Feature - Short, fine fibers Composition - Different type of collagen à _______________ thinner collagen fibers. Function - Extensive branching à forms delicate _________________ netowork o surround small blood vessels o support the soft tissue of organs Location - Spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, kidney lymphoid organs 3. Connective tissue cells Resident cell types in connective tissue - immature (-blast) - mature (-cyte) Examples Connective tissue proper: ________ fibro blasts à cytes Cartilage: ___________ condro blast à cytes collagen Bone: ______________ osteo blasts à cytes Other cell types Fat cells: adipocytes White blood cells: leukocytes Mast cells - initiate local inflammatory response against microbes. - secretory granules with chemicals o Heparin anti coagulant o Histamine leaky capillaries Macrophages Function - phagocytes Location - loose connective tissue, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissue. - Fixed or migratory 7 Types of Connective Tissue All mature connective tissues except for bone, cartilage, and blood are __________________________. connective tissue proper areolar ConnecRve Rssue proper subclasses adipose Loose proper v. Dense proper reticular Both types of connec[ve [ssue contain reuglar - fibers and ground substance irregular elastic Subtypes Ground substance Fibers elastic hyaline Loose proper higher reduced fibrocartilage Dense proper reduced higher Loose-Connective Tissue proper subtypes areolar Function Packs organs à wrap and cushion - Fibroblasts elastic Immunity fibroblasts - Macrophages - Inflammation Location - Widely distributed lamina propria collagen adipose Function - Insulation - Support and protect nuclei - Fuel reserve - triglycerides Location - Hypodermis - Breasts - Abdomen - Eyes and kidneys Cells Adipocytes reticular Function - Immunity - Stroma reticular Location - Spleen leukocyte - Lymph nodes immunity - Bone marrow Cells spleen -> filters blood Leukocytes 8 Dense – Connective tissue proper subtypes dense regular Function uni Withstand __________ directional tension Location Ligaments Tendons Cells Fibroblasts dense irregular Function Withstand _______________ multi directional tension Location Fibrous capsule of joints Dermis of skin Cells collagen fiber Fibroblasts fibrous capsule elastic Function Recoil elastic fibers Location Aorta 9 Cartilage Features of CarRlage - Lacks nerve fibers - Avascular - Receives nutrients via diffusion o perichondrium Ground substance - 80% water - contains GAGs and collagen fibers Cells - Chondroblasts à Chondrocytes o lacunae Hyaline CarRlage Significance lacunae - Most abundant car[lage (chondro- Appearance cytes) - Glassy (has collagen) femur Loca?on - Ends of long bones hyaline - Costal car[lage - Respiratory structures tibia o Nose o Trachea o larynx Fibrocartilage Function - Absorb compressive forces Location - Meniscus lacunal - Intervertebral discs - Pubic symphysis chondrocytes Elastic Cartilage more elastic fibers than hyaline cartilage Function - Maintain shape and flexibility Location - Ears - Epiglottis 10  Bone lamellae Function - Support and protect leucine - Levers - Calcium storage central canal Location - Bones Features - Highly vascularized lymphocyte Blood Function red blood cell - Transport o Nutrients and wastes o Respiratory gases o Ions o Leukocytes nuetrophil Location - Within blood vessels 4.4 Muscle tissue is responsible for body movement Compare and contrast the structures and body locations of the three types of muscle tissue. Muscle Type Structures Body Locations Functions Skeletal Muscle Long and cylindrical Attached to bones or ________________ voluntary movement and Striations occasionally to skin control ____________nucleate multi Cardiac Muscle Branching Walls of the heart _________________ involuntary control Striations Blood propulsion Uninucleate Smooth Muscle Spindle shaped Walls of hollow organs Propel substances along internal _______ no striations passageways GI tract Uninucleate (central) blood vessels arteries intercalated disc 11 4.5 Nervous Tissue is a specialized tissue of the nervous system. Indicate the general characteristics of nervous tissue. Nervous tissue neuron cell nuclei Function processes body - Respond to stimuli axon - Transmit electrical impulses over substantial distances within the body cell body Location nueron - Brain - processes Spinal cord - Nerves 4.6 The cutaneous membrane is dry; mucous and serous membrane are wet. Describe the structure and function of cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes. Body’s covering and lining membranes. Type of membrane Structure Function Cutaneous Skin; ____________________ keratinized stratified squamous (epidermis) Protection from outside stimuli - attached to dermis Mucous Line all body cavities __________ open to the outside of the body Adapted for absorption and secretion - hollow organs of digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts. stratified squamous or simple columnar Serous closed Membranes found in ______________ ventral body cavities. _______________ lubrication for facing surfaces - consists of simple squamous epithelium - thin layer of areolar connective tissue o mesothelial cells add slippery molecule hyaluronic acid. endothelium serous cutaneous mucous pleura peritoneum 12  4.7 Tissue repair involves inflammation, organization, and regeneration Outline the process of tissue repair involved in normal healing of a superficial wound. Steps of Tissue Repair Repair occurs using same kind of tissue - Regeneration damaged tissue replaced - - Fibrosis scar tissue Method used depends on - type of tissue damaged - severity of injury Example below blood clot -> platelets 1. InflammaRon 1) - Trauma - Inflammatory chemicals o Leaky blood vessels o WBCs entry - Clotting o Prevents blood loss o Scab forms 2. Restore blood supply 2) - Organization o Granulation tissue inflammatory capillaries "leaky" chemicals neutrophils mitosis - Fibroblasts macrophages - Macrophages - Mitosis of epithelium fibroblasts 3. Regeneration and Fibrosis building capillaries - Margins get pulled together regenerated epithelium - Epithelium thickens and detaches - Scar tissue and epithelium regeneration 3) fibrosed area Developmental aspect of tissue Primary germ layers include Ectoderm - Nervous tissue Mesoderm 16 day old embryo - Muscle and connective tissue mesoderm Endoderm - GI tract Epithelium from all three layers ectoderm endoderm 13