Infancy To Toddlerhood PDF

# Infancy to Toddlerhood ## Infancy: Birth to 15 months ## Toddlerhood: 15 to 36 months ### Cognitive Development: #### Language * **Receptive Communication** * Auditory acuity (from birth) * Respond to a voice, respond to/discriminate sounds, localize sound (over first 6 months) and rec...

# Infancy to Toddlerhood ## Infancy: Birth to 15 months ## Toddlerhood: 15 to 36 months ### Cognitive Development: #### Language * **Receptive Communication** * Auditory acuity (from birth) * Respond to a voice, respond to/discriminate sounds, localize sound (over first 6 months) and recognize phonetic differences * Speech patterns (by 1 year) * Rhythms of native language, discriminate patterns of sound - melodies * Comprehension * Respond to words and short phrases (by 9 mo); approx 50 words by 1 year or 20-100 by 13 months * **Expressive Communication** * Early vocalizations * Cooing (by 2 mo) * Babbling (3-6 mo): single sounds progress to sequence of sounds; by 4-5mo sounds usually include vowel and consonant * Chains of sounds (7-8 mo) * Different syllables (10 mo) * Speaking follows comprehension by approx 1 mo (objects by 1 year) * At 50-100 words, they begin 2 word combinations (by 2 years) * Articulation errors at 2 years resolve by approx 4 years, by 3 years, simple sentences * Receptive Language is ahead of Expressive Langugage * 1 year: some speech (object naming) * 2 year: two word sentences * 3 year: 3 word sentences #### Motor Development * Gross Motor, fine motor, quality of movement, sensory integration, perceptual-motor integration (snesorimotor, first foods) * Control of eye movements: focus and tracking, more rapid by 2-4 mo * Reaching/grasping: begin as gross motor * Pre-reaching declines between 1-4 mo * Intentincal reaching/grasping (whole hand) 3-4 mo * Successful reaching/transfer hands by 5-6mo * Voluntary release of objects by 6mo * Pincer grasp by 1 year * Rolling at 5 mo, sitting at 6 mo, pincer grasp at 9.5 mo * Cruising furniture at 7.5 mo, crawling at 8mo, first steps at 1 year, trycle at 3.33 years #### Social-Emotional Development: * 3 months: growing self-regulation and interest in the world * Can be comforted and direct attention; sensory and emotional reactions organize * 5 months: engage in relationships * Display positive emotion, engagement, satisfaction towards others * 9 months: use emotions in interactive, purposeful manner * Communicate with others using motor acts * 14 months: use a series of interactive emotional signals or gestures to communicate * 18 months: use signals to solve problems * 24 months: use symbols/ideas to convey feelings * 30 months: use symobls or ideas to express more than basic needs * 42 months: create logical bridges between emotions and ideas #### Cognitive Development: * **Sensorimotor Period (Birth-2 years)** * Exercising reflexes (0-1 month) * Reflex activity, sensorimotor * Primary circular reactions (1-4 months) * Activities with own body repeated, coordination * Secondary circular reactions (4-8 mo) * Actions to make interests persist, involve events or objects * Coordination of secondary schemes (8-12 mo) * Combining schemes to obtain goal * Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months) * Trial and error, goal seeking for novel results * Intention of new means through mental combinations (18-24 mo) * Representational thought begins * **Preoperational Period (2-7 years)** * Acquire language and symbolic functions #### PLAY * Play promotes understanding and symbolic thought * Sensorimotor (banging objects, combining objects to create relationships, relational activities, symbolic/pretend play) * Increasingly complex play * Peek-a-boo at 6.5 months, mirror play at 9 months ### Attachment * **John Bowlby** * Creates a relationship based on critical needs, increasing survival * "Bonding" is not necessarily survival, but profoundly impacts life * "Mothers" (or other caregiversa) available and responsive to needs = sense of security * Proximity-seeking behaviors * Contact-maintaining behaviors * Safe haven, safe base, separation distress #### Infant Attachment * Vocalizations, Interactions, Social smiles, Increasingly complex, Lays the groundwork for future * In-class video shows infant's eyes light up during singing high pitches from caregiver * NOTE: Infants have poor vision, but can see the person feeding them and that can contribute to #### Secure Attachment: * Children: * Able to separate from parent * Seeks comfort from parent * Return of a parent is met positively * Prefers parents to strangers * Adults: * Have trusting, lasting relationships * Trend towards good self-esteem * Comfortable sharing feelings * Seek out social support #### Separation Anxiety * Spontaneous smile develops, followed by social smile development at 6-8 weeks * By 3 months, child can regnize caregiver, leading to Stranger anxiety about 6-11 months * Separation anxiety peaks between 12-15 months #### Harlow's Monkeys: * 1960s Primate lab UW Madison * Infant taken from mother 6-12 hours after birth, raised by "surrogates" made of mesh wiring or cloth * Even when wire gave food, still clung more to cloth; thus attachment is related to more than just biological needs * Found strange behavior later in life: rocking, misdirected aggression, atypical sexual bx in all groups * Monkeys grew up to become "Motherless Mothers", being negligent or abusive #### Long-Term Attachment Effects * "Strange Situation": hwo a child responds to being left alone and reunited with a caregiver * In class video: started with mom, baby, and examiner in room: * First: mom leaves baby with examiner; baby calls out, seems distracted by mom leaving, but still is able to play with examiner. (mom ultimately returns) * Next: Baby is left alone; cries out for mom, doesn't engage with toys, goes to look for mom, seems very distressed #### Still Face Experiment: * In class video: At 1 year, mom plays w/ baby, engaging & responding positively; THEN, mom doesn't respond, gets a striaght face; baby coos, points, tries to get moms attention & starts to negatively react * When mom returns to play, so does baby ### Jean Piaget: #### Theory of intelligence: * Adaptation to one's environment, balance between needs/demands, cognition moves us past action into symbolic thought, organization (schemes), adaptation (assimilation vs. accommodation) * Assimilation: knowing what a cat is and thinking dogs are cats because they're similar (small, four legs, etc.) * Accommodation: Learning the difference between cats and dogs to be able to better recognize differences next time ### Newborn * Feeding: crying, sucking, rooting (put nipple on baby's cheek, they'll turn head towards it) * Survival: moro, grasp, head control * Motor Development: tracking * Early personal-social development: * Bonding * Skin-to-Skin Contact is Important! * Temperment: ~10% of babies are "feisty" * 9 temperment characteristics from birth: * Activity level, persistence, Distractibility, Initial reaction, Adaptability, Mood, Intensity, Sensitivity, Regularity ### Parenting: * Goodness-of-Fit: parenting style/temperment; can parents adjust parenting style based on temperment of child? * Playing * Eating * Sleeping * Newborns: Up to 16 hours, but irregularly * By 6 months: 70% sleep through the night with prolonged naps * Important to sleep on their backs for safety! ### Information Processing * Novelty Preference, Habituation, Memory, Reaction Times, * By 6 months, retrieve partially hidden objects * By 9 months, search for item totally hidden * By 2 years, find a toy displaced from original hiding place ### Object Permanence * Piaget, Sensorimotor Stage * Differentiation of self from objects; see self as capable of * Videos: * Sensory development happens later... even with object permanance, babies may not be able to find things placed on their heads * A-Not-B test: when object permanance is there (Child knows toy is still there even when cloth is placed over it), but can't tell when it is placed under identical towel in a different location (5 inches to the right) ### Prenatal Issues #### Infant Mortality * Prematurity <37 weeks, "very" premature = <32 weeks) * High Infant Mortality in the US #### Maternal Issues * "Baby Blues" last up to 2 weeks * Depressive Disorder, Postpartum Onset occurs in 5-10% of women * Postpartum Psychosis occurs in <1% of women #### ALL are impacted by: * SES, Nutrition, Exposures, Illnesses #### APGAR: * Appearance (color), Pulse (hearbeat), Grimace (reflex irritability), Activity (muscle tone), Respiration (breathing regularity)