RIPH-Finals Rev PDF - Readings in Philippine History

lOMoARcPSD|34289825 RIPH- Finals rev Readings in Philippine History (Our Lady of Fatima University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Premsof...

lOMoARcPSD|34289825 RIPH- Finals rev Readings in Philippine History (Our Lady of Fatima University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Premsofc Xx ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|34289825 RIPH 111- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 2ND SEMESTER – FINALS – A.Y. 2023-2024 BACHELOR IN FORENSIC SCIENCE | OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY - VALENZUELA CAMPUS LAND AND AGRARIAN REFORM IN THE PHILIPPINES LAND REFORM The serfs served his master or lord, who may be a datu or It refers to a wide variety of programs and measures someone else who is a maharlika, and tilled his land. Both usually by the government to bring about more effective master and serfs equally divided the produce of the land. control and use of land for the benefit of the community. Serfs had houses of their own, maintained private property, It generally comprises the takeover of land by state from and passed these on to their children as legacy. They were big landlords with compensation, and transfer it to small also allowed the free disposal of their chattels (movable farmers or landless workers. personal properties) and their lands. The serfs It is aimed at changing the agrarian structure to bring equity corresponded to the aparceros (tenants) of the late 19th and to increase productivity. The structure includes both century Spanish era. the relationship of man to his land, and man’s relationship The slaves served the lord or master in both his house and with others (tenant and landlord). farm. They were allowed some share of the harvest, but they were their master’s property. Thus they could be sold, AGRARIAN REFORM particularly those captured in wars, or born and reared as more complex farm hands. In the subsistence economy of the early Along with land reform, it also includes measures to Filipinos, money was unknown, and rice served as the modernize the agricultural practices and improve the living medium of exchange. conditions of everyone within the entire agrarian community. SPANISH ERA (1565-1898) It includes various supports to agricultural education, the During the Spanish colonial period, lands were divided and establishment of cooperatives; development of institutions granted to encourage Spanish settlers or reward soldiers to provide agricultural credit and other inputs; processing who served the Crown. These were called encomiendas. and marketing of agricultural produce; and establishment of The conditions of this grant state that the encomendero agro-based industries, and others. must defend his encomienda from external attack, maintain peace and order within, and support the missionaries. In IMPORTANCE OF LAND REFORM consideration of these services, the encomendero acquired The desire to obtain social justice and full development of the right to collect tribute from the indios (natives) in the the dignity of man within given situations of land reform has amount and form determined by the royal government. gained great importance across the years in many The encomienda system was originally established more countries of the world especially in agricultural countries. for the benefit of the natives than of the encomenderos. Thus the latter could not be called lords because they were PROBLEM OF LAND REFORM considered protectors, advocates and tutors of the natives. One of the effects of colonizing periods was the The system, however, degenerated into abuse of power by concentration of landholdings in the hands of the law. the encomenderos. The tributes they were authorized to These few people whom they call as landlords or collect soon became land rents, and the people living within “caciques” have yielded tremendous influence in the social the boundaries of the encomienda became tenants. and economic life of the nation that they had been able to The encomenderos became the first group of hacienderos dictate to their dependents (the tenants and their families) in the country. Meanwhile, the colonial government took the to such matters as to whom to vote for in political elections. place of the datus. The datu was now called cabeza de They have also influenced political action in various ways in barangay, but it was the proprietors of the estates who order to maintain the status quo. held the real power in the barangay or community. There were four classes of estate proprietors in the Philippines during the Spanish period: first, the religious orders HISTORY OF LAND REFORM IN THE PHOLIPPINES Dominican and Augustinian; second, the Spanish (Agrarian Reform in the Philippines) peninsulares; third, the criollos and mestizos; and lastly, the native principales. PRE-SPANISH ERA (900-1565) The Dominican friars leased their lands to both the Before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, the Filipino natives and mestizos, who became known as inquilinos. social system was feudal. Like the feudalistic system in the Each inquilino paid a fixed ground rent for the area he medieval Europe, a warrior class existed bound by fealty to cultivated, and the estate owner was not allowed to lease a warlord. This class lived on the labor of the serfs and the land to others unless the incumbent leaseholder failed slaves but in exchange, this warrior class protected them to pay the rent for two consecutive years. However, the and exercised a ready though rough kind of justice. inquilinos abused this policy by disposing off the lands as if Within the Filipino social structure, the datus (chiefs) they owned them. They sold their interest in them or comprised the nobility (maharlikas). Then there are the mortgaged to wealthy takers, or sub-leased them at rents timawas (freemen), followed by the aliping namamahay higher than what they themselves paid. Thus by being (serfs) and aliping saguiguilid (slaves). inquilinos, they earned more than the estate owners without The freeborn did not pay tributes or taxes to the datu, but doing virtually any work. were bound to follow him to war. They provided their own This became the root of a system in which native weapons and gears, manned the cars when they set sail, agricultural entrepreneurs that tilled and cleared the land built their houses, and planted their rice fields. with the aid of tenants whom they hired on a sharecropping basis had to lease the land. In time, the system evolved a set of practices that soon began to exploit the tenant tillers. Downloaded by Premsofc Xx ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|34289825 RIPH 111- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 2ND SEMESTER – FINALS – A.Y. 2023-2024 BACHELOR IN FORENSIC SCIENCE | OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY - VALENZUELA CAMPUS Although Spanish authorities were aware of these At the start of the American era, some 400,000 native pernicious practices, no effective measures were made in farmers were without titles because of the defective land spite of two royal decrees issued in 1880 and 1184 urging system rooted in Spanish institutions, and of the farmers’ landholders to secure titles. Under these decrees, the ignorance of various laws. government granted a term of one year within which claims The situation was aggravated by the absence of records of for free titles were to be filed. But because the large issued titles and accurate land surveys. Land disputes majority of peasants either did not understand the law or began and agrarian troubles worsened. found the procedure too complicated and alien to tradition, To remedy the problem, the Americans introduced the only a few took advantage of the offer. Torrens system of land registration whereby Those few were mostly of the cacique class, who claimed government-purchased titles were granted only after the more lands than they actually had a right to. As a result, the completion of a survey and land ownership had been actual tillers were driven out of their land or forced to proven in court. This, however, did not solve the problem become tenants of the caciques. completely. Spanish land practices came to a halt with the outbreak of As with the Spanish system, the majority of farmers did not the Philippine Revolution when Spanish land owners avail of the government’s offer. Either they were not aware started to sell off their lands as brought about by the power of the law or if they did, they could not pay the survey cost shift in government where Spain was on a losing side and other fees required in applying for a Torrens title. against the Filipinos who had declared their independence As for the Friar Lands, even American authorities could in 1898 and the Americans who were insisting to stay. not touch them as these were covered by valid land titles issued during the Spanish era. Furthermore, the Treaty of THE PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC (1899-1901) Paris of 1898 bound the U.S. government to protect the First Philippine Republic property interests of religious orders. January 23, 1899 The best solution offered for such conditions was the Immediately after the establishment of the First Republic of outright purchase of the lands. By 1919, about 69 percent the Philippines in January of 1899, the government of of all Friar Lands had been bought and disposed of by the President Emilio Aguinaldo declared its intention to U.S. Civil Government of the Philippines. confiscate large estates, especially the so-called Friar Lands. COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (1935-1946) The declaration was contained in the Malolos Constitution: Manuel Quezon (1935-1944) “All the lands, buildings, and other properties belonging to Philippine Commonwealth was the name of the Philippines the religious corporations in these islands shall be when it was still controlled by the United States. understood to have been restored to the Filipino state.” On November 15, 1935, the Filipino people took the However, as the Republic was short-lived, Aguinaldo’s plan penultimate step to independence with the inauguration of was never implemented. the Commonwealth of the Philippines. The 1st Philippine Republic was inaugurated at Barsoain Only two months prior, on September 16, a million Filipinos church, Malolos Bulacan. Aguinaldo sworn in as president had trooped to the polls to elect their two highest of the 1st Philippine republic at the church altar. officials—the President and Vice President. This was the The official newspaper of the government was called "El first time in the history of the nation that a Filipino would Heraldo de la Revolution". finally sit as Chief Executive and hold office in Malacañang Gen. Antonio Luna and other Filipinos ran an Palace. independence news paper called "La Independencia''. The Senate President Manuel L. Quezon and his running 1st Filipino diplomat was Felipe Agoncillo - work for the mate Senate President pro tempore Sergio Osmeña recognition of Philippine independence in Paris and were elected as President and Vice President, while voters Washington. There were other Filipino diplomats in Japan, elected representatives for the new unicameral National England, France, and Australia. Assembly and for local positions. By the time the Commonwealth was established under AMERICAN REGIME (1901-1935) Manuel L. Quezon, the malingering problem of land tenure During the American era, several laws were passed to relationships had already given cause to armed discontent regulate and improve land tenure. among oppressed tenants of estates. Among the significant legislative pieces: Pedro Calosa spearheaded the so-called Colorum Revolt ○ Philippine Bill of 1902 – imposed specific in Tayug, Pangasinan in 1931 and four years later, conditions on the disposition of public lands. Set Benigno Ramos mounted the Sakdal Revolt in Cabuyao, the ceiling on the hectare of private individual 16 Laguna. hectares and 1,024 hectares for corporations. In response to the spreading unrest, Quezon championed ○ Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496) – the tenants’ plight and faced the agrarian crisis squarely by provided for a comprehensive registration of land implementing a program of social justice. titles under the Torrens system. During his administration, Quezon improved and ○ Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 (Act No. 4054) strengthened existing laws on land tenure by giving more – regulated relationships between landowners and freedom to landowners and tenants to enter into tenancy tenants of rice lands. contracts not contrary to laws, morals and public policy. ○ Tenancy Act of 1933 (Act No. 4113) – regulated relationships between landowners and tenants of sugar cane fields. Downloaded by Premsofc Xx ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|34289825 RIPH 111- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 2ND SEMESTER – FINALS – A.Y. 2023-2024 BACHELOR IN FORENSIC SCIENCE | OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY - VALENZUELA CAMPUS Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965) These laws likewise provided for the compulsory arbitration Republic Act No. 3844 of agrarian conflicts, and suspend any action to eject ○ otherwise known as the Agricultural Land Reform tenants from the land they till and live in. Dictated by Code. Quezon’s social justice program, the expropriation of ○ It abolished share tenancy; institutionalized landed estates and other big landholdings was started. leasehold; invested rights of preemption and Another key policy was the orderly settlement of virgin redemption for tenant farmers; provided for public agricultural lands, with focus on Mindanao under the administrative machinery for implementation; National Land Settlement Administration. institutionalized a judicial system of agrarian The Quezon administration began under the 1935 cases; incorporated extension, marketing and Constitution which declares, “The promotion of social supervised credit system of services to farmer justice to ensure the well-being and economic security of all beneficiaries. people should be the concern of the State.” In 1933, the Republic Act No. 4054 or the Rice Share MARTIAL LAW AND THE FOURTH REPUBLIC Tenancy Act was passed. The act provided for a 50-50 Ferdinand Marcos Sr. (1965-1986) sharing arrangement between landowners and tenants. Under the Marcos administration, the following were The National Rice and Corn Corporation(NARIC) of accomplished: 1936 established the price of rice and corn that helped the Republic Act No. 6389 – Instituted Code of Agrarian poor tenants as well as consumers. Reform Republic Act No. 6390 – created the Department of THE THIRD REPUBLIC Agrarian Reform Manuel Roxas (1946-1948) Presidential Decree No. 2 – Placed the whole country Republic Act No. 34 – Amends RA 4054 under the land reform program ○ established a 70-30 sharing arrangement between Presidential Decree No. 27 – Restricted land reform tenant and landlord. It provided that whoever scope to tenanted rice and corn lands. shouldered the expenses of planting and ○ On October 21, 1972, a month after the harvesting and provided the work animals would proclamation of Martial Law, President Marcos be entitled to 70 percent of the harvest. It also issued P.D. 27 with the main goal of emancipating reduced the interest on landowner loans to farmers from the bondage of the soil. To the tenants at no more than 6 percent instead of 10 decree, there is no more leasehold in tenanted percent. rice and corn land. The tiller automatically Republic Act No. 35 becomes the amortizing owner of the land he ○ no owner of rice mills shall charge more than one tills. peso for every cavan of rice milled, the ○ Two Aspects of Land Distribution: by-products to go to the owner of the palay milled. Determination of the land to be Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953) transferred – Rice and corn areas were Executive Order No. 355 selected because they were the areas of ○ replaced the National Land Settlement urgent reforms because of social unrest Administration with Land Settlement Development associated with rice tenancy. Corporation (LASEDECO), which took over the Financing – The decree solved the responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery problem of financing by fixing the value of Equipment Corporation and the Rice and Corn land at a relatively modest rate, and Production Administration. directing compensation that may be paid Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1961) directly by the tiller to the landowner or Under the Magsaysay administration, the following were converted into a three-way arrangement. accomplished: ○ Coverage of PD 27 ○ Republic Act No. 1160 – Creation of National All private tenanted agricultural land Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration devoted to rice and corn in excess of (NARRA). It was particularly aimed at the seven (7) hectares. peasants of the HUK movement and was Priorities of coverage shall be: successful in attracting rebels to return back to a Larger than 24 hectares peaceful life by giving them home lots and farms Less than 24 but not below 12 in NARRA settlement in Palawan and some parts hectares of Mindanao. 12 hectares less retention limit ○ Republic Act No. 1199 – Agricultural Tenancy Act ○ Beneficiaries of PD 27 provided security of tenure for tenants. It also Bona fide tenant farmer of private granted tenants the choice of shifting from share agricultural land devoted to rice and corn. tenancy to leasehold. It also created the Courts of They are benefited with an economic size Agrarian Relations. farm fixed at three (3) hectares of ○ Republic Act No. 1400 – Land Reform Act irrigated lands and maximum of five (5) provided for the acquisition of large tenanted rice hectares for non-irrigated. and corn lands over 200 hectares if owned by individuals; 600 hectares if owned by corporations. Downloaded by Premsofc Xx ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|34289825 RIPH 111- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 2ND SEMESTER – FINALS – A.Y. 2023-2024 BACHELOR IN FORENSIC SCIENCE | OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY - VALENZUELA CAMPUS ○ The implementation of the CARP is supported into ○ Retention Limit of PD 27 law by the enactment of Republic Act 6657 Landowners may retain an area not more otherwise known as the “Comprehensive than seven (7) hectares, on conditions Agrarian Reform Law” which was signed by that each landowner is cultivating such President Aquino on June 10, 1988; thus all area. matters involving the implementation of agrarian ○ Loi on Retention reform are nor governed by the said act. Letter of Instruction 143 (October 31, ○ Existing laws such as R.A. 3844 as amended, P.D. 1973) compels land owners to transfer to 27, and other laws consistent with the Act shall their tenant, if determined by DAR to be have only supplementary effect. absentee-farmer, with sources of income ○ Executive Order No. 129-A provided for the other than their holdings. strengthening of the DAR as the lead agency Letter of Instruction 474 (October 21, responsible for the implementation of CARP. 1976) provides that tenanted areas of ○ The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (RA seven (7) hectares or less could be 6657) emerged nearly after a year of debates, placed under P.D. 27, if the owner own pressure demonstrations and deadlocks between other agricultural lands not devoted to interest groups. President Aquino signed it on rice and corn, or other lands used for June 10, 1988 and it became effective on June 15, residential, industrial, or other urban 1988. purposes from which they receive Carp Measures adequate income to support themselves ○ Since then, various measures were adopted to and their families. facilitate CARP implementation such as the formulation of implementing guidelines, THE FIFTH REPUBLIC institutionalization of implementing and Corazon Aquino (1986-1992) coordinating mechanisms, information 1987 Constitution (Art. II, Sec. 21) dissemination and initial registration of lands, ○ “The State shall promote comprehensive rural landowners and farmer- beneficiaries. development and agrarian reform.” ○ To strengthen CARP and speed up its Proclamation No. 131 implementation, President Aquino issued in June ○ Institutionalized the Comprehensive Agrarian 1990 three key executive orders namely: Reform Program (CARP) and Agrarian Reform Executive Order No. 405 – vested in the Fund (ARF). It covers all agricultural lands Land Bank of the Philippines the primary regardless of tenural arrangement and commodity responsibility for land valuation. produced, all public and private agricultural lands Executive Order No. 406 – emphasized and other lands of public domain suitable to that CARP is central to the government’s agriculture. efforts to hasten countryside Executive Order No. 129-A agro-industria development and directed ○ Reorganized, streamlined and expanded power the implementing agencies to align their and operation of DAR. respective programs and projects with Executive Order No. 228 the CARP; created CARP implementing ○ Declared full ownership to qualified teams from the national to the municipal farmer-beneficiaries covered by P.D. 27. It also levels; and, identified and gave priority to provided for the manner of payment by the farmer 24 Strategic Operating Provinces (SOP) beneficiary and mode of compensation to the where the bulk of CARP workload lies, landowners. without prejudice to the program Executive Order No. 229 implementation in the other provinces of ○ Provided mechanisms for the implementation of the country. CARP such as administrative procedures and Executive Order No. 407 – directed all mechanics for land registration, private land government instrumentalities, including acquisition, and mode of compensation to the financial institutions and corporations, to landowners. turn over to DAR all lands suitable for Republic Act No. 6657 agriculture for coverage under CARP. ○ Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law. It is an Furthermore, the 1987 Constitution, act instituting a comprehensive agrarian reform which was ratified on February 2, 1987, program to promote social justice and contains several provisions directly industrialization providing the mechanism for its dealing with the agrarian reform. implementation and for other purposes. ○ Accordingly, the centerpiece of the Cory Aquino administration was the launching of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program by virtue of Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229 which was signed by President Cory Aquino on July 22, 1987. The latter provided the mechanism needed initially to implement the CARP. Downloaded by Premsofc Xx ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|34289825 RIPH 111- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 2ND SEMESTER – FINALS – A.Y. 2023-2024 BACHELOR IN FORENSIC SCIENCE | OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY - VALENZUELA CAMPUS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT AND CONSTITUTIONS PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD MALOLOS CONSTITUTION (1898) Pre-colonial Philippine society was not uncivilized but February 15, 1898 politically undeveloped due to the absence of a distinction ○ The war between the United States and Spain between public and private interests according to Jose started. Rizal. June 12, 1898 River-based settlements like Manila played a crucial role in ○ Filipino revolutionaries declared independence shaping social and political systems by controlling goods which was not recognized by the warring states or and wealth. other powerful nations. Influential figures known as "datu" protected communities December 1898 and gained power through merit and talent, unlike ○ the United States purchased the Philippines for European dynasties. $20 million after Spain's defeat, leading to The state-government called "barangay" was led by a chief American colonial rule and the datu who enforced laws with varying degrees of power Philippine-American War. across settlements. Punishments for crimes included fines and the option to be enslaved instead of facing death. Datu The Malolos Republic was established during this period, also oversaw commerce and ensured trader safety. along with its constitution. The creation of the Malolos Constitution sparked debates SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD on the balance of power between the legislative and The Philippines was colonized by Spain in 1565, initially executive branches. Apolinario Mabini proposed under the Council of Indies and the Viceroy of Mexico. emergency powers for the president during wartime, which Direct Spanish rule began in 1821 after Mexico gained were rejected by a congressional committee. independence, leading to the implementation of Las Leyes de Indias and the opening of the Philippines to global trade EARLY AMERICAN OCCUPATION in 1834. Huntington (1968): Early resistance against colonial oppression emerged, ○ The US Government advocates for systems with notably with the 1872 Cavite Mutiny involving Gomburza, limited authority and divided power, emphasizing which sparked the Propaganda Movement led by free and fair elections. enlightened Filipinos like Jose Rizal in Europe. Early 20th Century: Jose Rizal's writings and the establishment of Liga Filipina ○ The US implements western-centric approach in fueled the Philippine Revolution, with Andres Bonifacio's the Philippines, using commissions to modernize Katipunan spearheading the call for independence from the political system with American experiences, Spain in 1896. principles, structures, and procedures. President McKinley's directive to the Taft Commission CONSTITUTION OF BIAK-NA-BATO (1897) initiated the establishment of a representative system in the March 22, 1897: Tejeros Convention held the first Philippines. Philippine presidential elections, limited to Katipunan Municipal elections commenced in December 1901, members. extending to provincial governors in February 1902. November 1, 1897: Aguinaldo established the Biak-na-Bato By mid-1903, over 1,000 municipal and 31 provincial republic with a constitution by Isabelo Artacho and Felix governments were established. Ferrer. The Philippine Bill of 1902 mandated a bicameral Revolutionary leaders opted for exile in Hong Kong after a legislature: Philippine Commission (Upper House) and truce, raising questions about the middle class's loyalty. Philippine Assembly (Lower House). Leaders from principalia and ilustrado classes faced 1907 criticism, notably Pedro Paterno. ○ representatives were elected to the Philippine Nick Joaquin suggested Aguinaldo's deference to Assembly. Despite intentions, the introduction of intellectuals stemmed from self-perceived inadequacies. elections fostered political bailiwicks and The Pact of Biak-na-Bato did not end the independence patronage networks, rather than a centralized struggle, leading to continued resistance and conflicts. government. Officers of the Supreme Council of Biak-na-Bato: During the early 20th century in the Philippines, political ○ President: candidates heavily relied on various networks to secure Emilio Aguinaldo their positions, including kinship connections, party ○ Vice President: affiliations, and support from influential Americans. Mariano Trias ○ Secretary of Foreign Affair: Antonio Montenegro ○ Secretary of the Interior: Isabelo Artacho ○ Secretary of War: Emiliano Riego de Dios ○ Secretary of the Treasury: Baldomero Aguinaldo Downloaded by Premsofc Xx ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|34289825 RIPH 111- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 2ND SEMESTER – FINALS – A.Y. 2023-2024 BACHELOR IN FORENSIC SCIENCE | OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY - VALENZUELA CAMPUS COMMONWEALTH AND THE 1935 CONSTITUTION Ramon Magsaysay Manuel Quezon assumed the presidency of the a reformist and humble politician, used diverse social Commonwealth of the Philippines in late 1935 under the forces to win the presidency. banner of the Nacionalista party's slogan "Quezon or He established the National Movement for Free Elections to Chaos". prevent electoral fraud. Employing a mix of bribery and coercion, Quezon Magsaysay pursued social and political reforms, passing consolidated control over the legislature and appointed laws like Republic Act 997 and creating the Presidential loyal officers to lead the Commonwealth Army. Assistant for Community Development. His projects Quezon's Social Justice program aimed at redistributing received financial support from American officials. Sadly, land and improving workers' rights, bolstering his popularity Magsaysay died before his projects could be completed. as a strong leader. Carlos P. Garcia The 1935 Constitution, drafted and adopted during the marked by his lack of charisma and reliance on patronage Commonwealth era, was pivotal in securing eventual networks and political machinery. independence from the United States. His most significant policy was the Filipino First Policy, Originally featuring a unicameral National Assembly, the which aimed to increase Filipino presence in the economy. Constitution later underwent amendments to establish a Despite facing opposition from foreign businesses and bicameral Congress and a four-year presidential term. Chinese and Chinese-Filipinos, the policy led to economic growth and a more diversified economic elite. THE SECOND REPUBLIC (1943) However, corruption, bribery, and fraudulent transactions December 1941: further exacerbated the situation, leading to a military coup ○ Japanese attack catches ill-prepared attempt and impeachment proceedings. Filipino-American forces off-guard. Diosdado Macapagal ○ Resistance launched but defeated by superior aimed to open the economy to foreign investment and Japanese military. establish the Program Implementation Agency (PIA) for ○ General MacArthur and Philippine presidents economic development. However, he faced resistance from retreat, signaling Japanese victory and brief family-owned conglomerates and corruption scandals, occupation. leading to his loss in the 1965 election to Ferdinand Marcos 1943: Sr. ○ Japanese grant independence, create Second Republic. THE 1973 CONSTITUTION ○ José P. Laurel appointed President, admired by Aimed for a parliamentary system with a National Japanese for anti-US stance. Assembly holding legislative power and the President as ○ Collaboration with Japanese met with criticisms the ceremonial head of state. and new expectations. Amendments in 1976 allowed the President to act as Prime ○ Laurel argues collaboration deters Japanese Minister, and 1980 and 1981 transformed the system into abuses and fosters anti-imperialist sentiments. a semi-presidential one. However, Marcos retained Conflict results in Manila battle, massive destruction, and executive authority, leading to only cosmetic changes to the thousands of deaths. Constitution despite the original intent for a parliamentary Osmena attempts to prosecute collaborators, but fails due system. to MacArthur's protection. The 1976 amendments were: Dissolution of the Second Republic leads to the survival of ○ an Interim Batasang Pambansa (IBP) the elite, altering the Philippines' political and economic substituting for the Interim National Assembly landscape. ○ the President would also become the Prime Minister and he would continue to exercise THE THIRD REPUBLIC (1946-1964) legislative powers until martial law should have Post-World War II, Philippine presidents inherited a fragile been lifted. state, overrun by local elites and radicalized peasants led In the 1981 amendments, the false parliamentary system by the Hukbalahap. was formally modified into a French-style semi-presidential Economic woes, corruption, and Cold War tensions fueled system: rebellion. Each president of the Third Republic grappled ○ executive power was restored to the President; with domestic strife amid US interventions to curb ○ direct election of the President was restored; Communism's rise. ○ An Executive Committee composed of the Prime Manuel Roxas Minister and not more than fourteen members was the first president of the Third Republic of the Philippines, created to "assist the President in the exercise of faced significant challenges due to the country's economic his powers and functions and in the performance struggles and decentralized power. of his duties as he may prescribe;" and the Prime Elpidio Quirino Minister was a mere head of the Cabinet. During Quirino's regime, political narratives resembling ○ Further, the amendments instituted electoral Stalinist Russia caused unrest. Quirino's administration reforms and provided that a natural born citizen of achieved economic success, but his reputation was marred the Philippines who has lost his citizenship may be by corruption and political issues, leading to his loss in a transferee of private land for use by him as his 1953 re-election to Ramon Magsaysay residence. Downloaded by Premsofc Xx ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|34289825 RIPH 111- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 2ND SEMESTER – FINALS – A.Y. 2023-2024 BACHELOR IN FORENSIC SCIENCE | OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY - VALENZUELA CAMPUS THE 1986 FREEDOM CONSTITUTION Section 6 President Corazon C. Aquino established a provisional ○ The separation of Church and State is inviolable, constitution after the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution, ensuring that religious matters remain separate granting broad presidential powers for government from governmental affairs. reorganization. Section 7 She formed a Constitutional Commission, led by Cecilia ○ The Philippines pursues an independent foreign Muñoz-Palma, to draft a new constitution with 50 diverse policy based on national sovereignty, territorial members. The Commission completed the draft in four integrity, national interest, and the right to months, presented it to President Aquino on October self-determination in its relations with other states. 15,1986, and a plebiscite on February 2, 1987, saw 76.37% Section 8 in favor of the new constitution. ○ The Philippines adopts a policy of freedom from It was proclaimed ratified on February 11, 1987, and came nuclear weapons in its territory, consistent with its into effect. national interest. Section 9 SIGNIFICANT FEATURES OF THE 1987 CONSTITUTION ○ The state aims to promote a just and dynamic A "democratic and republican State", where "sovereignty social order that ensures prosperity, resides in the people and all government authority independence, and freedom from poverty through emanates from them" (Section 1, Article II). policies like adequate social services, full Powers of the national government are divided into three employment, and improved quality of life. branches: Section 10 ○ Executive ○ The state is committed to promoting social justice ○ Legislative in all aspects of national development, prioritizing ○ Judicial. the welfare of the less fortunate members of The Philippine Constitution establishes the country as a society. democratic and republican State with sovereignty residing Section 11 in the people. ○ The State pledges to maintain the complete The doctrine of separation of powers is followed, with each respect of human rights and respects the dignity of branch having specific roles. every individual. President's duty to execute laws, Congress enacting laws Section 12 subject to presidential veto, and the Supreme Court's ○ The State will defend and uphold the family as a power of judicial review. fundamental, independent social institution as it Limited political autonomy is granted to local government acknowledges the sanctity of family life. It will units. protect both the mother's life and the life of the The Bill of Rights is recognized as fundamental, with child from conception. The government will interpretations largely determined by Philippine Supreme encourage parents' natural and fundamental right Court decisions. and duty to raise their children for civic engagement and the formation of moral character. ARTICLE 11 Section 13 (declaration of principles and state policies) ○ The State will promote and protect young people's Section 1 physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social ○ The Philippines is a democratic and republican well-being considering that it recognises their vital state where sovereignty resides in the people, and role in the development of the country. It will instill all government authority comes from them. This nationalism and patriotism in the youth and means that the government is elected by the promote their engagement in public and civic people and operates within the framework of activities. democratic principles. Section 14 Section 2 ○ The State will ensure women's and men's ○ The Philippines renounces aggressive war, adopts fundamental equality before the law given that it international law principles, and pursues peace, recognises the role that women play in building equality, justice, freedom,cooperation, and nations. friendship with all nations. Section 15 Section 3 ○ The state is responsible for protecting, improving, ○ Civilian authority is supreme over the military, and educating people about health issues. which is tasked with protecting the people, the Section 16 state, and its sovereignty. ○ The state shall protect and advance the right of Section 4 the people to be a balanced and healthful ecology ○ The government's primary duty is to serve and in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. protect the people, and it may call upon citizens Section 17 for defense through military or civil service when ○ The state shall give priority to education, science necessary. and technology, arts, culture, and sports to foster Section 5 patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social ○ Maintaining peace, order, protecting life, liberty, progress and promote total liberation and property, and promoting general welfare are development. crucial for a democratic society. Downloaded by Premsofc Xx ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|34289825 RIPH 111- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 2ND SEMESTER – FINALS – A.Y. 2023-2024 BACHELOR IN FORENSIC SCIENCE | OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY - VALENZUELA CAMPUS Section 18 PURPOSE OF TAXATION ○ The state affirms labor as a primary social The primary purpose of taxation is to raise revenues for economic force. it shall protect the rights of public needs so that the people may be enabled to live in a workers and promote their welfare. civilized society. It also serves a variety of purpose. Section 19 It may be increased in order to stabilize prices and ○ The state shall develop a self reliant and stimulate greater production; taxes on imports may be independent national economy effectively increased to favor domestic production; or decrease to controlled by Filipinos. encourage foreign trade; it can also mobilize capital to be Section 20 poured into capital deficient fields of business. ○ The state recognizes the indispensable role of the Thus, taxation is an instrument of fiscal policy, and fiscal private sector, encourages private enterprise, and policy influences the direction and structure of money provides incentives to needed investments. supply, prices and of the national economy. Section 21 ○ The state shall promote comprehensive rural INHERENT POWERS OF THE GOVERNMENT development and agrarian reform. Police Power Section 22 ○ authority of the government to regulate the ○ The state recognizes and promotes the rights of activities of an individual even in the absence of indigenous cultural communities within the law for the benefit and protection of public welfare. framework of national unity and development. Taxation Section 23 ○ authority of the government to improve taxes, ○ The state shall encourage non- governmental, charges and fees from its taxpayers under its community-based, or sectoral organizations that sovereignty and/or territorial jurisdiction, to support promote the welfare of the nation. its necessary expenses. Section 24 Eminent Domain ○ The state recognizes the vital role of ○ authority of the government to expropriate private communication and information in nation-building. property for public use upon payment of a just Section 25 compensation. ○ The state shall ensure the autonomy of local governments. ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TAXES Section 26 1. It is an enforced contribution. ○ The state shall guarantee, equal access to 2. It is exacted pursuant to legislative authority. opportunities for public service, and prohibit 3. It is a contribution in money. political dynasties as may be defined by law. 4. It is levied upon person, property and proper. Section 27 5. It is for the purpose of raising revenue. ○ The state shall maintain honesty and integrity in 6. It must be for a public purpose. the public service and take positive and effective 7. It must be proportionate in character. measures against graft and corruption. Section 28 CLASSIFICATION OF TAXES ○ Subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by Regulatory Taxes law, the state adopts and implements a policy of ○ These are taxes that are designed to achieve a full public disclosure of all its transactions certain social and/or economic goal irrespective involving public interest. whether revenue is increased or decreased. An example of this tax is the tariff levied upon foreign imports. TAXATION: Excise Taxes The Fundamentals of Taxation and the Train Law ○ The sum of this tax is measured according to the extent to which the privilege has been enjoyed or FUNDAMENTALS OF TAXATION exercised. It came as a matter of survival for the government. Ad Valorem Taxes The development of tax law as a comprehensive and ○ This requires the assessment of the value of the general system is a recent phenomenon resulting from the property before its amount due can be evolution of taxes and increasing state-economy determined. relationship. Indirect Taxes A tax law is a body of rules passed by the legislature by ○ An example of this is the Value-Added Tax virtue of which the government acquires a claim or property as a matter of legal duty or obligation by operation of law. FORMS OF ESCAPE FROM TAXATION Shifting NATURE OF TAXATION POWER ○ A business owner passes the burden to pay tax to The power is inherent because the sustenance of their consumers. government requires contribution from them. Transformation The power of taxation is legislative in character because ○ This takes place when the producer himself pays only the legislature can make tax laws. for the taxes and recovers the additional expense by improving the production. Downloaded by Premsofc Xx ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|34289825 RIPH 111- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 2ND SEMESTER – FINALS – A.Y. 2023-2024 BACHELOR IN FORENSIC SCIENCE | OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY - VALENZUELA CAMPUS LOCAL TAXATION Local tax may be valid only for the public purpose and yet invalid for private purposes. Except when allowed by law, local funds shall be devoted exclusively to local purposes. National laws: National Internal Revenue Code—enacted as Republic Act No. 8424 or the Tax Reform Act of 1997, and subsequently amended by Republic Act No. 10963 or the Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Act of 2017. Local laws ○ major sources of revenue for the local government units (LGUs) are the taxes collected by virtue of Republic Act No. 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991, and those sourced from the proceeds collected by virtue of a local ordinance. Taxes imposed at the national level are collected by the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR), while those imposed at the local government level, which are the provincial, city, municipal and barangay, are collected by the local treasurer's office. TAX REFORM ACCELERATION AND INCLUSION (TRAIN) Law (RA 10963) Why do you think the TRAIN Law eliminated personal and additional exemptions? ○ To simplify the tax filing process and reduce administrative burden. What is the significance of setting the maximum 13th-month pay and other benefits at P90,000 under the TRAIN Law? ○ It allows employees to receive tax-exempt bonuses up to a reasonable limit. Downloaded by Premsofc Xx ([email protected])