History of Egypt PDF

History of Egypt History of Egypt The formation of Egypt Ma'at The Ancient Egyptian - God Of Justice Ancient Egypt and Egyptians ❖ the country was bordered by deserts to the west and east, by the Mediterrane...

History of Egypt History of Egypt The formation of Egypt Ma'at The Ancient Egyptian - God Of Justice Ancient Egypt and Egyptians ❖ the country was bordered by deserts to the west and east, by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, and by the first cataract of the Nile at Aswan in the south ❖ they based their chronology on the number of years each king ruled. Notes about The formation of Egypt The Kingdom of Egypt is the oldest known kingdom in Africa. In early prehistoric times, people lived in separate groups along the Nile. With the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt and the introduction of writing (about 3100 B.C.) the recorded history of Egypt as a nation began. The kings of the thirty dynasties who ruled Egypt were believed to reign by divine right and with divine force.  History of Egypt Timeline of Egyptian History Historians divide the history of ancient Egypt into the following periods: Prehistory the Archaic Period the Old Kingdom the Middle Kingdom the New Kingdom the Late Period the Ptolemaic (Hellenistic) and Roman Period  the Archaic the Old the Middle Prehistory Period Kingdom Kingdom. the New the Late the Ptolemaic and Roman Kingdom Period (Hellenistic) Periods ARCHAIC PERIOD Dynasty 1- Dynasty 2 At the beginning of Dynasty 1, Egypt unified under the rule of one pharaoh (mythical name: Menes; historical figures: Narmer and Aha). He established a capital at Memphis. Some characteristics of this era: Mud-brick burial monuments of kings at Abydos. large tombs of officials at Saqqara. Great amounts of imported goods from Canaan. and trade with Nubian. the Double Crown of Ancient OLD KINGDOM Dynasty 3 - Dynasty 6 Some characteristics of this period: The first major stone monument of Egypt, King Djoser's step pyramid (designed by architect Imhotep), built at Saqqara. Pyramids of Huni at Meidum and Snefru at Dahshur. Pyramids of Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure built at Giza. The sphinx cut from rock at the side of Khafre's valley temple. King Djoser's step pyramid Pyramids of Giza The sphinx OLD KINGDOM Mastaba tombs for royal officials at Saqqara and Giza continue from Dynasty 4, decorated with reliefs depicting scenes from daily life. Kings build pyramids (at Abusir) and sun temples. burial chambers since King Unas (last king of Dynasty 5) are inscribed with spells (pyramid texts) to help king achieve rebirth in the afterlife. - Trade with the Levant in sea-going ships. - Expeditions into Upper Nubia for central African goods. - Power of provincial administrators increases. Mastaba tombs  During the so-called At these times of First, Second, and prosperity, the kings Third Intermediate initiated numerous Periods, the land building projects and was politically sent out expeditions to extend Egypt's fragmented, often borders and expand reverting to local trade routes. rule in Upper and Lower Egypt. FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD Dynasty 7 to early Dynasty 11 Weakening of central government. Period of climatic change to more arid environment. And therefore, Food shortages. Provinces struggle individually. Herakleopolis Magna in the north and Thebes in the south as main centers of power.  MIDDLE KINGDOM Dynasty 11- 12 Dynasty King Mentuhotep II of Upper One of the great periods of Egypt reunites the country Egyptian art and literature with capital at Thebes. Monumental building projects (portraits of kings and texts resume in Upper Egypt, as such as 'The Story of does trade with nearby lands. Sinuhe, wisdom texts, etc.). King Mentuhotep II MIDDLE KINGDOM Amenemhat I, relocates capital to the north at El Lisht. His pyramid and that of his son (Senwosret I) built at Lisht. In the Faiyum new land made available for cultivation. Lower Nubia conquered and forts built at the second cataract. Important gods are Osiris (at Abydos) and Amun (at Thebes). Pyramid of Senwosret I SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD Dynasties: 13-14-15-16-17 Position of kings weakened by very short reigns. Asiatic foreigners settle in eastern delta. Western Asiatic kings gain power over most of Egypt. They are called chiefs of foreign lands (in Egyptian language: heka khasut, or Hyksos). starts movement to expel the Hyksos. From this time onward, Egyptian military power is based on the use of horse-drawn chariots. War Chariot NEW KINGDOM Dynasties: 18 -19- 20 King Ahmose ending the Hyksos rule. Thutmosis I reconquers Nubia, which becomes a colony of Egypt. Hatshepsut, important female ruler, sponsors fine works of art and architecture (Temple of Deir el-Bahri). Beginning with Thutmosis III, Egypt becomes an empire controlling large parts of the Near East as well as Nubia. Hatshepsut and Temple of Deir el-Bahri THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD Dynasties: 21-22-23-24 Egypt again divided; one dynasty rules in Nile Delta, sharing power with high priests of Amun at Thebes Egypt's international power wanes Egypt was subjugated at times by foreign invaders: Libyans, Assyrians, Nubians, and Persians in the LATE PERIOD (Dynasties: 25-26-27-28-29-30).  Ptolemaic Period Egypt is conquered by Alexander the Great. Upon Alexander death, Greek general Ptolemy and his descendants rule. Important temples are built completely in Egyptian style. Ptolemy I ROMAN PERIOD Last Ptolemaic ruler, and became a province of Cleopatra VII, and Antony the Roman Empire defeated by Augustus following Egypt's Caesar. Therefore, Egypt conquest by Augustus conquered by Rome Caesar Cleopatra VII Augustus Caesar The Byzantine-Coptic era The Byzantine-Coptic era in Egypt is a significant period in the country's history that serves as a connection between the Roman and Islamic eras. Roman era Islamic era The Byzantine- Coptic era Notes This era marked the introduction of Christianity to Egypt, which quickly became the dominant religion. Although some refer to it as the Coptic era, it's important to note that the term "Coptic" means Egyptian identity rather than specifically to Christianity. “Coptic” is derived from the Greek word "Aegyptus," meaning Egypt. The most prominent manifestations of The Byzantine- Coptic era One of the most prominent manifestations of this era was the establishment of numerous monasteries throughout Egypt. The churches built in the fifth century AD are considered a model of Coptic architecture and art. As the ancient Egyptians knew music, the art of church music arose in Egypt in the Coptic era, and the melodies that are played in the Coptic Church today still bear Pharaonic names such as “Etrebinian melody.” Bell tower of Saint Catherine's Monastery