Presidents of the Philippines PDF

**Presidents of the Philippines** \- Under the Constitution of the Philippines, the president of the Philippines (Filipino: Pangulo ng Pilipinas) is both the head of state and government, and serves as the commander-in-chief of the country\'s armed forces. \- The president is directly elected by q...

**Presidents of the Philippines** \- Under the Constitution of the Philippines, the president of the Philippines (Filipino: Pangulo ng Pilipinas) is both the head of state and government, and serves as the commander-in-chief of the country\'s armed forces. \- The president is directly elected by qualified voters to a six-year term and must be "a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, a registered voter, able to read and write, at least forty years of age on the day of the election, and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election". \- No elected president can seek reelection. Upon resignation, or removal from office, the vice president assumes the post. \- A president's successor who has not served for more than four years can still seek a full term for the presidency. History Emilio Aguinaldo ("Father of the Philippine Revolution") · became the inaugural president of the Philippines under the Malolos Republic, considered the First Philippine Republic. · He held that office until 1901 when he was captured by United States forces during the Philippine--American War (1899--1902). · The American colonization of the Philippines abolished the First Republic, which led to an American governor-general exercising executive power. · In 1935, the United States, pursuant to its promise of full Philippine sovereignty, established the Commonwealth of the Philippines following the ratification of the 1935 Constitution, which also restored the presidency. Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944) ("The Father of the Philippine Commonwealth") · The first national presidential election was held, and Manuel L. Quezon (1935-- 44) was elected to a six-year term, with no provision for reelection, as the second Philippine president and the first Commonwealth president. · In 1940, however, the Constitution was amended to allow re-election but shortened the term to four years. · A change in government occurred three years later when the Second Philippine Republic was organized with the enactment of the 1943 Constitution, which Japan imposed after it occupied the Philippines in 1942 during World War II José P. Laurel (1891 -- 1959) ("A Complex Legacy in a Time of War") · acted as puppet president of the new Japanese-sponsored government · The Second Republic was dissolved after Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945; the Commonwealth was restored in the Philippines in the same year with Sergio Osmeña (1944--46) as president. · Ferdinand Marcos (1965--86) · who performed a self-coup by imposing martial law in 1972. · The dictatorship of Marcos saw the birth of the New Society (Filipino: Bagong Lipunan) and the Fourth Republic. His tenure lasted until 1986 when he was deposed in the People Power Revolution. · The longest-serving president is Ferdinand Marcos with 20 years and 57 days in office Sergio Osmeña (1878-1961) "A Steadfast Leader Through War and Reconstruction" · The shortest is Sergio Osmeña, who spent 1 year and 300 days in office. · Manuel Roxas (1946--1948) ("A President of Reconstruction and Reconciliation") · followed Osmeña when he won the first post-war election in 1946. He became the first president of the independent Philippines when the Commonwealth ended on July 4 of that year. Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953) "A President of Stability and Progress" He served as the sixth President of the Philippines from 1948 to 1953. His presidency was marked by a period of significant reconstruction and economic recovery following World War II, as well as the challenges of consolidating Philippine independence and navigating a complex geopolitical landscape. Two women have held the office: Corazon Aquino (1986--92), who ascended to the presidency upon the successful People Power Revolution of 1986, and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001--10), who, as vice president, ascended to the presidency upon Estrada's resignation and was elected to a full six-year term in 2004. Presidents Emilio Aguinaldo ("Father of the Philippine Revolution") Name -- Emilio Aguinaldo Born -- March 22, 1869 Died -- February 6, 1964 Age -- 94 Life Span -- 1869--1964 Party -- None Term -- January 23, 1899 -- April 19, 1901 (2 years, 86 days) Election -- 1899 Vice President -- None Era -- First Republic Manuel L. Quezon ("Father of the Philippine Revolution") Name -- Manuel L. Quezon Born -- August 19, 1878 Died -- August 1, 1944 Age -- 65 Life Span -- 1878--1944 Party -- Nacionalista Term -- November 15, 1935- August 1, 1944 (8 years, 260 days) Election -- 1935, 1941 Vice President -- None Era -- Commonwealth Jose P. Laurel 1891 -- 1959) ("A Complex Legacy in a Time of War") Name -- Jose P. Laurel Born -- March 9, 1891 Died -- November 6, 1959 Age -- 68 Life Span -- 1891--1959 Party -- KALIBAPI Term -- October 14, 1943- August 17, 1945 (1 year, 307 days) Election -- 1943 Vice President -- None Era -- Second Republic Sergio Osmeña (1878-1961) "A Steadfast Leader Through War and Reconstruction" Name -- Sergio Osmeña Born -- September 9, 1878 Died -- October 19, 1961 Age -- 83 Life Span -- 1878--1961 Party -- Nacionalista Term -- August 1, 1944 -- May 28, 1946 (1 year, 300 days) Election -- 1941 Vice President -- Vacant Era -- Commonwealth 4 / 13 Manuel Roxas (1892-1948) "A President of Reconstruction and Reconciliation" Name -- Manuel Roxas Born -- January 1, 1892 Died -- April 15, 1948 Age -- 56 Life Span -- 1892--1948 Party -- Liberal Term -- May 28, 1946 -- April 15, 1948 (1 year, 323 days) Election -- 1946 Vice President -- Elpidio Quirino Era -- Third Republic Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953) "A President of Stability and Progress" Name -- Elpidio Quirino Born -- November 16, 1890 Died -- February 29, 1956 Age -- 65 Life Span -- 1890--1956 Party -- Liberal Term -- April 17, 1948 -- December 30, 1953 (5 years, 257 day Election -- 1949 Vice President -- Fernando Lopez Era -- Third Republic Ramon Magsaysay (1907-1957) "The People's President" Name -- Ramon Magsaysay Born -- August 31, 1907 Died -- March 17, 1957 Age -- 49 Life Span -- 1907--1957 Party -- Nacionalista Term -- December 30, 1953- March 17, 1957 (3 years, 77 days) Election -- 1953 Vice President -- Carlos P. Garcia Era -- Third Republic Carlos P. Garcia (1896-1971) "A President of Austerity and Nationalism" Name -- Carlos P. Garcia Born -- November 4, 1896 Died -- June 14, 1971 Age -- 74 Life Span -- 1896--1971 Party -- Nacionalista Term -- March 18, 1957 -- December 30, 1961 (4 years, 287 days) Election -- 1957 Vice President-Diosdado Macapagal Era -- Third Republic Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965) "A President of Economic Reforms and Social Progress" Name -- Diosdado Macapagal Born -- September 28, 1910 Died -- April 21, 1997 Age -- 86 Life Span -- 1910--1997 Party -- Liberal Term -- December 30, 1961- December 30, 1965 (4 years) Election -- 1961 Vice President -- Emmanuel Pelaez Era -- Third Republic Ferdinand E. Marcos Name -- Ferdinand E. Marcos Born -- September 11, 1917 Died -- September 28, 1989 Age -- 72 Life Span -- 1917--1989 Party -- Nacionalista until 1978 -- KBL from 1978 -- 1986 Term -- 5 / 13 December 30, 1965- February 25, 1986 (20 years, 57 days) Election -- 1965, 1969, 1973, 1977 Vice President -- Fernando Lopez (1965-1969) Era -- Martial Law, Fourth Republic Corazon Aquino Name -- Corazon Aquino Born -- January 25, 1933 Died -- August 1, 2009 Age -- 76 Life Span -- 1933--2009 Party -- UNIDO Term -- February 25, 1986 -- June 30, 1992 (6 years, 126 days) Election -- 1986 Vice President -- Salvador Laurel Era -- Provisional Government -- Fifth Republic Fidel V. Ramos Name -- Fidel V. Ramos Born -- March 18, 1928 Died -- July 31, 2022 Age -- 94 Life Span -- 1928--2022 Party -- Lakas--NUCD Term -- June 30, 1992- June 30, 1998 (6 years) Election -- 1992 Vice President -- Joseph Estrada Era -- Fifth Republic Joseph Estrada Name -- Joseph Estrada Born -- April 19, 1937 Died -- Living Age -- 87 Life Span -- born 1937 Party -- LAMMP Term -- June 30, 1998 -- January 20, 2001 (2 years, 204 days) Election -- 1998 Vice President -- Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Era -- Fifth Republic Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Name -- Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Born -- April 5, 1947 Died -- Living Age -- 77 Life Span -- born 1947 Party -- Lakas--CMD Term -- Jan. 20, 2001- June 30, 2010 (9 years, 161 days) Election -- 2004 Vice President -- Teofisto Guingona Jr., Noli de Castro Era -- Fifth Republic Benigno Aquino III Name -- Benigno Aquino III Born -- February 8, 1960 Died -- June 24, 2021 Age -- 61 Life Span -- 1960--2021 Party -- Liberal Term -- June 30, 2010 -- June 30, 2016 (6 years) Election -- 2010 Vice President -- Jejomar Binay Era -- Fifth Republic Rodrigo Duterte 6 / 13 Name -- Rodrigo Duterte Born -- March 28, 1945 Died -- Living Age -- 79 Life Span -- born 1945 Party -- PDP--Laban Term -- June 30, 2016 -- June 30, 2022 (6 years) Election -- 2016 Vice President -- Leni Robredo Era -- Fifth Republic Bongbong Marcos Name -- Bongbong Marcos Born -- September 13, 1957 Died -- Living Age -- 66 Life Span -- born 1957 Party --PFP(Partido Federal ng Pilipinas) Term -- June 30, 2022 -- present (2 years, 10 days) Election -- 2022 Vice President -- Sara Duterte Era -- Fifth Republic Unofficial Presidents: Andrés Bonifacio Name -- Andrés Bonifacio Life Span -- 1863--1897 Party -- None Term -- August 24, 1896 -March 22, 1897 or May 10, 1897 Vice President -- None Government -- Sovereign Tagalog Nation Emilio Aguinaldo Name -- Emilio Aguinaldo Life Span -- 1869--1964 Party -- None Term -- March 22, 1897 -- November 1, 1897 Vice President -- Mariano Trias Government -- Tenejeros Revolutionary Government Francisco Makabulos Name -- Francisco Makabulos Life Span -- 1871--1922 Party -- None Term -- April 17, 1898 -- May 19, 1898 Vice President -- None Government -- Central Executive Committee Miguel Malvar Name -- Miguel Malvar Life Span -- 1865--1911 Party -- None Term -- April 19, 1901 -- April 16, 1902 Vice President -- None Government -- First Republic Macario Sakay Name -- Macario Sakay Life Span -- 1870--1907 Party -- Katipunan (holdout /revival) Term -- May 6, 1902 -July 14, 1906 Vice President -- Francisco Carreón Government -- Tagalog Republic Jorge B. Vargas Name -- Jorge B. Vargas Life Span -- 1890--1980 Party -- KALIBAPI Association for Service to the New Philippines Term -- January 23, 1942 -- October 14, 1943 Vice President -- None Government -- Philippine Executive Commission Arturo Tolentino Name -- Arturo Tolentino Life Span -- 1910--2004 Party -- Kilusang Bagong Lipunan New Society Movement Term -- July 6, 1986 -- July 8, 1986 Vice President -- None Government -- Fourth Republic Japanese Era The Japanese Imperial Forces' commander-in-chief, General Masaharu Homma Father Rufino Santos -- a young man at the time who went on to become Manila's Archbishop and the first Filipino Cardinal in the Catholic Church , one of the Priests accused of subversive activity were also imprisoned. "Mickey Mouse Money" -- In 1945, the Japanese bank manufactured war notes and created a modified version of the Ho note after realizing that the Filipinos were not interested in the military money. The Filipinos The Second Republic of the Philippines (October 14, 1943) KALIBAPI(September 20, 1943 )- (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas), led by Benigno Aquino Sr., held a party convention to elect members of the National Assembly 108 members, half of whom were incumbent governors and city mayors. Jose P. Laurel was elected president of the Second Republic, while Benigno Aquino Sr. and Ramon Avanceña were vice presidents Bataan Death March -- One of the most infamous events was the Bataan Death March, which occurred in April 1942 after the fall of Bataan. Following a grueling three-month battle against the Japanese forces, approximately 75,000 Filipino and American soldiers surrendered Comfort Women -- During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, a tragic aspect of the conflict involved widespread sexual violence, particularly the forced sexual slavery of women, who became known as "comfort women." The Execution of Jose Abad Santos -- His last words to his son, Pepito, were, "Do not cry, Pepito. Show these people that you are brave. It is a rare opportunity for me to die for our country. Not everybody is given that chance". Manila Declared an Open City -- General Douglas MacArthur declared Manila an open city to prevent further destruction. Japan controlled only 12 of the 48 provinces. Filipino guerrillas gathered intelligence, sabotaged Japanese communication lines, and supported American operations. Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon) -- led by Luis Taruc, was one of the significant groups that fought against Japanese forces. Declaration of Philippine Independence: On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence in Kawit, Cavite, a pivotal moment in the fight for freedom. This declaration marked the beginning of the First Philippine Republic. The First Philippine Republic: Aguinaldo was elected as the first President of the First Philippine Republic (Malolos Republic) in 1899. 9 / 13 The Pact of Biak-na-Bato: In 1897, amidst the ongoing struggle, Aguinaldo signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, a truce agreement with Spain. This agreement aimed to temporarily end the revolution and allow Aguinaldo and his followers to go into exile in Hong Kong. Spanish Era Agrarian Reform -- Agrarian reform is the redistribution of land ownership aimed at promoting social equity and economic development. It focuses on breaking up large estates and providing land to landless farmers, ensuring they have access to resources necessary for sustainable farming. Lack of Agrarian Reform -- The Spanish government failed to implement significant agrarian reforms, leaving land ownership unchanged and concentrated among a few elites. This inaction created a legacy of inequality that continued long after colonization ended. The Hacienda System \- The hacienda system was a significant aspect of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines, characterized by large estates owned primarily by Spanish families and the Catholic Church. \- This system not only shaped the agricultural practices of the time but also had profound social and economic implications for Filipino farmers at its core, the hacienda system involved the consolidation of vast tracts of land into large estates, known as haciendas \- These were typically owned by wealthy Spanish landowners, referred to as hacendados, and religious institutions such as the Church. This consolidation had several implications: 1\. Loss of Land Rights for Filipino Farmers 2\. Labor Exploitation Pre- Spanish Period Land Ownership -- nd Ownership Before the Spaniard came to the Philippines and colonized us for 333 years, our land was practically owned by the community known as barangay. Barangay -- is group of families clustered in one communities it is the small unit of the government consisting of 30 to 100 families. The land control and access were influenced by social hierarchy: 1. Datu -- Chief of the Village/Barangay, Datu had control over large tracts of land and could allocate portions to community members. 2. Timawa- The timawa were freemen or the commoners who could receive land from the datu for cultivation. Though they did not own the land, they had the right to farm it and provide for their families. 3. Alipin- They are dependent or slaves, the alipin were at the bottom of the social hierarchy and typically worked on the lands of the Datu or Timawa. They did not have their own land buy instead worked in exchange for their protection or sustenance. Land Cultivation -- Land Cultivation was done commonly by "kaingin" system or the slash and burn method wherein land was cleared by burning bushes before planting and crops or either land was plowed and harrowed before planting. Two types of land 1. Public Land -- This type of land have the individual the right to use but not to own, the rights were typically granted based on cultivation (process of preparing of land such as planting seeds, watering, nurturing plants until they mature and can be harvested) and active usage rather than ownership 2. Kaingin Land -- This type of land were used farming technique called "kaingin" means slash and burn method where forest areas were cleared for temporary cultivation. Once the soil became less fertile, the area would be abandoned, and the community would move to a new location this provess woul be repeated. This System was particularly suited for the mountainous and forested area of the Philippines. These are the types of grown during Pre- Spanish period depending on their region and available resources, but the most common agricultural products were: Rice Bananas Coconuts Sugarcane Yams Taro Sweet potatoes Role of women in agriculture during Pre-Spanish period -- Women played and essential role in agriculture during the Pre-Spanish Period. They were often responsible for planting, weeding, and harvesting crops. While men more involved in clearing land and hunting. Food Production for Family Consumption: In pre-colonial period, agriculture was primarily focused on subsistence. Barter Trade: Without a formal currency system, communities engaged in barter trade. They exchanged surplus goods, such as rice, fish, or crafts, with neighboring groups. Rice as a Medium of Exchange: Rice was a staple crop and a significant part of the diet, so it naturally became a medium of exchange Trade with Foreign Traders: Some communities engaged in trade with foreign merchants from China, Arabia, and Europe