G11 21st Century Literature Reviewer PDF

**Reviewer for G11- 21^st^ Century Literature from the Philippines to the World.** **Imagery-** the use of descriptive language and vivid details that appeal to the senses---sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell---to create mental images and evoke emotions in the reader. It helps to make abstract i...

**Reviewer for G11- 21^st^ Century Literature from the Philippines to the World.** **Imagery-** the use of descriptive language and vivid details that appeal to the senses---sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell---to create mental images and evoke emotions in the reader. It helps to make abstract ideas more tangible and enhances the reader\'s experience by immersing them in the world of the text. **Types of Imagery** **Visual Imagery**: Descriptions that appeal to the sense of sight. Example: \"The golden rays of the setting sun reflected off the calm, rippling lake.\" **Auditory Imagery:** Descriptions that appeal to the sense of hearing. Example: \"The rustling leaves whispered secrets in the gentle breeze.\" **Tactile Imagery**: Descriptions that appeal to the sense of touch. Example: \"The rough bark of the tree scraped against her fingertips.\" **Olfactory Imagery**: Descriptions that appeal to the sense of smell. Example: \"The air was thick with the earthy aroma of wet soil after the rain.\" **Gustatory Imagery:** Descriptions that appeal to the sense of taste. Example: \"The tangy sweetness of the orange lingered on his tongue.\" **Kinesthetic Imagery:** Descriptions that evoke the sense of movement or physical tension. Example: \"She felt the pounding rhythm of her heartbeat as she raced up the stairs.\" **Organic Imagery**: Descriptions that convey internal sensations like hunger, thirst, fear, or joy. Example: \"A wave of nausea rolled through her stomach as the tension grew.\" **Purpose of Imagery** **Evoke Emotion:** Helps readers connect emotionally to the text. **Set the Scene:** Establishes mood, tone, and atmosphere. **Enhance Themes:** Strengthens the story\'s messages or symbols. **Engage the Reader:** Makes the text more immersive and memorable. **Personification** is a literary device in which human qualities, emotions, or actions are attributed to non-human objects, animals, ideas, or abstract concepts. This technique brings inanimate or abstract elements to life, making them relatable and vivid to the reader. **Examples of Personification** **Inanimate Objects:** \"The wind whispered through the trees.\" (The wind is described as whispering, which is a human action.) **Nature:** \"The sun smiled down on the village.\" (The sun is given the human trait of smiling.) **Abstract Ideas:** \"Justice stood tall, blindfolded but unshaken.\" (Justice, an abstract concept, is personified as a strong, unwavering figure.) **Animals:** \"The dog grinned at his owner after stealing the sandwich.\" (The dog is described with a human expression---grinning.) **Purpose of Personification** **Emotional Connection:** Makes descriptions more relatable by attributing familiar human traits to the non-human. **Enhance Imagery:** Adds depth and vividness to descriptions. **Create Mood**: Sets a tone, such as a cheerful mood when \"flowers dance in the breeze\" or a somber mood when \"the sky weeps.\" **Convey Themes:** Helps writers express complex ideas symbolically through human-like behavior. **Flashback** - narrative technique used in literature, film, and other storytelling forms to interrupt the chronological sequence of events and take the audience back to an earlier time. This technique provides background information, adds depth to characters, or explains the context of the current events. **Characteristics of Flashback** **Temporal Shift**: The story momentarily departs from the present timeline to revisit past events. Purposeful Insight: Flashbacks often reveal crucial details about a character\'s past, relationships, or motivations. **Seamless Integration:** A well-executed flashback blends naturally with the main narrative, often triggered by a memory, dialogue, or event. Functions of Flashbacks **Character Development:** Helps the audience understand a character\'s backstory or emotional depth. Example: A character recalls their childhood to explain their fear of water. **Plot Clarification:** Reveals key events or details that explain current situations or conflicts. Example: A detective remembers a crucial clue from an earlier case. **Theme Reinforcement:** Highlights recurring themes by linking past events to the story\'s present. **Builds Suspense:** Creates intrigue by withholding information and gradually revealing it through flashbacks. **Example of Flashback in Literature** In \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" by Harper Lee, Scout often recalls her childhood memories, providing context for the racial and social tensions in her town. In \"The Great Gatsby\" by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Jay Gatsby's past relationship with Daisy is revealed through flashbacks, which explain his obsession and actions. **Queer theory** - intellectual and cultural movement that emerged in the early 1990s, drawing upon feminist theory, post-structuralism, and LGBTQ+ activism. It critiques and deconstructs traditional understandings of sexuality, gender, and identity, arguing that these categories are fluid, socially constructed, and often used to enforce normative power structures. **Marxism** - socio-political and economic theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the 19th century. It provides a framework for analyzing and critiquing the structure of capitalist societies and advocating for a revolutionary transformation towards socialism and, ultimately, communism. **Feminism** - social, political, and intellectual movement advocating for the rights, equality, and empowerment of women and marginalized genders. It challenges systems of patriarchy and seeks to dismantle social, cultural, and economic structures that perpetuate gender inequality. **Biographical theory** - literary and critical approach that focuses on the life of the author and how their personal experiences, beliefs, and circumstances influence their work. This theory seeks to understand how an author's life---such as their background, relationships, and historical context---shapes their writing, themes, characters, and the meaning of their texts. Biographical criticism often looks at the author\'s intentions, personal history, and events in their life to interpret the deeper layers of their works. **\"The Gift of the Magi\"** - short story by O. Henry, renowned for its poignant depiction of love and selflessness. It tells the story of a young couple, Jim and Della, who are financially constrained but deeply in love. Each sacrifices their most treasured possession to buy a meaningful gift for the other. Della sells her beautiful long hair to buy a chain for Jim's pocket watch, while Jim sells his watch to buy combs for Della's hair. T**he Hunger Games** - dystopian novel by Suzanne Collins, published in 2008, and is the first in a trilogy. The story is set in the nation of Panem, a post-apocalyptic society divided into 12 districts and a wealthy Capitol. Each year, the Capitol forces the districts to send one boy and one girl, called \"tributes,\" to participate in the Hunger Games, a televised fight to the death meant to remind the districts of the Capitol\'s control. **Dead Men\'s Path** - short story by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe, first published in 1953. The story is a brilliant commentary on tradition versus modernity, cultural conflict, and the consequences of arrogance in leadership. **The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn** - novel by Mark Twain, first published in 1884. It is considered one of the great American classics, known for its vivid portrayal of life along the Mississippi River and its critique of pre-Civil War Southern society. **The Iliad and the Odyssey** - two epic poems attributed to the ancient Greek poet Homer, written around the 8th century BCE. These works are cornerstones of Western literature, telling grand tales of heroism, war, and adventure during the mythological age of Ancient Greece. **The Code of Hammurabi** - one of the oldest and most comprehensive written legal codes in history, established by King Hammurabi of Babylon around 1754 BCE. Inscribed on a tall black basalt stele, the code consists of 282 laws that governed various aspects of Babylonian society, from trade and contracts to marriage and criminal justice. **Christopher Marlowe (1564--1593)** - an English playwright, poet, and translator of the Elizabethan era. He was one of the most influential figures in early English drama, a contemporary of William Shakespeare, and a pioneer of blank verse. Marlowe\'s works are celebrated for their complex characters, poetic mastery, and exploration of ambition, power, and human frailty. **Edgar Allan Poe (1809--1849**) - an American writer, poet, editor, and literary critic best known for his macabre and Gothic tales. He is considered a master of the short story and a pioneer of both the modern detective story and the psychological horror genre. His works often explore themes of death, madness, love, and the supernatural, and they continue to captivate readers for their dark beauty and innovative storytelling. **Jonathan Edwards (1703--1758) -** a prominent American theologian, preacher, and philosopher during the First Great Awakening, a period of religious revival in the American colonies. Known for his fiery sermons and profound theological writings, Edwards played a key role in shaping American Protestantism and is considered one of the most important figures in American religious history. **Magical realism** - literary and artistic genre where magical elements are blended with the real world in a way that they are accepted as part of everyday life. The key characteristic of magical realism is the seamless integration of fantastical or supernatural events into a realistic setting, with the magical elements treated as normal or unremarkable by the characters in the story. This creates a unique contrast, where the extraordinary exists alongside the ordinary, often revealing deeper truths about human nature, society, and culture. **Metaphor** - figure of speech in which one thing is directly compared to another, without using \"like\" or \"as\" (which would make it a simile). It implies that one thing is another to highlight similarities between them, often adding depth or meaning to a concept. For example: \"Time is a thief\" -- This metaphor suggests that time steals moments from us, even though time isn\'t literally a thief. **Key characteristics of a metaphor:** **Direct comparison:** Unlike similes, which use \"like\" or \"as,\" metaphors imply the comparison directly. **Symbolism:** Metaphors often create a symbolic meaning by comparing an abstract concept with something more tangible or familiar. **Transformation:** They transform the meaning of something by associating it with something else, offering new perspectives. **Examples of metaphors:** \"The world is a stage.\" (*The world is being compared to a stage, suggesting life is like a performance*.) \"He's a rock.\" (*This metaphor implies that the person is strong and dependable, like a rock.)* \"She's a night owl.\" (*This metaphor compares the person to an owl, suggesting she is active at night.)* **Reflective poetry** - type of poetry that focuses on deep contemplation, self-examination, and thoughtfulness about life, experiences, or emotions. It often arises from moments of introspection, where the poet reflects personal insights, memories, or the broader nature of existence. This kind of poetry can explore themes like change, identity, loss, love, or time, with an emphasis on the poet\'s inner thoughts or feelings. **Importance of Rhyme and Rhythm:** **Rhyme** can create musicality, help with memorization, and tie ideas together. **Rhythm** contributes to the poem\'s pacing, emotional tone, and overall feel, whether it's swift and energetic or slow and reflective. *In many poems, rhyme and rhythm work together to enhance the structure and meaning of the poem, creating a cohesive and often pleasing experience for the reader or listener.*