Purposive Communication PDF

Purposive Communication Lesson 1: Communication Process 1.1 Personal Context It involves the background of both Definition of Communication sender and rece...

Purposive Communication Lesson 1: Communication Process 1.1 Personal Context It involves the background of both Definition of Communication sender and receiver of the message. 1. Communication is the successful conveying It includes their education, religion, or sharing of ideas or feelings. socioeconomic status, marital status, and 2. It is also described as a social contact. beliefs that greatly influence what and 3. A systematic process in which people interact how they communicate. with and through symbols to create and interpret 1.2 Physical Context meanings. It pertains to the environment where communication takes place. It involves Importance of Communication tangible factors which can be perceived 1. It fosters coordination, enabling people to by the senses such as temperature, comprehend each other’s thoughts and ideas. humidity, odor, lighting, and noise level 2. Its role is crucial to the smooth functioning of among others. each member within an organization. It includes proximity, how far or how 3. It aids effective and efficient decision-making. close the participants are to each other, 4. It boosts managerial efficiency and leadership as well as the medium used in sending potential in organizations. the message. 5. It promotes peace and cooperation among all 1.3 Social Context employees. It refers to the kind of relationship that 6. It boosts morale and promotes a healthy work exists between the sender and the environment. receiver. It motivates one to communicate with Elements of Communication people who are closer to him and as > Context such he easily gains their respect and > Sender understanding. > Encoding 1.4 Psychological Context > Message It includes the emotions and feelings of > Channel the participants in the communication > Noise process. > Decoding It involves their opinions, judgments, > Receiver prejudices, attitude and perception > Feedback toward each other which can play a part in the transmission of messages. 1. Communication Contexts 1.5 Cultural Context It pertains to the personal, physical, It is one of the vital considerations in social, psychological and cultural communication. circumstances, among others in which It includes sets of beliefs, value systems, communication occurs. ethnicity, age, gender, sexual Communication contexts refer to the orientation, gender identity, and religion setting in which communication takes with which communication happens. place. It helps establish meaning and can influence what is said and how it is said.  Purposive Communication 2. Sender Classification of Noise The sender is the source that starts 6.1 Physical communication. External environmental factors like loud The sender imagines the message and conversations, static on a phone call, or then considers how to transmit it to the visual distractions. receiver. 6.2 Psychological A message is the final concept of the Biological factors such as hearing or idea formulated by the sender. vision impairments, fatigue, or hunger. Mental distractions or emotional states 3. Encoding that affect how a message is received. Encoding is the process of translating 6.3 Semantic information into a form that can be Misinterpretations due to language transmitted to another person or system. differences or ambiguous wording. The sender must first encode their 6.4 Technical message in a way that the receiver can Issues with technology, such as poor understand. internet connectivity or malfunctioning Encoding is the part of transforming equipment. abstract opinions and ideas into symbols 6.5 Culture such as words, pictures, signs, and Misinterpretations arising from cultural marks. A symbol might represent or differences. indicate opinions, statements, and actions. 7. Decoding Decoding is the first stage in listening. 4. Message The receiver converts symbols into It refers to the information, ideas, thoughts from the sender. opinions, attitudes, and feelings the It translates encoded symbols into sender wants to convey. understandable language. Messages may convey through verbal, Without understanding the message, the written and non-verbal cues. receiver will not be able to communicate or give a response. On the other hand, 5. Channel with understanding, the receiver will be It is the medium or tool to transmit the able to easily react or give feedback. message. The person who wants to communicate must choose a channel to 8. Receiver send information, ideas, requests, etc. The recipient (receiver) is the person In face-to-face communication, the who received the message or to whom sender uses all five senses to transmit the message was sent. It is the receiver information. who will try to understand the message in the best possible way to achieve the 6. Noise desired goals. The noise is also called the barrier that Receiver can be one person or a group affects the message from being sent, of people. received, or understood.  Purposive Communication 9. Feedback Example: Exchanges of email, Text The feedback then is the message sent message, Social media posts, and by the receiver in response to a message workplace. he has received Feedback in an interactive model of When this happens, the receiver or communication recipient now acts as sender and the ○ A teacher and a student having a sender vice versa. feedback session on the It also refers to the receiver’s verbal and student’s performance. They non-verbal response to the source’s both ask and answer questions message; response does not necessarily and share opinions have to be verbal for it be considered a ○ A customer service feedback representative and a client Students do not need to give explicit resolving an issue over the remarks about their agreements or phone disagreements on a lecture delivered by ○ A doctor and a patient having a their professor. Instead, they can nod consultation about a health their heads to express agreement or issue. They both exchange shake them to express disagreement. information, diagnose the problem and prescribe a The Communication Model treatment. The definition of communication and its 3. Transaction Model elements can also be further understood in the It is considered the most accurate light of a framework or model to see their representation of the communication interrelatedness. The common models of process. communication that have been utilized over the The transactional model by Ramie et al., years are the: (in Elcomblus, 2020) was designed 1. Linear Model primarily to represent public Also called the transmission model, a communication. linear model is based on the assumption ○ Speakers - here may be that communication is transmitted in a evaluated according to their straightforward manner-from a sender to credibility, self-concept or a receiver. This clearly reflects that attitude towards self or others, communication is a one-way process. knowledge of the subject, and Example: Television, Radio, Newspaper, intention or purpose of and Mass Communication. communication. 2. Interactive Model ○ Listeners - are characterized by The interactive model of communication their purpose of listening, is a two-way process of exchanging knowledge and interest about ideas, messages, and information the topic, listening skills, and between two or more sources. It their attitudes towards self, the involves an active exchange between speaker and ideas or two or more parties, where each party information presented. takes turns as the sender and receiver of ○ Feedback - may be intentional the message. (e.g., reply retort, etc.) or  Purposive Communication unintentional (e.g., yawning), > Objective judgment and verbal (oral or written) or > Value difference nonverbal. > No assumptions ○ Situation - element refers to the > Authenticity physical environment and social context in which 1. Trustworthiness communication occurs. Effective relationships are built on trust and respect. Lesson 2: Communication Principles Keeping your word. Building trust takes long-years, Fundamentals of Interpersonal sometimes decades. It takes a second, a Communication word, or misstep to lose it. Regaining Communication is inevitable. It is an trust takes even longer. - Assegid indispensable part of the daily life. We Habtewold. continuously send and receive messages Being trustworthy requires: Doing the through various channels. right thing. And doing things right. Communication is irreversible. Verbal 2. Effective speaking messages can’t be retracted. Responsible Effective speaking skills are essential communicators listen and evaluate principles of communication. before responding to maintain trust and 3. Active listening positivity. It shows intentional focus on the Communication is complex. We use speaker. Active listening includes words as symbols, giving them receiving, understanding, remembering, connotative and denotative meanings. evaluating, and responding. If you are not paying attention to what others are saying, there is no way you Connotative Denotative will be able to respond effectively. Means the literal Means the implied or Active listening is the basis of all good definition of a word underlying of a word communication. 4.Good writing Principles of Communication Writing affects all areas of your life – Its ultimate goal is to understand each academic, professional, civic, and other; when communicating either personal through speaking or writing, its purpose Written communication takes place in is either to persuade, to entertain, to the form of emails, letters, notices, inform, to express one’s feelings, ideas messages, advertisements, etc. or emotions and to influence others. As much as possible do not depend on grammar and application apps – writing 9 Communication Principles self-constructed sentences can lead to > Trustworthiness effective writing skills. > Effective speaking skills 5. Good reading > Active listening Quick, efficient, and imaginative > Good writing reading techniques are essential > Good reading  Purposive Communication especially in achieving academic success. Equity involves distributing resources and Reading enhances comprehension, opportunities based on individual needs to vocabulary, and analytical skills achieve fair outcomes. Good reading skills make note-taking, commenting, and critiquing documents It recognizes that different people have different easier. circumstances and allocates resources Reading improves concentration and accordingly to ensure everyone can reach an attention span over time. equal outcome. What is the most important benefit of Examples of equity and equality in a classroom reading? setting: Equality would mean giving every Improves memory processing - 38% student the same amount of time and Increases relaxation - 20% resources for a project. Slows down cognitive decline - 22% Equity would mean giving additional Develops good spelling - 20% support to students who need it to ensure all students can succeed equally. 6. Objective Judgment It refers to forming opinions or making 8. No Assumptions decisions based on facts and evidence Assumptions are beliefs accepted rather than feelings, biases, or subjective without evidence. Avoiding them influences. ensures checks and balances in Judgment is inherent in any communication. To ensure clear communicative activity; however, it understanding, should avoid should be objective and constructive. assumptions and practice truthfulness and transparency. 7. Value Difference A relationship should be based on Valuing individual contributions in communication, not on assumption. communication strengthens relationships. Tips to demonstrate truthfulness and Equal rights and opportunities should be transparency in communication. provided regardless of race, religion, Be Honest and Clear: Always provide ethnicity, gender, age, education, or accurate information and avoid hiding socio-economic background. details. If you don’t know something, Communicators value differences by admit it and commit to finding the practicing equity and equality. answer. Encourage Open Dialogue: Create an What is the difference between equity and environment where others feel equality? comfortable sharing their thoughts and Equality means providing the same resources or feedback. This fosters mutual trust and opportunities to everyone. It focuses on treating understanding. everyone the same, regardless of their individual Be Consistent and Accountable: Follow needs or circumstances. through on your promises and be  Purposive Communication consistent in your actions and words. If internet and mobile phones, have made mistakes happen, acknowledge them and it easier for people to connect globally. take responsibility This has accelerated the pace of globalization. 9. Authenticity 2Cultural Exchange: Communication The quality of being real or true. allows for the sharing of cultural All communicators must ensure their practices and ideas, leading to greater information is genuine, valid, and understanding and appreciation of truthful. different cultures. In this digital age, verify information to Economic Integration: Effective prevent spreading fake news that can communication is vital for international cause panic or harm. trade and business. It helps in negotiating deals, managing Lesson 3: Globalization and multinational teams, and understanding Communication diverse markets. Political Collaboration: Communication enables countries to engage in Communication is the process of diplomacy, form alliances, and address exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, global challenges such as climate and feelings between individuals or change and terrorism. groups. Communication and globalization are It involves a sender, a message, a deeply intertwined. Effective medium, and a receiver. communication is both a driver and a Effective communication is essential for product of globalization, enabling the understanding, cooperation, and flow of information, culture, and collaboration. It can be verbal (spoken economic activities across the globe. or written), non-verbal (body language, gestures), or digital (emails, social Global Issues Affecting Communication media). 1. Technological Disparities: Access to Globalization refers to the increasing communication technologies varies interconnectedness and interdependence globally. In some regions, limited of the world’s economies, cultures, and internet access can hinder effective populations. This process is driven by communication. international trade, investment, and the 1.1 Regional Variations: Significant spread of technology and information. differences exist within regions, such as between technologically advanced What is the Relationship Between countries like South Korea and Japan, Communication and Globalization? and less developed ones like Afghanistan and Myanmar in Asia. Communication plays a crucial role in 1.2 Global North vs. Global South: globalization by facilitating the exchange of There is a broad divide between the information and ideas across borders. Here are Global North (e.g., North America, some key points: Europe) with advanced technological Enhanced Connectivity: Advances in infrastructure, and the Global South communication technology, such as the  Purposive Communication (e.g., Sub-Saharan Africa, parts of Asia open expression, while authoritarian and Latin America) with lower levels of regimes impose strict censorship, technological development. limiting what can be said or published. 2. Global Teams: Working in global teams 4.2 Data Privacy Regulations: The introduces challenges such as time zone European Union’s General Data differences, varying work ethics, and Protection Regulation (GDP) enforces diverse communication styles. strict data privacy laws, giving Managing these differences is crucial for individuals control over their data, effective collaboration. whereas the United States has a more Example: Amazon operates with teams fragmented approach with varying state spread across the globe, Leveraging laws. diverse perspectives and local expertise to innovate and maintain a competitive How to Communicate Globally edge. 1. Be considerate of cultural differences. Google is known for its innovative When communicating globally, its important for culture, Google utilizes Global teams to you to understand that cultures and beliefs vary drive its projects and maintain its across different nations. leadership In technology and services. 2. Lear how your associates deal with things 3. Economic Disparities: Economic in their countries. The best way to handle conditions can influence cultural differences is to research beforehand communication styles and access to how different countries handle business resources. meetings or any other type of discourse. 3.1 Limited Access to Technology 3. Be aware of language barriers. English is access to modern communication usually the medium of discourse but technologies like smartphones, some countries do not necessarily use this as computers and the internet can be their primary language. limited individuals from lower-income 4. Go over any form of written backgrounds may rely on outdated correspondence before you send it out to your technology or have no internet access at contacts. all 5. Always stay updated with developments in 3.2 Cost of Communication Tools communications and information technology. some low-income communities, the high 6. Develop active listening skills cost of mobile data plans or internet Listen without judgment : pay attention subscriptions can limit people’s ability to what others are saying without to communicate effectively. immediate forming opinions. 4. Political and Legal Differences: Ask questions: show genuine interest in Different countries have varying understanding the cultural context regulations regarding communication, behind someone’s words and actions. such as censorship laws and data 7. Practice Empathy privacy regulations. These can impact Put yourself in others’ shoes: try to how information is shared and received. understand situations from the 4.1 Censorship and Freedom of perspective of people from different Speech: democratic countries often cultural backgrounds. protect freedom of speech, allowing  Purposive Communication Show respect: acknowledge and respect It refers to our tendency to think that the cultural differences, even if you don’t way we behave and act is the generally fully understand them. accepted code of conduct. When 8. Adapt your communication style someone is different, we have a negative Be flexible: adjust your communication view of them. style to sit the cultural context of your Language differences audience. Problems arise when it is not possible to Use clear language: avoid jargon and understand what the other person is idiomatic expressions that might not be saying because different languages ​are understood by everyone. spoken. Speaking the same language can sometimes lead to differences because Lesson 4: Communication in some words have different meanings in Multicultural Settings different contexts, countries, or cultures. Nonverbal misinterpretations The way we dress, the way we express A. Definition ourselves through body language, eye Culture is... contact and gestures also say something. The customary beliefs, social forms, an A simple gesture like nodding is material traits of a racial, religious, or considered YES in some cultures and social group. NO in others. The set of shared attitudes, values, Preconceptions and Stereotypes goals, and practices that characterizes an Stereotyping involves placing people in institution or organization. predefined niches based on our image of Culture understanding… how we think they are or should be. Influences our personal preference in Stereotypes can lead to expectations and communication style and continues to misconceptions. A preconceived opinion influence our perception of others of another can lead to bias and throughout our life. discrimination Cross-cultural communication Tendency to evaluate Cross cultural communication thus Humans tend to make sense of the refers to the communication between behavior and communication of others people who have differences in any one by analyzing them from one’s own of the following: styles of working, age, cultural point of view without taking nationality, ethnicity, race, gender, into consideration why the other person sexual orientation, etc. is behaving or communicating a certain way. Aims of cross-cultural communication High anxiety Create a feeling of trust. Sometimes being confronted with a facilitate cooperation. different cultural perspective will create Focus on providing the right response an anxious state in an individual who rather than providing the right message. does not know how to act or behave and what is considered to be appropriate B. Sources of Miscommunication C. Communication and Culture Assumption of similarities  Purposive Communication looking to the group. An example of an How are communication and culture individualistic culture would be the intertwined? United States, Canada, Northern and Western Europe. Communication and culture are intertwined. Collectivist cultures emphasize the needs and goals of the group as a whole Communication and culture are intertwined. In over the needs and desires of each fact, they are inseparable. Americans are more individual. In such cultures, direct or straightforward when they deliver their relationships with other members of the messages. Whereas Filipinos, on the other hand, group and the interconnectedness are non-confrontational. They use polite words between people play a central role in or expressions in place of ideas that may come each person's identity. across as offensive, rude, or harsh. Cultures in Latin America, East and Southeast Asia, and Africa are When invited, Filipinos use “I will try” instead collectivist. of saying an outright “No, I will not attend.” 2. Low-context culture views explicit words as a way to convey messages. People in the USA, To increase awareness and to develop Germany, and Scandinavia have low-context competence in communicating in a multicultural culture. Their verbal messages are direct, setting, it is essential to unlock some cultural definite, and detailed. dimensions, provide examples, and explain how High-context culture uses subtle they affect communication as adapted by non-verbal behaviors and implicit Verderber et al. (2015) from the early work of information to convey meaning. Latin Edward T. Hall, and more recently by Gerard America and most Asian cultures have Hendrik Hofstede. high-context culture. Chronemic pertains to how we use and Cultural Dimensions in Communication observe time. Its standards are Individualistic vs. collectivist culture determined by place and time (based on Low-context vs. high-context culture culture). Age and role can play a part in Monochronic vs. polychronic culture how people interpret timing, too. Low-uncertainty avoidance vs 3. Monochronic culture advocates punctuality, high-uncertainty time completion of tasks, and accomplishment Low-power distance culture vs of one task at a time. Schedule matters in a high-power distance culture monochronic culture. e.g USA. Feminine culture vs Masculine Culture Polychronic culture has a more fluid and Long-term orientation culture vs, flexible concept of time. In this culture, Short-term orientation culture. task interruption and multitasking are acceptable practices and maintaining Cultural Dimensions in Communication relationships is more important than 1. Individualistic Culture puts premium on the strictly following a schedule. Latin self and personal influence fulfillment. American, Arab, and Southern European It is when the culture focuses on the cultures are more flexible when it comes individual’s needs and looks for to time. happiness on an individual level before  Purposive Communication UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE refers to the High power distance need to foresee what is going to happen. Supports a flat organizational structure with decentralized decision-making 4. A low-uncertainty avoidance culture is responsibilities. It a participative comfortable with unpredictability and has few management style. rules, allowing for spontaneous responses to Tend value things like tradition (“It’s situations.” always been like this.”) High-uncertainty avoidance cultures Hierarchical – people are ranked within value precision and create rules to society by strict roles. reduce risks. In contrast, people from Mostly observed in the Middle East, the US, Sweden, and Denmark, with Malaysia, Guatemala, Venezuela, and low-uncertainty avoidance, are more Singapore. comfortable with unpredictability.” Mostly likely follows any rule without High-uncertainty avoidance cultures question value precision and create rules to reduce risks. In contrast, people from 6. Masculine or Feminine Culture the US, Sweden, and Denmark, with Masculine culture or masculine society low-uncertainty avoidance, are more is one that stresses different expectations comfortable with unpredictability.” for men and women. In a masculine People from Germany, Portugal, Greece, culture, men are expected to be Peru, and Belgium have low tolerance assertive, competitive, and focused on for uncertainty and prefer to control material success. Women are expected unpredictable situations due to their to be nurturing and focused on people high-uncertainty avoidance.” and quality of life. In contrast, Hofstede 5. Power distance is a term that describes how says a feminine culture or feminine people in a particular culture view power society is one where gender roles are relationships – superior/subordinate more fluid. Both men and women are relationships – between people, including the expected to be nurturing and focused on degree to which that those who are not in power people and quality of life. accept that power is not evenly distributed. This refers to the distribution of roles between men and women. POWER DISTANCE CULTURE Male Challenge, earnings, recognition, and Low power distance advancement are important. Values the equal treatment of everyone Expected to be assertive, competitive, Supports a flat organizational structure and focused on material success. with decentralized decision-making Women are supposed to be tender and responsibilities. It a participative take care of relationships. management style Double standards: men are subjects, mostly observed in Austria, Finland, women are objects. Denmark, Norway, and USA Being responsible, decisive, and Individuals under this culture might be ambitious is for men; being caring and comfortable challenging the status quo gentle is for women. or arguing with the boss  Purposive Communication In Mexico, Italy, and Japan have highly It is more laid back that it has more masculine cultures in which the role of patience in waiting for the outcomes of males is highly valued than the role of an action. females. It values perseverance towards the achievement of goals. Female People from Japan, China, Hong Kong, Relationships and quality of life are and Taiwan can juggle work time and important. leisure time together. Both men and women should be modest. To talk about business during lunch will Both men and women can be tender and not be a big issue for them since they focus on relationships. can mix working time and leisure time. Single standards: both are subjects. They more patient when it comes to Being responsible, decisive, ambitious, waiting for the rewards of their hard caring and gentle is for women and men. work. In Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, there seems to be no male supremacy because Short term orientation males and females are viewed equally in It emphasizes, quick results, fulfillment terms of their role in society. of social obligations, and efficient revenue generation. Female cultures are based on the premise that It values rewards. men and women assume varieties of roles and USA, Pakistan, Russia, UK, Canada, thus, are both valued regardless of their sex and Norway – people here work time is gender. separated from leisure time. To talk about business during lunch In Mexico, Italy, and Japan have highly might be impolite for them. masculine cultures in which the role of males is highly valued that the role of females. An understanding of these cultural dimension is integral to becoming effective intercultural Whereas in Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, communicator who is competent in interacting there seems to be no male supremacy because and dealing with people and situations in males and females are viewed equally in terms multicultural and diverse setting. A competent of their role in society. intercultural communicator interprets and shares meanings with individuals from different 7. Long-term orientation culture refers to how cultures with accuracy, respect, and a high level patience is valued in waiting for the outcomes of of sensitivity. actions. Short-term orientation is characterized by being very performance driven. As the adage says. “ignorance of the law excuses no one.” The same is true of cultural nuances and differences. Long term orientation  Purposive Communication Guidance on the use of appropriate terms and 9. Stay away from using negative questions or phrases, images and more answers. Double negatives are easily 1. Slow down when you speak misunderstood. Keep questions and Allow those who don’t have the same answers simple. native language as you the time to 10. Ask for feedback interpret what you are saying. Request members of the cross-cultural 2. Speak clearly and concisely group to speak up and provide Make eye contact and enunciate plainly. interaction or ask questions. Avoid using ambiguous or dual-meaning 11. Summarize what you have said words. Repeat what you have said in a different 3. Keep it simple way, summarize it and allow people Think in terms of your audience, and time to grasp what you have said. speak to their understanding. Don’t make long speeches. Allow listeners to Lesson 4: The World Englishes in absorb what you have said. Multicultural Setting 4. Maintain respect and courtesy for people who come from different cultures. Diversity is recognized in communication When you respect the people you because of the different background and identity communicate with, this help reduce the of communicators involved in the interaction or stress they feel when trying to transaction. understand what you are saying. 5. Smile and be open Multicultural Your body language communicates your Refers to a society that contains several acceptance or non-acceptance and cultural or ethnic group. respect, as it helps put listeners at ease. Cross-cultural 6. Avoid slang Deals with the comparison of different Slang words are unique to individual cultures. cultures and not always interpreted Intercultural correctly. Describes communities in which there is 7. Shun humor a deep understanding and respect for all What is funny in one culture might not cultures. be in another. Humor might be misunderstood and interpreted in a bad light. 8. Adopt a formal communication approach until you develop a rapport with your group Use a respectful and formal mode of speech until you have developed a relationship with your cross-cultural group. W  Purposive Communication hat is the relationship of communication and Philippine Englishes culture? Globally recognized as one of the best users of English language. 1. Mother Tongue and second language Over the decades, Filipinos developed 2. Race their own variation of English, known 3. Ethnicity as Philippine English. 4. Gender Distinct Accent and Vocabulary: 5. Local Culture Philippine English features a unique 6. Religion accent and localized vocabulary. 7. Regional Attire Creative Writing: It includes a body of 8. Ancestry, parents, and families creative works by Filipino writers in 9. Teachers English. 10. Friends Legitimate Variety: It is a recognized 11. Neighborhood form of English used in key fields like 12. Education science, technology, law, and education. 13. Profession 14. Experience Developing Intercultural Competence 15. Politics World Englishes and intercultural competence 16. Physical Features share the following common features: 17. Media Intercultural competence, which includes skills in interpreting, relating, What makes language dynamic? discovery, and interaction, is crucial for World englishes refers to the various developing World Englishes and forms and varieties of the English reducing misunderstandings. language used in different Developing critical cultural awareness is sociolinguistic contexts around the essential to overcoming prejudice, world. whether it’s towards different language This concept acknowledges that English varieties or broader attitudes towards is not a monolithic language but has otherness. multiple localized forms influenced by Equality in democratic citizenship cultural, social, and historical factors. promotes participation regardless of language or language variety.