Psychology Study Guide Pt. 2 PDF

**PSYCHOLOGY STUDY GUIDE PT.2 (Based on Quizes 1 &2)** **[Quiz 1 Terms]** 1. A psychologist with a biological perspective is interested in studying how human behavior is influenced by brain chemistry. 2. Motor cortex is to frontal lobe as somatosensory cortex is to parietal lobe. 3. T...

**PSYCHOLOGY STUDY GUIDE PT.2 (Based on Quizes 1 &2)** **[Quiz 1 Terms]** 1. A psychologist with a biological perspective is interested in studying how human behavior is influenced by brain chemistry. 2. Motor cortex is to frontal lobe as somatosensory cortex is to parietal lobe. 3. The brain consumes approximately 25% of the body's oxygen. 4. When there is a positive relationship, as values of variable X (e.g., income) increase, values of variable Y (e.g., education level) also increase. 5. A double-blind procedure involves testing the effectiveness of two different drugs for depression, and individual who is not involved in conducting the experiment by analyzing the results and coding the labels so that neither the experimenter nor the participants know which drug. 6. An agonist increases the activity of one or more neurotransmitters, and an antagonist decreases the activity of one or more neurotransmitters. 7. The long, singular fiber leaving the cell body is the axon. 8. Sociocultural and behavioral perspectives explain behavior by focusing on external causal factors. 9. Case Study Example: To develop a hypothesis about why violent crimes are committed, Dr. Green conducted an in-depth investigation of a small Southern town with a violent crime rate triple the national average. 10. The difference between naturalistic observation and participatory observation is that observers become part of the group being studied in a participatory observation. 11. The human brain is estimated to have about 100 billion nerve cells (neurons). 12. Low levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine are associated with Parkinson's disease. 13. A psychologist using the sociocultural perspective would be MOST interested in studying why Canadians have almost as many guns per capita as Americans but a significantly lower level of per capita murders. 14. Black widow spider venom is agonistic to ACh as an antianxiety drug is agonistic to GABA. 15. Psychologists who study how brain chemistry influences behavior are most likely from the biological perspective, wheras psychologists who study how we think, and reason are most likely from the cognitive perspective. 16. Psychology is currently defined as the science of mental and behavioral processes. 17. Researchers use experimental techniques to determine cause-effect relationships and correlational techniques to predict events. 18. Hypothalamus is to sex as hippocampus is to memory. 19. FMRIs are preferred over PET scans because they: - Are far more costly - Less invasive and produce sharper images - Health insurance is more likely to cover them rather than PET scans. 20. Within neurons, communication is electrical. Between neurons, communication is chemical. **[Quiz 2 Terms]** 1. Carrie is paid commission for every 10 boxes she sells, illustrating a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement. 2. Tolman's research on maze running in rats demonstrates latent learning. 3. Classical conditioning is (are) often referred to as Pavlonian conditioning. 4. Negative reinforcement increases behavior by removing an aversive stimulus. 5. After Juan was bitten by a German Shepherd, he feared all dogs. In terms of classical conditioning, Juan's fear of all dogs illustrates generalization. 6. In Pavlov's experiment, UCR (unconditioned response) is to salivation as UCS (unconditioned stimulus) is to meat powder. 7. An example of "reflex" according to classical conditioning is jumping in response to the pop of a firecracker. 8. Positive punishment can be spanking a child for not obeying rules which results in decreases in disobedience. 9. In Watson's study, the white rat was CS (conditioned stimulus); UCS (unconditioned stimulus). 10. The partial recovery of a previously extinguished CR (conditioned response) is to spontaneous recovery, as the disappearance of a CS (conditioned stimulus) is to extinction. 11. Behavioral psychologists are to associating events as cognitive psychologists are to encoding events. 12. Food and water are primary reinforcers as money and praise are secondary enforcers. 13. Out of the following: - Albert Bandura - Instinctual drift-Does not belong - Bobo Doll - Modeling 14. The Yerkes Dobson law is related to a theory of motivation called arousal theory. 15. Pavlov accidentally discovered classical conditioning while studying digestive processes in dogs. 16. Scientists who study the effects of media violence on aggressive behavior have concluded: - Young children and adolescents are more influenced by media violence than other age groups. - Exposure to media violence increases the likelihood of violent behavior both immediately and over the long run. 17. One example of secondary reinforcers is when we get a gold star when you do good work. 18. In the Little Albert study, the loud noise was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). 19. Drive-reduction theory is to push, as incentive theory is to pull. 20. Frank begins training his dog Sigmund to bring him the newspaper by giving Sigmund a treat when the dog goes to the door. During successive attempts at training, he rewards Sigmund with a treat when the dog sniffs the newspaper, picks up the newspaper in his mouth, and brings the newspaper to Frank, in this example, Frank is training his dog using the shaping method.