Psychological Assessment PDF

CHAPTER 2: Historical, Cultural and Legal/Ethical Considerations - Contributed many contemporary tools of 1.0 A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE psychological assessment, includi...

CHAPTER 2: Historical, Cultural and Legal/Ethical Considerations - Contributed many contemporary tools of 1.0 A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE psychological assessment, including questionnaires, rating scales, and self-report inventories. - pioneered the use of a statistical concept central 1.1 ANTIQUITY OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY to psychological experimentation and testing: the coefficient of correlation. - Focused on measuring aspects of people and CHINA their abilities such as, height (standing), height (sitting), arm span, weight, breathing capacity, - For government selection strength of pull, strength of squeeze, swiftness - 1st systematic test - China (2200 BCE) of blow, keenness of sight, memory of form, - Local aristocrats recommended qualified discrimination of color, and steadiness of hand candidates to be sent to the capital where they - Started his Anthropometric Laboratory underwent a series of interviews in which they were questioned about how they would solve Karl Pearson (1857-1936) various problems of politics and governance. - Developed the product-moment correlation - a government official should be a soldier-scholar technique, but its roots can be traced directly to ready to serve the ruling dynasty with physical the work of Galton. prowess, moral rectitude, and a deep knowledge of accumulated cultural wisdom from the past Wilhem Mx Wundt (1832-1920) - Those who passes has priveleges depending on - 1st experimental psychology laboratory, founded the current dynasty at the University of Leipzig in Germany. wear special garb, accorded special - Wundt and his students tried to formulate a courtesies by anyone, exemption from general description of human abilities with taxes, exempt one from respect to variables such as reaction time, government-sponsored interrogation by perception, and attention span. torture if the individual was suspected - Wundt focused on how people were similar, not of committing a crime different. - Started the idea of “standardizing” conditions - They are being assessed for their music, archery, under which the test is administered to avoid architecture, arithmetic, agriculture, geogrphy, extraneous variables. civil law and military tsrategy. Song Dynasty - focused on literature James McKeen Cattell - coined the term mental test in 1890 - Catell Infant intellegence test 1.2 ANCIENT EGYPTIAN AND GRECO-ROMANIAN - Also had specific ideas relative to mental health anf prsonality. 1.4 20th CENTURY Said the personalities may be cause of lack or overabundance of bodily fluids - 1900s - birth of first formal tests of intelligence 1905 1.3 18TH CENTURY The measurement of intelligence RENAISSANCE Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon - Psychological assessment in the modern sense - Published a 30-item “measuring scale of began to emerge. intelligence” designed to help identify Paris schoolchildren with intellectual disability Christian von Wolff - had anticipated psychology as a science and - Before long, psychological tests were being psychological measurement as a specialty used with regularity in such diverse settings as within that science. schools, hospitals, clinics, courts, reformatories, and prisons. Charles Darwin, 1859 - “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural David Weschler Selection” book - a clinical psychologist at Bellevue Hospital in - chance variation in species would be selected or rejected by nature according to adaptivity and New York City, survival value. - introduced a test designed to measure adult - We ascended from ape. intelligence - Our ability to adapt relates to the intelligence of - Originally christened the Wechsler-Bellevue a specie. Intelligence Scale, the test was subsequently revised and renamed the Wechsler Adult Francis Galton Intelligence Scale (WAIS). - Was interested in his cousin;s work about hereditary and individual differences. Has been revised several times since - Galton became an extremely influential then, and versions of Wechsler’s test contributor to the field of measurement. have been published that extend the age  range of testtakers from early childhood the culture. through senior adulthood. - Also devised a group intellegence test in Professionals involved in the assessment enterprise have shown increasing sensitivity to the role of culture response to the military’s need for an efficient in many different aspects of measurement method of screening the intellectual ability of World War I recruits. Henry H. Goddard - Goddard found most immigrants from various The measurement of personlity nationalities to be mentally deficient when tested. Thu public became receptive of intellectual tests. Only - Immigrants are feebleminded. In reality, the findings were largely the eight years after the publication of Binet’s scale, the field result of using a translated Binet test of psychology was being criticized for that overestimated mental deficiency in being too test oriented. native English-speaking populations, let alone immigrant populations. Robert S. Wood Worth - He became controversial - Developed a measure of adjustment and emotional stability that could be administered 1930’s and 1940’s quickly and efficiently to groups of recruits. - IQ tests are not culture-specific and are clarified - “Personal Data Sheet” that they are not intended for minorities. Draftees and volunteers were asked to indicate yes or no to a series of Culture-specific tests questions that probed for the existence - Tests designed for use with people from one of various kinds of psychopathology culture but not from another Revised Stanford- Binet Intelligence - After the War, he developed a personality test for Scale 1937 and 1960 civilian’s use called the Woodworth Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Psychoneurotic Inventory. (WISC), first published in 1949 first widely used self-report ○ assessees themselves supply assessment-related information by responding to questions, keeping a diary, or selfmonitoring thoughts or behaviors. Projective Test - an individual is assumed to “project” onto some ambiguous stimulus his or her own unique needs, fears, hopes, and motivation. Hermann Rorschach - Rorschach Ink Blots Test - Projective tests, such as the Rorschach Inkblot Test, are tests in which an individual is assumed to "project" onto some ambiguous stimulus his or her own unique needs, fears, hopes, and motivation. - Psychological assessment has proceeded along two lines - the academic and applied. - Academic tradition: Researchers at universities throughout the world use the tools of assessment to help advance knowledge and understanding of human and animal behavior. The rights of test--taker - In the applied tradition, the goal is to a. The right to be informed of test findings: select applicants for various positions b. The right to privacy and confidentiality: on the basis of merit - Info provided by clients to psychologists - is consdiered orivileged info. Henry A. Murray, Christiana D. Morgan - Priveleg is not absolute- psychologists - The use of pictures as projective stimuli was may have to disclose info. I ordered by popularized in the late 1930s the courts of the clients may harm self or other. 2.0 CULTURE AND ASSESSMENT - Another ethical mandate, regarding cinfidentiality, pertains to safe-guarding Culture is defined as “the socially transmitted behavior test data. patterns, beliefs, and products of work - The right to the least stigmatizing label: of a particular population, community, or group of The standards advise that the least people” stigmatizing labels should always be assigned when reportung test results. The culture affects the person and the person affects PPT | LECTURE | TEXTBOOK : PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PSYCH ASSESS PAGE 2 MB: Kayezelle Velasco | Template: @wonrika  - PPT | LECTURE | TEXTBOOK : PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PSYCH ASSESS PAGE 3 MB: Kayezelle Velasco | Template: @wonrika  PPT | LECTURE | TEXTBOOK : PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PSYCH ASSESS PAGE 4 MB: Kayezelle Velasco | Template: @wonrika