PSYCH1101-MODULE-2.pdf

MODULE 1-2: PSYCH 1101 PSY1101 1ST SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | NEUROLOGICAL BASIS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR WHY BIOLOGY? The biological pe...

MODULE 1-2: PSYCH 1101 PSY1101 1ST SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | NEUROLOGICAL BASIS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR WHY BIOLOGY? The biological perspective in psychology emphasizes the role of biology, genetics, and the physical brain in understanding behavior and mental processes views behavior as a product of biological processes ○ including neurotransmitters, hormones, and genetics important for understanding how our biology influences our thoughts, feelings, and actions, and it has practical application in fields like CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ○ clinical psychology, neuropsychology, and psychopharmacology for developing treatments is a crucial component of the nervous system and plays a and interventions based on biological factor central role in controlling and coordinating various bodily functions THE CURIOUS CASE OF PHINEAS GAGE 2 MAIN PARTS: BRAIN & SPINAL CORD The case of Phinease Gage is a famous and pivotal THE BRAIN example in the history of psychology and neuroscience. He was a railroad construction foreman in the 19th is the most complex and vital organ in the CNS century who became known for a traumatic brain injury serves as the command center for the entire body, that dramatically altered his personality and behavior. processing sensory information, initiating responses, and coordination numerous functions THE NERVOUS SYSTEM FOUR MAIN LOBES OF THE BRAIN DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. FRONTAL LOBE ○ involves in decision-making, planning, reasoning, problem-solving, and judgment Central Nervous System ○ performs: voluntary motor movements and ○ Brain - receives and processes sensory emotional behaviors information, initiates responses, stores BROCA’S AREA - left frontal lobe, necessary for combining sounds memories, generates thoughts and emotions into words and arranging words into meaningful sentences ○ Spinal Cord - conducts signals to and from the brain, controls reflex activities ○ “language production” Peripheral Nervous System BROCA’S APHASIA- a person cannot speak in fluent sentences but can understand written and spoken words Motor Neurons - CNS to muscles and glands ○ Somatic Nervous System - controls voluntary 2. PARIETAL LOBE movements ○ processing sensory information including touch ○ Autonomic Nervous System - controls and bodily sensations involuntary movements ○ somatosensory cortex- processes sensory Sympathetic Division- “fight or flight” information, spatial navigation Parasympathetic Division- “rest or 3. OCCIPITAL LOBE digest” ○ processing visual information and perception Sensory Neurons - Sensory organs to CNS PSY1101: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCH LESSON # 1  MODULE 1-2: PSYCH 1101 PSY1101 1ST SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | VISUAL AGNOSIA- an individual fails to recognize some object, - a bundle of nerve fibers or axons that serves as person, or color, yet has the ability to see and describe pieces or the primary communication pathway between parts of some visual stimulus the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain NEGLECT SYNDROME- failure of a patient to see objects or parts of THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM the body on the side opposite to brain damage consists of nerves and ganglia (clusters of nerve cell PROPAGNOSIA- cannot recognize faces bodies) that connect the CNS to the rest of the body 4. TEMPORAL LOBE 2 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF PNS: ○ primarily associated with auditory processing and memory 1. Sensory input ○ collects sensory information from the external WERNICKE’S AREA- necessary for speaking in coherent sentences environment and internal body systems and for understanding speech 2. Motor input ○ carries motor signals from the CNS to various ○ ”language comprehension” muscles, glands, and organs in the body, enabling voluntary and involuntary movements WERNICKE’S APHASIA- difficulty in understanding spoken or written words and in putting words into meaningful sentences NEURONS - also known as a nerve cell, are the fundamental building blocks of the nervous system; plays a central role in transmitting AMNESIA & ITS 2 TYPES: information within the nervous system ○ RETROGRADE AMNESIA- inability to recall past memories DIFFERENT TYPES OF NEURONS ○ ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA- inability to form new memories 1. SENSORY - neurons take sensory information from the environment and sends the signal to the brain LIMBIC SYSTEM: OLD BRAIN 2. MOTOR- neurons communicate information from the brain to tissues and organs throughout the body, allowing for movement 1. Cerebrum 3. INTERNEURON- neurons make up the majority of neurons - largest part of the brain, responsible for higher in the body. cognitive functions, including thinking, memory, reasoning, language, and voluntary muscle -essentially the “middle man”, transmitting movements information between sensory and motor neurons. 2. Hypothalamus - responsible for regulating emotions, sleep, -play key role in learning, memory, and planning. hormones, and physical expression of emotions 3. Amygdala PARTS OF A NEURON - generate emotional responses such as fear, anxiety, and aggression 4. Hippocampus 1. DENDRITES - spatial navigation, stores memory, and recall ○ branchlike extensions that arise from the cell 5. Brain Stem body - connects the brain and spinal chord.It also ○ receives electrical signals from other neurons, controls heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing muscles, or sense organs and passes these 6. Cerebellum signals to the cell body. - for motor coordination, balance, and the 2. CELL BODY precision of voluntary muscle movements ○ manufactures chemicals, and maintains the 7. Thalamus entire neuron in working order - acts as a relay station for sensory information ○ contains the nucleus 8. Corpus Callosum 3. NUCLEUS PSY1101: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCH LESSON # 2  MODULE 1-2: PSYCH 1101 PSY1101 1ST SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | ○ contains the genetic material (chromosomes) of EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY the neuron cell 4. AXON EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS ○ conducts electrical impulses along the neuron ○ open receptor locks and turns on neurons. cell ○ increase the chances of communication ○ a single thread-like structure that extends from, between neurons and make the brain and and carries signals away from, the cell body to nervous system more active and alert neighboring neurons, organs, or muscles. INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTER 5. MYELIN SHEATH ○ close locks and turn off neurons ○ looks like separate tubelike segments composed ○ help regulate and control the brain’s activity by of fatty material that wraps around and reducing the likelihood of overstimulation insulates an axon ○ prevents interference from electrical signals TYPES OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS generated in adjacent axons ○ insulates the axon to help protect the neuron 1. DOPAMINE (EXCITATORY) cell and speed up transmission of electrical ○ FUNCTION: associated with feelings of pleasure impulses reward, and motivation i. Nodes of Ranvier ○ IMBALANCE: allows the transmission from i. EXCESS- Schizophrenia a myelin sheath to another ii. DEFICIENCY: Parkinson’s Disease, 6. AXON TERMINAL 2. SEROTONIN (EXCITATORY) ○ transmits electrical and chemical signals to ○ HAPPY HORMONE other neuron cells and effective cells ○ FUNCTION: regulates mood, sleep, appetite, and 7. SYNAPSE pain ○ is an infinitely small space that exists between ○ IMBALANCE: Low serotonin levels— depression, an end bulb and its adjacent body organ (heart), anxiety, and insomnia muscle (head), or cell body. 3. NOREPINEPHRINE (EXCITATORY) ○ ”flight or fight” response, increasing alertness HOW DO NEURONS COMMUNICATE? and arousal ○ EXCESS: anxiety Dendrites-> Cell Body-> Nucleus-> Axon (covered with Myelin ○ DEFICIENCY: low energy levels—depression Sheath)-> Dendrites-> Synapse 4. GAMMA - AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (INHIBITORY) ○ reducing the activity of the neurons and helps THE SYNAPSE calm the nervous system ○ IMBALANCE: Low GAMMA—anxiety, panic disorders, and epilepsy From the presynaptic axon terminal, the 5. GLUTAMATE (EXCITATORY) neurotransmitter is inside a synaptic vesicle along with ○ promoting the FIRING of neurons mitochondrias, and stops at the synaptic cleft. Eventually ○ essential for learning and memory the neurotransmitter connects to a receptor and ion ○ EXCESS: overstimulation channel in the postsynaptic dendrite ○ DEFICIENCY: neurodegenerative diseases—Alzheimer’s and conditions like migraines 6. ACETYLCHOLINE (INHIBITATORY) NEUROTRANSMITTERS ○ involved in muscle control, learning, and memory are chemical messengers that play a crucial role in ○ EXCESS: muscle spasms and convulsions communication between nerve cells, or neurons, in the ○ DEFICIENCY: reduced acetylcholine nervous system levels—Alzheimer’s disease are essential for many functions, including mood, sleep, 7. ENDORPHINS (EXCITATORY) movement, and learning ○ natural painkillers and mood elevators, produced in response to stress and pain PSY1101: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCH LESSON # 3  MODULE 1-2: PSYCH 1101 PSY1101 1ST SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | ○ imbalance can lead to altered pain perception c. dysfunctions can lead to problems related to and mood disorders calcium regulation and bone health 8. TESTES THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM a. crucial endocrine glands that produce TESTOSTERONE, a hormone with multiple The endocrine system is a complex system of glands and hormones functions related to male sexual development, that regulates and coordinates various physiological processes in the reproductive health, physical well-being, and body. more. The endocrine system uses hormones to communicate more slowly but over longer distances ENDOCRINE GLANDS 1. PITUITARY GLAND a. referred to as the “master gland” b. makes “Growth Hormone” which regulates growth c. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) which tells the thyroid gland to make hormones 2. THYROID GLAND a. located in the neck, produces hormones that regulate metabolism b. plays a role in controlling heart, muscle, and digestive function, brain development and bone maintenance 3. ADRENAL GLAND a. produces hormones like cortisol, involved in stress response, and adrenaline (epinephrine) for the “fight or flight response” 4. PANCREAS a. has both endocrine and exocrine functions b. involves producing insulin (to decrease sugar) and glucagon (to increase sugar) to regulate blood sugar levels 5. PINEAL GLAND a. the pineal gland in the brain secretes MELATONIN, which helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle 6. OVARIES a. produces hormones primarily ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE that regulate menstrual cycle, support reproductive health, and influence various aspects of female physiology b. dysfunctions can lead to hormonal imbalances and reproductive health issues 7. PARATHYROID GLANDS a. small glands located near the thyroid gland b. helps regulate calcium levels in the blood by producing PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) PSY1101: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCH LESSON # 4