PSYCH1101 MODULE 2.pdf

MODULE 1-2: PSYCH 1101 PSY1101 1ST SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | THE BRAIN...

MODULE 1-2: PSYCH 1101 PSY1101 1ST SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | THE BRAIN NEUROLOGICAL BASIS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR is the most complex and vital organ in the CNS WHY BIOLOGY? serves as the command center for the entire body, processing sensory information, initiating responses, and coordination numerous functions The biological perspective in psychology emphasizes the role of biology, genetics, and the physical brain in FOUR MAIN LOBES OF THE BRAIN understanding behavior and mental processes views behavior as a product of biological processes 1. FRONTAL LOBE ○ including neurotransmitters, hormones, and ○ involves in decision-making, planning, reasoning, genetics problem-solving, and judgment important for understanding how our biology influences ○ performs: voluntary motor movements and our thoughts, feelings, and actions, and it has practical emotional behaviors application in fields like ○ clinical psychology, neuropsychology, and # BROCA’S AREA psychopharmacology for developing treatments and interventions based on biological factor ○ left frontal lobe, necessary for combining sounds into words and arranging words into meaningful sentences THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ○ “language production” DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM —BROCA’S APHASIA Central Nervous System ○ a person cannot speak in fluent sentences but can understand written and spoken words ○ Brain - receives and processes sensory 2. PARIETAL LOBE information, initiates responses, stores ○ processing sensory information including touch memories, generates thoughts and emotions and bodily sensations ○ Spinal Cord - conducts signals to and from the ○ somatosensory cortex- processes sensory brain, controls reflex activities information, spatial navigation 3. OCCIPITAL LOBE Peripheral Nervous System ○ processing visual information and perception Motor Neurons - CNS to muscles and glands VISUAL AGNOSIA ○ Somatic Nervous System - controls voluntary movements ○ an individual fails to recognize some object, ○ Autonomic Nervous System - controls person, or color, yet has the ability to see and involuntary movements describe pieces or parts of some visual stimulus Sympathetic Division- “fight or flight” Parasympathetic Division- “rest or NEGLECT SYNDROME digest” ○ failure of a patient to see objects or parts of the Sensory Neurons - Sensory organs to CNS body on the side opposite to brain damage 4. TEMPORAL LOBE ○ primarily associated with auditory processing CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and memory is a crucial component of the nervous system and plays a # WERNICKE’S AREA central role in controlling and coordinating various bodily functions necessary for speaking in coherent sentences and for 2 MAIN PARTS: BRAIN & SPINAL CORD understanding speech PSY1101: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCH LESSON # 1  MODULE 1-2: PSYCH 1101 PSY1101 1ST SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | ○ ”language comprehension” ○ receives electrical signals from other neurons, muscles, or sense organs and passes these —WERNICKE’S APHASIA signals to the cell body. 2. CELL BODY difficulty in understanding spoken or written ○ manufactures chemicals, and maintains the words and in putting words into meaningful entire neuron in working order sentences ○ contains the nucleus 3. NUCLEUS AMNESIA & ITS 2 TYPES: ○ contains the genetic material (chromosomes) of the neuron cell ○ RETROGRADE AMNESIA- inability to recall past 4. AXON memories ○ conducts electrical impulses along the neuron ○ ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA- inability to form new cell memories ○ a single thread-like structure that extends from, and carries signals away from, the cell body to THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM neighboring neurons, organs, or muscles. 5. MYELIN SHEATH consists of nerves and ganglia (clusters of nerve cell ○ looks like separate tubelike segments composed bodies) that connect the CNS to the rest of the body of fatty material that wraps around and insulates an axon 2 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF PNS: ○ prevents interference from electrical signals generated in adjacent axons 1. Sensory input ○ insulates the axon to help protect the neuron ○ collects sensory information from the external cell and speed up transmission of electrical environment and internal body systems impulses 2. Motor input i. Nodes of Ranvier ○ carries motor signals from the CNS to various allows the transmission from muscles, glands, and organs in the body, a myelin sheath to another enabling voluntary and involuntary movements 6. AXON TERMINAL ○ transmits electrical and chemical signals to DIFFERENT TYPES OF NEURONS other neuron cells and effective cells 7. SYNAPSE 1. SENSORY - neurons take sensory information from the ○ is an infinitely small space that exists between environment and sends the signal to the brain an end bulb and its adjacent body organ (heart), 2. MOTOR- neurons communicate information from the muscle (head), or cell body. brain to tissues and organs throughout the body, allowing for movement HOW DO NEURONS COMMUNICATE? 3. INTERNEURON- neurons make up the majority of neurons in the body. Dendrites-> Cell Body-> Nucleus-> Axon (covered with Myelin Sheath)-> Dendrites-> Synapse -essentially the “middle man”, transmitting information between sensory and motor neurons. THE SYNAPSE -play a key role in learning, memory, and From the presynaptic axon terminal, the planning. neurotransmitter is inside a synaptic vesicle along with mitochondrias, and stops at the synaptic cleft. Eventually PARTS OF A NEURON the neurotransmitter connects to a receptor and ion channel in the postsynaptic dendrite 1. DENDRITES ○ branchlike extensions that arise from the cell body PSY1101: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCH LESSON # 2  MODULE 1-2: PSYCH 1101 PSY1101 1ST SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | NEUROTRANSMITTERS 6. ACETYLCHOLINE ○ involved in muscle control, learning, and memory are chemical messengers that play a crucial role in ○ EXCESS: muscle spasms and convulsions communication between nerve cells, or neurons, in the ○ DEFICIENCY: reduced acetylcholine nervous system levels—Alzheimer’s disease are essential for many functions, including mood, sleep, 7. ENDORPHINS movement, and learning ○ natural painkillers and mood elevators, EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY produced in response to stress and pain ○ imbalance can lead to altered pain perception EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS and mood disorders ○ open receptor locks and turns on neurons. ○ increase the chances of communication THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM between neurons and make the brain and nervous system more active and alert The endocrine system is a complex system of glands and hormones INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTER that regulates and coordinates various physiological processes in the ○ close locks and turn off neurons body. ○ help regulate and control the brain’s activity by reducing the likelihood of overstimulation The endocrine system uses hormones to communicate more slowly but over longer distances TYPES OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS ENDOCRINE GLANDS 1. DOPAMINE (EXCITATORY) ○ FUNCTION: associated with feelings of pleasure 1. PITUITARY GLAND reward, and motivation a. referred to as the “master gland” ○ IMBALANCE: b. makes “Growth Hormone” which regulates i. EXCESS- Schizophrenia growth ii. DEFICIENCY: Parkinson’s Disease, c. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) which tells 2. SEROTONIN (EXCITATORY) the thyroid gland to make hormones ○ HAPPY HORMONE 2. THYROID GLAND ○ FUNCTION: regulates mood, sleep, appetite, and a. located in the neck, produces hormones that pain regulate metabolism ○ IMBALANCE: Low serotonin levels— depression, b. plays a role in controlling heart, muscle, and anxiety, and insomnia digestive function, brain development and bone 3. NOREPINEPHRINE (EXCITATORY) maintenance ○ ”flight or fight” response, increasing alertness 3. ADRENAL GLAND and arousal a. produces hormones like cortisol, involved in ○ EXCESS: anxiety stress response, and adrenaline (epinephrine) ○ DEFICIENCY: low energy levels—depression for the “fight or flight response” 4. GAMMA - AMINOBUTYRIE (INHIBITORY) 4. PANCREAS ○ reducing the activity of the neurons and helps a. has both endocrine and exocrine functions calm the nervous system b. involves producing insulin (to decrease sugar) ○ IMBALANCE: Low GAMMA—anxiety, panic and glucagon (to increase sugar) to regulate disorders, and epilepsy blood sugar levels 5. GLUTAMATE (EXCITATORY) 5. PINEAL GLAND ○ promoting the FIRING of neurons a. the pineal gland in the brain secretes ○ essential for learning and memory MELATONIN, which helps regulate the ○ EXCESS: overstimulation sleep-wake cycle ○ DEFICIENCY: neurodegenerative 6. OVARIES diseases—Alzheimer’s and conditions like a. produces hormones primarily ESTROGEN AND migraines PROGESTERONE that regulate menstrual cycle, PSY1101: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCH LESSON # 3  MODULE 1-2: PSYCH 1101 PSY1101 1ST SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | support reproductive health, and influence various aspects of female physiology b. dysfunctions can lead to hormonal imbalances and reproductive health issues 7. PARATHYROID GLANDS a. small glands located near the thyroid gland b. helps regulate calcium levels in the blood by producing PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) c. dysfunctions can lead to problems related to calcium regulation and bone health 8. TESTES a. crucial endocrine glands that produce TESTOSTERONE, a hormone with multiple functions related to male sexual development, reproductive health, physical well-being, and more. PSY1101: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCH LESSON # 4