pronoun.pdf

## The Pronoun Noun के स्थान पर प्रयुक्त होने वाले शब्द को Pronoun (सर्वनाम) कहते हैं। Mohan is absent because Mohan is ill. इस वाक्य को इस प्रकार कह सकते हैं - Mohan is absent because he is ill. यहाँ 'he' Pronoun है जो Noun 'Mohan' के बदले आया है । Pronouns निम्न प्रकार के होते हैं : ### (1)...

## The Pronoun Noun के स्थान पर प्रयुक्त होने वाले शब्द को Pronoun (सर्वनाम) कहते हैं। Mohan is absent because Mohan is ill. इस वाक्य को इस प्रकार कह सकते हैं - Mohan is absent because he is ill. यहाँ 'he' Pronoun है जो Noun 'Mohan' के बदले आया है । Pronouns निम्न प्रकार के होते हैं : ### (1) Personal Pronouns Personal Pronouns उन्हें कहते हैं जो तीन तरह के Persons के लिए आते हैं । (i) First Person - बात करने वाला (the person speaking); जैसे - I, we, me, us, mine, our, ours, mine. (ii) Second Person - जिससे बात की जाए (the person spoken to); जैसे – you, your, yours, thou, thee, thine. (iii) Third Person – जिसके विषय में बात की जाय (the person or thing spoken of); जैसे- he, she, it, its, him, they, them, her, hers, his, their, theirs. ### (2) Relative Pronouns जो Pronouns दो वाक्यों को जोड़ते हैं तथा अपने से पहले प्रयोग हुए Noun से सम्बन्ध प्रकट करते हैं, उन्हें Relative Pronouns कहते हैं। जैसे - I know the boy who came here. इस वाक्य में who Relative Pronoun है तथा 'boy' इसका antecedent है जिससे यह सम्बन्ध प्रकट करता है । Who, whom, whose, which, what, as, that मुख्य Relative Pronouns हैं । ### (3) Interrogative Pronouns जो Pronouns प्रश्न पूछने का कार्य करते हैं, उन्हें Interrogative Pronouns कहते हैं। जैसे - Who are you? What do you want? Which is your pen? Who, whose, whom, which, what आदि Interrogative Pronouns हैं । ### (4) Demonstrative Pronouns जो Pronouns किसी Noun की ओर संकेत करते हैं, उन्हें Demonstrative (संकेतवाचक) Pronouns कहते हैं। This, that, these, those आदि ऐसे Pronouns हैं। जैसे - This is my pen. That is your book. Note: my, our, your, thy, their, its Possessive Adjectives हैं जब इसके बाद कोई noun आता है। ### (5) Reflexive Pronouns कुछ Pronouns के बाद self या selves लगाकर हम नवीन Pronouns बनाते हैं। उन्हें Reflexive Pronouns कहते हैं। I से myself, we से ourselves, you से yourself या yourselves, he से himself, she से herself, it से itself, they से themselves, जब वाक्य का Subject तथा Object एक ही व्यक्ति हो तो Reflexive Pronoun का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे - I hurt myself. The boy killed himself. जब Reflexive Pronoun उस Pronoun से सटा हुआ होता है जिससे वह बनता है, अथवा subject द्वारा की गई क्रिया का परिणाम प्रत्यावर्तित होकर subject को प्रभावित करता है तो उसे Emphatic Pronoun कहते हैं । e.g. I myself wash my clothes. He himself is responsible for his failure. I myself did it. She herself prepared the food. ### (6) Indefinite Pronouns कभी-कभी Pronouns किसी निश्चित Noun के बदले में न आकर अनिश्चित Noun के लिए आते हैं। ऐसे Pronouns को Indefinite Pronouns कहते हैं। जैसे One must love one's country. Some are born poets. All, much, little, one, some, none, few, many, any इसी प्रकार के Pronouns हैं । ### (7) Distributive Pronouns ये Pronouns वाक्य में प्रयोग हुए व्यक्तियों अथवा वस्तुओं में से प्रत्येक का बोध कराते हैं। Each, either, neither आदि इसी प्रकार के Pronouns हैं। जैसे - Each of the girls got a reward. Neither of the two bats is good. Either of the two roads leads to the station. ### Reciprocal Pronouns ये Pronouns पारस्परिक सम्बन्ध करने के लिए प्रयुक्त होते हैं । जैसे - e.g. Arun and Varun help each other. We are the four friends. We love one another. ## Rules relating to Pronouns **Rule 1.** किसी भी Pronoun का Person, Number तथा Gender अपने पूर्ववर्ती Noun के अनुसार होता है। 1. Every son should obey his parents. 2. All the boys must do their duties. **Rule 2.** जब दो Singular Nouns 'and' से जुड़े हों और उनसे पहले each या every आया हो तो उसके बाद Verb और Pronoun एकवचन (singular) होगा। जैसे - 1. Every boy and every teacher was busy in his work. 2. Each book and each magazine was in its place. **Rule 3.** जब दो या दो से अधिक Singular Nouns को or, either........or, neither.......nor से जोड़ Singular Pronoun का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे - 1. Sita or Rita was teaching her brother. 2. Either Sohan or Mohan has bought his pen. 3. Neither Pramod nor Kamal has learnt his lesson. **Rule 4.** जब एक Singular Subject और एक Plural Subject or, either....or या neither.....nor से जुड़े हो तो Plural Subject को बाद में लाया जाता है और Pronoun अपने पास वाले Noun के अनुसार आता है। जैसे - 1. Either Sohan or his friends forgot their books. 2. Neither Kusum nor her brothers failed in doing their work. **Rule 5.** दो या तीनों Persons का प्रयोग एक ही वाक्य में करने पर उनको क्रमशः इस प्रकार लाया जाता है – II, III, I अर्थात् I Person का Pronoun अन्त में रखा जाता है। इसके लिए 231 की संख्या याद रखो । जैसे - 1. You, he and I are fast friends. 3. He and I can never go there. 2. You and I must go there. 4. You and he can do this work. **Rule 6.** यदि किसी Noun या Pronoun के बाद 1 का प्रयोग होता है तो उनके साथ आने वाला Pronoun, First Person Plural में आता है और यदि किसी third person के साथ You का प्रयोग होता है तो Second Person का Pronoun आता है । जैसे 1. Pramod and I should learn our lessons. 2. You and Pramod should read your books. **Rule 7.** अगर तीनों Persons एक साथ वाक्य में प्रयोग किये गये हों तो उनके साथ First Person बहुवचन का Pronoun आता है। जैसे You, he and I must do our work. **Rule 8.** यदि किसी वाक्य में 'to be' Verb (am, is, are, was, were आदि) का Complement कोई Pronoun है तो वह सदैव Nominative Case होता है। जैसे Incorrect - It is me who can help you. Correct It is I who can help you. **Rule 9.** 'Each other' दो व्यक्तियों के लिये तथा 'one another' दो से अधिक व्यक्तियों के लिये प्रयुक्त होता है। जैसे - 1. Padma and Randhir love each other. 2. These (three or more) children love one another. **Rule 10.** जब Relative Pronoun क्रिया का Subject हो तो क्रिया Relative Pronoun के Antecedent (पूर्ववर्ती) के Number और Person के अनुसार होती है । जैसे 1. Incorrect - It is I who is your friend. Correct It is I who am your friend. 2. Incorrect - This is one of the boys who has stolen the books. Correct This is one of the boys who have stolen the books. **Rule 11.** Relative Pronoun 'who' का प्रयोग प्रायः मनुष्यों के लिए होता है । जैसे 1. The boy who is sitting in the corner reads in my class. 2. He who walks early in the morning gets energy. **Rule 12.** 'Whom' (जिसे, जिसको, जिन्हें, जिनको) का प्रयोग व्यक्तियों के लिये किया जाता है । 'Whose' (जिसका, जिनका) का प्रयोग साधारणतया व्यक्तियों के लिये किया जाता है, किन्तु कभी-कभी इसका प्रयोग निर्जीव वस्तुओं के लिये भी होता है । जैसे 1. This is the boy whom I love. 2. I know the woman whose husband was arrested. 3. The sun, whose rays give life to the earth, is a source of energy. नोट – Who सदैव Nominative, whom सदैव Objective तथा whose सदैव Possessive Case में आता है । **Rule 13.** 'Which' का प्रयोग वस्तुओं तथा जानवरों के लिए होता है। जैसे - 1. I have lost the book which I bought yesterday. 2. The horse which I bought has won the race. **Rule 14.** 'That' का प्रयोग व्यक्तियों तथा वस्तुओं के लिये होता है। जैसे - 1. Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown. 2. The plane that landed a minute ago came from Mumbai. **Rule 15.** जब Antecedent (पूर्ववर्ती) के पहले same या such का प्रयोग हो तो उसके बाद साधारणतया Relative Pronoun 'as' आता है। जैसे 1. Incorrect - This is the same pen which I gave you. Correct This is the same pen as I gave you. 2. Incorrect - Such boys who are careless suffer in their life. Correct Such boys as are careless suffer in their life. **Rule 16.** 'Who' अथवा 'which' के स्थान पर Relative Pronoun 'that' का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित अवस्थाओं में किया जाता है : (a) Superlative Degree के Adjective के पश्चात्; जैसे – This is the best that he could do. (b) All, any, none, nothing, only आदि शब्दों के पश्चात्; जैसे - 1. All that glitters is not gold. 3. There is nothing that attracts me. 2. You may take any pen (that) you like. 4. Man is the only animal that can use his intelligence. (c) Who और what आदि Interrogative Pronouns के पश्चात्; जैसे - 1. What is it that makes you fearless? 2. Who am I that should help you? (d) दो Antecedents के पश्चात्, जब उनमें से एक व्यक्ति को तथा दूसरा किसी जानवर या वस्तु को इंगित करता हो । जैसे - The boy and his dog that had entered my house were locked. **Rule 17.** Relative Pronoun को जितना सम्भव हो सके अपने Antecedent के समीप रखना चाहिए । जैसे – The watch which I bought yesterday was lost. **Rule 18.** Reflexive Pronoun अकेला कभी भी किसी Verb का Subject नहीं बन सकता है, उससे पहले कोई Noun या Pronoun अवश्य आता है। जैसे - Incorrect - Myself did this work. Correct I myself did this work. Note: Reflexive Pronouns ये हैं - myself, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself तथा themselves. **Rule 19.** Avail, betake, absent, pride, enjoy, drink, oversleep, resign, apply, avenge आदि Transitive Verbs के साथ Reflexive Pronoun का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे 1. I prided myself on my strength. He prides himself upon his skill as a pianist. 2. The boys absented themselves from the class. 3. He availed himself of this opportunity. 4. Mohan avenged himself on his enemy for the injury. 5. We enjoyed ourselves in the fair. **Rule 20.** Either और neither दो वस्तुओं या व्यक्तियों के सम्बन्ध में प्रयोग होता है । दो से अधिक वस्तुओं या व्यक्तियों के सम्बन्ध में any, none का प्रयोग होना चाहिए । जैसे – 1. Either of you can take it. 3. None of the five boys can do this work. 2. Neither of the two pens is cheap. **Rule 21.** अगर वाक्य में Indefinite Pronoun 'One' का प्रयोग हुआ है तो अन्त तक Pronoun के स्थान पर का ही प्रयोग होता है। जैसे Incorrect - One should do his duty. Correct - One should do one's duty. **Rule 22.** 'Than' और 'As' के पश्चात् आने वाला Pronoun स्थिति तथा अर्थ के अनुसार Nominative अथका Objective Case में से किसी में भी हो सकता है । जैसे - 1. I am not so rich as he (is). 2. He likes you better than (he likes) me. **EXERCISE 5** Fill in the blanks with one of the words given in the brackets against each sentence: 1. Let _____ go to the movie today. 2. I know the woman _____ child was hurt. 3. ______ can I do for you? 4. Take anything ______ you like. 5. ______ have you got in your pocket? 6. This room is for you and ______. 7. He behaved in such a manner . . . I had never hoped. 8. ______ are you asking about? 9. Behind ______ and ______ were many seats. 10. Neither she nor they have brought ______ books. **EXERCISE 6** **Correct the following sentences:** 1. One must do his duty. 2. I, you and he went to Delhi. 3. Being a very cold day, I could not go out. 4. You should avail of this opportunity. 5. It is me who did it. 6. Yourself are responsible. 7. I and you have done it. 8. This book is my. 9. What is it which troubles you so much? 10. You and I have done my task. 11. One should keep his word. 12. Whom book is this? 13. I will avail of this chance. 14. It is I who has done it. 15. None of the two sisters is married. 16. One should take care of his health. 17. Let you and I go there. 18. He is one of those people who knows everything. 19. Whose did you punish ? 20. I who are your friend will help you. 21. We enjoyed in the fair. 22. He and myself took dinner. 23. Each boy should obey his parents. 24. It is me who can help you. 25. Neither of the two boys are good. 26. This is all what I know. 27. It is not me who is in love with you. **EXERCISE 6 (MCQ)** **Pick up rightly corrected sentences in the following:** (a) We enjoyed ourselves in the fair. (b) We take enjoyment in the fair. (c) We saw the fair and enjoyed. (d) We enjoyed much in the fair. 2. The book whom we like most is out of print. (a) Which book we like most is out of print. (b) The book which we like most is out of print. (c) The book is out of print which we like most. (d) We like the book most which is out of print. 3. One should love his country. (a) Every one should love one's country. (b) One should love his or her country. (c) One should love one's country. (d) A man should love his country. 4. He can run faster than me. (a) I can not run as fast as him. (b) He can run more fast than me. (c) He can not run faster than me. (d) He can run faster than I. 5. Neither of the two friends are faithful.' (a) None of the two friends are faithful. (b) Neither of the two friend is faithful. (c) Neither of the two friends is faithful. (d) None of the two friends is faithful. ## (4) Rules of Adjective **Rule 1.** (a) प्राय: Adjective को उसी शब्द से पूर्व प्रयोग किया जाता है जिसको वह qualify करता है । लेकिन Adjective का Predicative use होने पर उसे Verb के पश्चात् भी रखा जाता है । जैसे The boy was strong, handsome and young. याद रखिये जब Adjective शब्द Noun के पहले आता है तो इसको Attributive use of Adjective कहते हैं किन्तु जब Noun शब्द Verb के पूर्व और Adjective शब्द Verb के पश्चात् आता है तो इसको Predicative use of Adjective कहा जाता है। जैसे - He is a good boy. में Adjective good का Attributive use है तथा The boy is good. में Predicative use है । (b) जब कोई Adjective, title की तरह प्रयुक्त हो तो उसे Noun के बाद रखना चाहिए । जैसे – Alexander the Great conquered many countries. (c) Phrases में Adjective को उसके Noun के पश्चात् रखते हैं । जैसे – Heir apparent; Time immemorial; Point blank; Words sublime; God the Almighty. **Rule 2.** Superior, junior, inferior, prior, senior आदि शब्द जिनके अन्त में 'ior' लगा होता है Comparative Degree में ही प्रयोग करते हैं और इनके पश्चात् "Than' के स्थान पर 'To' का प्रयोग करते हैं । जैसे - 1. Shyam is inferior to Mohan. 2. He is senior to me. **Rule 3.** Interior, exterior, major, minor, former, latter, upper, inner, outer आदि Adjectives का प्रयोग Positive Degree की भाँति होता है। जैसे – 1. He received a minor injury. 2. He has finished the major portion of his work. 3. He lives in the upper storey. **Rule 4.** कुछ Adjectives अर्थ में सर्वोच्च स्थिति (highest degrees) दिखाते हैं । अतः इनकी Comparative और Superlative Degrees नहीं होती हैं । जैसे round, perfect, unique, chief, complete, eternal, extreme, ideal, entire, empty, universal, square आदि । 1. Incorrect - This book is most complete in every way. Correct This book is complete in every way. 2. Incorrect - He is the most perfect gentleman. Correct He is a perfect gentleman. **Rule 5.** दो व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं की तुलना के लिए Comparative Degree और इससे अधिक के लिए Superlative Degree का प्रयोग करते हैं । जैसे 1. Incorrect - She is the wisest of the two. Correct She is the wiser of the two.