Predicted Final.pdf

Predicted Final Both Sam and Suzanna, age 11, are having trouble making friends. A counselor assesses each of them for social interactive skills and discovers that Sam has poor perspective-taking skills but she fails to use these skills effectively when interacting with others. In Selman’s terms...

Predicted Final Both Sam and Suzanna, age 11, are having trouble making friends. A counselor assesses each of them for social interactive skills and discovers that Sam has poor perspective-taking skills but she fails to use these skills effectively when interacting with others. In Selman’s terms these two children show different levels of _____ but similar levels of _____. A) Conscience B) Power Assertion C) Hereditary material D) Competence/Performance Answer: D Bowlby’s attachment theory suggests that a primary outcome of the formation of attachments in infancy is: A) Infants become detached and isolated from others B) Attachments hinder social development in infants C) Infants develop a fear of all relationships D) A working model of self, of others, and of relationships Answer: D In a study of children from elementary school to young adulthood (Mahoney, 2000), participation in extracurricular activities for at least a year was associated with high rates of graduation and low rates of criminal activity if the student’s: A) Peer group also participated in the extracurricular activity B) The student had perfect attendance in school C) A working model of self, of others, and of relationships D) Family members were against the extracurricular activities Answer: A The idea that children’s development is affected by biological factors and that biological factors are also affected by the environment and experience is part of:  A) Developmental stage theories B) Multidimensional system theories C) Social learning theories D) Competence/Performance Answer: B The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a significant role in: A) The human response to stress B) Conscience C) X-linked recessive diseases D) Determining the sex of a fetus Answer: A For counselors who work with families that include children of different ages, which of the following statements is true? A) A working model of self, of others, and of relationships B) Parents need to be flexible as children get older and adjust their rules and expectations to developmentally changing competence and needs C) Parents should enforce the same rules for all children regardless of age D) Parents should set strict rules that do not change over time Answer: B Jeremy, a 2nd grader, is in the counselor’s office because he hit another boy on the playground. He tells the counselor that he knew the other boy was about to hit him first. He was just “getting back” at the other student. The counselor tries to help Jeremy control his aggressive behavior by explaining that the other boy didn’t intend to hurt him. Given what you have learned about social development, which of the following is your best recommendation for the counselor? A) Competence/performance B) Preoperational thought is centered, but concrete operational thought is decentered  C) Baby’s tendency to orient to new stimulation D) Jeremy probably doesn’t have a good understanding of another person’s intentions at this age. The counselor should assess the quality of Jeremy’s perspective-taking and structure the intervention accordingly. Answer: D Negative affectivity refers to: A) The tendency to seek out new experiences and take risks B) The extent to which a person experiences nervousness, fear, anger, sadness, contempt, and guilt C) The ability to effectively manage stress and remain calm in difficult situations D) The level of happiness and joy a person feels on a daily basis Answer: B The internalization of rules and standards of behavior is most closely associated with the development of: A) Superego B) Conscience C) Temperament D) Competence/performance Answer: B According to Vygotsky, language is one product of shared understanding among members of a social group and may be considered a ____ that facilitates learning and thinking. A) Barrier to communication B) Tool or sign C) Obstacle for understanding D) Hindrance to social interaction Answer: B  In an assessment of peer relationships, Fred was rarely selected by classmates as someone to play with or to do a class project with. But Fred was also rarely selected as someone whom classmates would refuse to play with. Children like Fred seem to be: A) Choosing not to participate very actively in peer activities B) Preferring to play alone during recess C) Always seeking attention from classmates D) Being a leader in group projects Answer: A In Ainsworth et al.'s (1978) study of attachment formation, some mothers were less responsive to their babies' signals than others. One group of mothers seemed to be reluctant to hold their babies, showed less warmth and affection than other mothers, and were more rejecting and angry. When their babies were tested in the Strange Situation, the children tended to fit which category of attachment? A) Avoidant B) Histrionic C) Dependent D) Ambivalent Answer: A Using Erikson’s developmental theory as a framework, which of the following statements is an accurate representation of his ideas? A) A working model of self, of others, and of relationships B) The resolution of crises is not important in Erikson’s theory C) Negative experiences are more beneficial than positive experiences D) Successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at each stage depends upon having more positive than negative experiences in the area of major concern Answer: D Research using habituation and preferential response paradigms has provided much of what we know about infants’ perceptual abilities. The habituation paradigm takes advantage of: A) Child’s ability to ignore new stimuli B) Baby’s tendency to orient to new stimulation C) Toddler’s resistance to change in stimulation D) Infant’s preference for familiar stimuli Answer: B Sasha, a 3-year-old girl, was having difficulty settling down at bedtime. She ran around her house trying to make her parents catch her before getting into bed. Sasha’s behavior awakened her baby sister asleep in the next room. John, Sasha’s father, felt pushed to his limit, screamed at Sasha to stop, and threatened her with a spanking. Which type of discipline did Sasha’s father use? A) Withdrawal of love B) Hereditary material C) Power assertion D) Induction Answer: C Piaget’s description of the differences between preoperational thought (characteristic of preschool-aged children) and concrete operational thought (characteristic of elementary school-aged children) includes which of the following? A) Preoperational thought is more logical B) Preoperational thought is centered but concrete operational is decentered C) Both types of thought involve abstract reasoning D) Concrete operational thought is more imaginative Answer: B If mother and baby are cooing and smiling at each other and then the mother withdraws and becomes unresponsive, the typical infant will first engage in _____ and then in _____. A) Other-directed coping behaviors/self-directed coping behaviors  B) Regression/problem-solving C) Avoidant coping strategies/active coping strategies D) Social withdrawal/seeking attention from others Answer: A The epigenome is the full set of factors from the cell to the outside world that controls the expression of: A) The zygote B) Hereditary material C) Recessive genes D) Histones Answer: B In Bronfenbrenner’s model, proximal processes refer to: A) Random occurrences in unrelated settings B) Isolated events in a distant environment C) Reciprocal interactions between an organism and its immediate environment D) Unidirectional influences from the environment Answer: C Negative reinforcement is best described as: A) Baby’s tendency to orient to new stimulation B) When some unpleasant stimulus is avoided or removed, strengthening the behavior that allows escape from the unpleasantness C) The human response to stress D) Preoperational thought is centered but concrete operational thought is decentered Answer: B Which of the following best describes the concept of "reciprocal determinism" in social learning theory?  A) Behavior is solely determined by the environment B) Behavior is determined by internal drives C) Behavior, environment, and cognition all influence each other D) Behavior is determined by genetics alone Answer: C In Erikson's theory, which stage is characterized by the challenge of developing a sense of competence in school-aged children? A) Trust vs. Mistrust B) Initiative vs. Guilt C) Industry vs. Inferiority D) Identity vs. Role Confusion Answer: C According to Piaget, which of the following cognitive processes is characteristic of the concrete operational stage? A) Egocentric thinking B) Centration C) Reversibility D) Abstract reasoning Answer: C Vygotsky's concept of the Zone of Proximal Development emphasizes the importance of: A) Independent learning B) Social interaction and guidance C) Fixed intelligence D) Biological maturation Answer: B According to Bowlby’s attachment theory, a securely attached child is most likely to: A) Show little distress when the parent leaves and ignore the parent upon return B) Cry when the parent leaves and continue crying when the parent returns C) Use the parent as a secure base to explore the environment D) Show ambivalent behavior towards the parent Answer: C In the context of moral development, Kohlberg's theory suggests that at the conventional level, morality is based on: A) Avoiding punishment B) Following social rules and laws C) Personal ethical principles D) Self-interest Answer: B The "strange situation" test developed by Mary Ainsworth is used to assess: A) Temperament B) Cognitive development C) Attachment styles D) Moral reasoning Answer: C Which of the following is an example of a critical period in development? A) Learning a second language in early adulthood B) Forming an attachment bond during the first two years of life C) Developing mathematical skills in adolescence D) Gaining fine motor skills in late childhood Answer: B In Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, which system includes interactions between the microsystem and the exosystem? A) Mesosystem B) Chronosystem C) Macrosystem D) Microsystem Answer: A When a child learns a new behavior by observing others and then imitating it, this is best explained by: A) Classical conditioning B) Operant conditioning C) Observational learning D) Cognitive dissonance Answer: C Which of the following best explains the concept of "scaffolding" in Vygotsky's theory? A) Gradual withdrawal of support as the learner gains competence B) Reinforcing behavior with rewards C) Punishing incorrect answers to encourage learning D) Providing only the correct answers to the learner Answer: A According to Freud, the part of the personality that operates on the reality principle is: A) Id B) Ego C) Superego D) Unconscious Answer: B  The concept of "habituation" in developmental psychology refers to: A) An increase in response after repeated exposure to a stimulus B) A decrease in response after repeated exposure to a stimulus C) The sudden onset of a new behavior D) The extinction of a conditioned response Answer: B Which of the following statements is true according to the theory of multiple intelligences? A) Intelligence is a single, general ability B) Intelligence is composed of several distinct types C) Intelligence is solely determined by genetic factors D) Intelligence cannot be measured Answer: B In Erikson's stage of "Generativity vs. Stagnation," what is the primary concern of individuals? A) Developing a sense of identity B) Contributing to the next generation C) Establishing intimate relationships D) Reflecting on life’s accomplishments Answer: B A child who understands that a quantity of liquid remains the same when it is poured from one container to another differently shaped container is demonstrating: A) Conservation B) Assimilation C) Accommodation D) Object permanence  Answer: A Which of the following best illustrates the concept of "goodness of fit" in developmental psychology? A) A child who is punished for bad behavior B) The match between a child's temperament and the parenting style used C) A child's ability to adapt to a new school D) The relationship between IQ and academic success Answer: B The term "authoritative parenting" is characterized by: A) High warmth and high control B) Low warmth and low control C) High warmth and low control D) Low warmth and high control Answer: A Which of the following is a common critique of Piaget’s theory? A) It overemphasizes the role of language in cognitive development B) It underestimates children’s cognitive abilities at younger ages C) It focuses too much on social and cultural influences D) It neglects the role of genetic factors Answer: B According to research on moral development, children in the "post-conventional" stage of Kohlberg’s theory are likely to: A) Obey rules to avoid punishment B) Make decisions based on universal ethical principles C) Follow rules for social approval D) Act based on self-interest  Answer: B Which of the following is a characteristic of the preoperational stage according to Piaget? A) Ability to perform logical operations B) Egocentric thinking C) Understanding conservation D) Abstract reasoning Answer: B According to Erikson, what is the primary developmental task in adolescence? A) Trust vs. Mistrust B) Initiative vs. Guilt C) Industry vs. Inferiority D) Identity vs. Role Confusion Answer: D In attachment theory, a child who is indifferent to the departure and return of the caregiver in the Strange Situation is likely displaying: A) Secure attachment B) Insecure-avoidant attachment C) Insecure-resistant attachment D) Disorganized attachment Answer: B Which theory emphasizes the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior? A) Social learning theory B) Psychoanalytic theory C) Classical conditioning D) Operant conditioning  Answer: D Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic motivator for learning? A) A student studies to get a good grade B) A student reads a book because they find it enjoyable C) A student does homework to avoid punishment D) A student participates in class to win a prize Answer: B In Vygotsky’s theory, what is the function of private speech in children? A) To communicate with others B) To regulate their own behavior C) To memorize information D) To entertain themselves Answer: B A child’s ability to understand that others have thoughts, feelings, and perspectives different from their own is known as: A) Theory of Mind B) Object permanence C) Conservation D) Reversibility Answer: A According to Bandura, which of the following is most likely to influence a child’s behavior? A) Genetic predisposition B) Observational learning from models C) Fixed stages of development D) Internal biological drives  Answer: B A developmental milestone in which a child first shows fear of strangers typically occurs at what age? A) 2 months B) 6-9 months C) 12 months D) 18 months Answer: B Which of the following terms is associated with Piaget’s theory and refers to the modification of existing cognitive structures in response to new information? A) Assimilation B) Accommodation C) Equilibration D) Conservation Answer: B Which of the following best illustrates Kohlberg's stage of "conventional morality"? A) A child avoids punishment by following rules B) A teenager follows rules because they believe it is their duty to society C) An adult follows laws they believe are just D) A child follows rules for personal gain Answer: B Which parenting style is most likely to result in children who are socially competent and self-reliant? A) Authoritarian B) Authoritative C) Permissive  D) Neglectful Answer: B A child who has learned that a round object is a "ball" and later learns to call a football a "ball" has demonstrated: A) Assimilation B) Accommodation C) Object permanence D) Centration Answer: A In the context of social learning theory, what is the role of self-efficacy? A) A belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations B) A form of negative reinforcement C) A conditioned response to stimuli D) A method of punishment Answer: A The concept of “habituation” is primarily used to study which aspect of infant development? A) Memory B) Sensory processing C) Motor skills D) Language acquisition Answer: B Which of the following is an example of a fine motor skill that typically develops during early childhood? A) Running B) Jumping C) Using scissors to cut paper  D) Throwing a ball Answer: C A child in the sensorimotor stage who believes that an object ceases to exist when it is out of sight is lacking: A) Object permanence B) Conservation C) Reversibility D) Symbolic thinking Answer: A The concept of "zone of proximal development" (ZPD) is best associated with which type of instructional strategy? A) Independent study B) Direct instruction C) Scaffolding D) Multiple-choice testing Answer: C In Erikson’s stages of development, which virtue is associated with successful resolution of the "integrity vs. despair" crisis? A) Wisdom B) Hope C) Love D) Fidelity Answer: A Which of the following is a primary criticism of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory? A) It overemphasizes conscious processes B) It lacks empirical support and is based on untestable ideas C) It focuses too much on cognitive development  D) It underestimates the influence of culture Answer: B According to research, which of the following is most likely to lead to secure attachment in infants? A) Strict discipline and structure B) Consistent and responsive caregiving C) Limited physical contact with the caregiver D) Early introduction to formal education Answer: B In terms of moral development, a child who believes it is wrong to steal because they will be punished is in which stage of Kohlberg’s theory? A) Pre-conventional B) Conventional C) Post-conventional D) None of the above Answer: A Which of the following cognitive abilities is most likely to decline first with aging? A) Vocabulary B) Crystallized intelligence C) Short-term memory D) General knowledge Answer: C In the Strange Situation experiment, which behavior is most indicative of a secure attachment? A) Ignoring the caregiver upon return B) Showing distress when the caregiver leaves and being comforted upon return  C) Refusing to explore the environment even when the caregiver is present D) Avoiding the caregiver and playing alone Answer: B Which of the following is considered a critical period for language acquisition in humans? A) Prenatal development B) Infancy C) Early childhood D) Late adolescence Answer: C A child who understands that the amount of liquid remains the same when poured into a different shaped container is demonstrating which of Piaget’s concepts? A) Centration B) Conservation C) Reversibility D) Decentration Answer: B Which of the following describes a major milestone in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage? A) Development of abstract thinking B) Understanding object permanence C) Use of symbolic thought D) Mastery of conservation Answer: B What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory? A) The role of biological processes in development  B) The influence of culture and social interaction on cognitive development C) The stages of cognitive development D) The innate abilities of the child Answer: B Which of the following statements is true according to Piaget's theory? A) All children progress through the stages of cognitive development at the same rate B) The order of stages is fixed, but the rate of progression can vary C) Children can skip stages depending on their environment D) The stages are culturally determined Answer: B According to Erikson, what is the developmental task of middle adulthood? A) Achieving a sense of autonomy B) Forming intimate relationships C) Contributing to society and the next generation D) Developing a sense of identity Answer: C Which term best describes the ability of infants to focus their attention on a novel stimulus after repeated exposure? A) Dishabituation B) Habituation C) Selective attention D) Perceptual narrowing Answer: B The phenomenon where a child understands that others can hold false beliefs is an important milestone in developing: A) Abstract reasoning  B) Theory of Mind C) Metacognition D) Logical thinking Answer: B Which of the following developmental milestones is typically achieved during the formal operational stage? A) Object permanence B) Conservation C) Abstract reasoning D) Egocentrism Answer: C Which type of reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior? A) Positive reinforcement B) Negative reinforcement C) Punishment D) Extinction Answer: B According to Bronfenbrenner, which system represents the broader cultural and societal context that influences development? A) Microsystem B) Mesosystem C) Exosystem D) Macrosystem Answer: D A child who develops a sense of trust in infancy is likely to have caregivers who are:  A) Authoritative and responsive B) Inconsistent in their caregiving C) Overprotective and strict D) Uninvolved and neglectful Answer: A The use of "self-talk" to guide behavior is an example of which of Vygotsky's concepts? A) Private speech B) Social speech C) Scaffolding D) Zone of Proximal Development Answer: A Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Piaget’s preoperational stage? A) Egocentrism B) Centration C) Irreversibility D) Logical thought Answer: D Which attachment style is characterized by a child being extremely distressed when separated from the caregiver and ambivalent upon reunion? A) Secure B) Avoidant C) Resistant (Ambivalent) D) Disorganized Answer: C According to Kohlberg, which of the following is characteristic of post- conventional morality?  A) Obedience to avoid punishment B) Following rules to gain social approval C) Adhering to universal ethical principles D) Acting based on self-interest Answer: C Which type of play is most characteristic of children in the preoperational stage? A) Solitary play B) Parallel play C) Cooperative play D) Role play Answer: D In the context of early childhood development, the term "centration" refers to: A) The ability to focus on multiple aspects of a situation simultaneously B) Focusing on a single aspect of a situation while ignoring others C) The ability to conserve quantity D) The understanding of reversibility Answer: B According to Erikson, what is the major developmental challenge during young adulthood? A) Trust vs. Mistrust B) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt C) Identity vs. Role Confusion D) Intimacy vs. Isolation Answer: D Which of the following best describes the "goodness of fit" concept? A) The match between a child's temperament and the demands of the  environment B) The degree of parental involvement in a child's education C) The alignment of a child's interests with extracurricular activities D) The genetic compatibility between parents and child Answer: A Which of the following developmental stages did Freud describe as involving the Oedipus complex? A) Oral stage B) Anal stage C) Phallic stage D) Latency stage Answer: C What is the primary focus of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A) Social interactions and language development B) Moral reasoning and ethical behavior C) The development of logical thinking and problem-solving skills D) Emotional regulation and attachment Answer: C In Ainsworth’s attachment theory, which of the following is most indicative of a secure attachment? A) Lack of distress when the caregiver leaves the room B) Indifference towards the caregiver upon return C) Seeking comfort from the caregiver when distressed D) Avoiding the caregiver after separation Answer: C According to Kohlberg, at which stage do children begin to understand and apply social rules and laws?  A) Pre-conventional B) Conventional C) Post-conventional D) Universal ethical principles Answer: B Which of the following behaviors would most likely be observed in a child with an avoidant attachment style? A) Distress upon separation from the caregiver B) Comfort-seeking from the caregiver when upset C) Ignoring or avoiding the caregiver after separation D) Mixed responses, both seeking and rejecting contact with the caregiver Answer: C What does Vygotsky's concept of the Zone of Proximal Development suggest about learning? A) Learning is most effective when tasks are too easy for the learner B) Learning occurs best when tasks are slightly beyond the learner’s current abilities, with help from a more knowledgeable other C) Learning should be self-directed with no assistance D) Learning is innate and independent of social interaction Answer: B During which of Erikson's stages is the virtue of "fidelity" developed? A) Trust vs. Mistrust B) Identity vs. Role Confusion C) Intimacy vs. Isolation D) Generativity vs. Stagnation Answer: B Which of the following best describes a child in Piaget’s concrete operational stage? A) The child can perform logical operations but only with concrete objects B) The child can think abstractly and hypothetically C) The child is unable to perform mental operations D) The child engages in symbolic play and egocentric thinking Answer: A Which of the following is an example of scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory? A) Allowing a child to explore freely without guidance B) Gradually reducing assistance as the child becomes more competent C) Providing answers directly to the child D) Testing the child’s knowledge through quizzes Answer: B According to Bowlby, the most important factor in forming a secure attachment in infancy is: A) Early exposure to peers B) Consistent and responsive caregiving C) The infant’s temperament D) The physical proximity of the caregiver Answer: B What is the main focus of Piaget's formal operational stage? A) Sensory and motor activities B) Symbolic thinking C) Concrete logic D) Abstract and hypothetical thinking Answer: D Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of "egocentrism" in Piaget’s preoperational stage? A) A child believes that everyone sees the world the same way they do B) A child understands that others have different perspectives C) A child shares toys willingly with others D) A child can perform mental operations on objects Answer: A In Erikson’s stages, the primary task during adolescence is to: A) Form intimate relationships B) Develop a sense of identity C) Achieve a sense of competence D) Establish trust in others Answer: B Which parenting style is most likely to result in children who are obedient but less socially competent? A) Authoritative B) Permissive C) Authoritarian D) Neglectful Answer: C According to Piaget, which of the following is a key characteristic of the sensorimotor stage? A) Development of logical thinking B) Acquisition of object permanence C) Use of symbols and language D) Understanding of conservation Answer: B  In the context of child development, "temperament" refers to: - A) Learned behaviors influenced by the environment - B) An individual’s inborn style of reacting to the world - C) The ability to regulate emotions - D) Social behaviors learned through modeling - Answer: B