SED 2100 PDF: Instructional Module in Child and Adolescent Development

Instructional Module in Child and Adolescent Learner and Learning Development Discussion (EDUC 105) Biologically, a child (plural: children) is a Module 1: Basic Concepts human being between the stages of birth and...

Instructional Module in Child and Adolescent Learner and Learning Development Discussion (EDUC 105) Biologically, a child (plural: children) is a Module 1: Basic Concepts human being between the stages of birth and puberty, or between the developmental period of Overview infancy and puberty. The legal definition of Child development or child and adolescent child generally refers to a minor, otherwise development refer to the process of growth and known as a person younger than the age of maturation of the human individual from majority. conception to adulthood. In many cultures, the care of children is shared among a wider group Early childhood, defined as the period from of adults, and often older children, than is birth to eight years old, is a time of remarkable common in western societies. The emotional, growth with brain development at its peak. social and physical development of young During this stage, children are highly influenced children has a direct effect on their overall by the environment and the people that surround development and on the adult they will become. them, stated by UNESCO. That is why understanding the need to invest in very young children is so important, so as to According to UNICEF, a child means every maximize their future well-being. This module human being below the age of eighteen years would focus on the basic concepts related to unless under the law applicable to the child, child and adolescent development, the definition majority is attained earlier. Childhood is the time of UNESCO, UNICEF, and WHO to child and for children to be in school and at play, to grow adolescent learners, their characteristics and strong and confident with the love and nature. This would also account the impacts of encouragement of their family and an extended development of the child in which social community of caring adults. It is a precious time considerations changed. in which children should live free from fear, safe from violence and protected from abuse and Objectives exploitation. It refers to the state and condition After finishing the module, the students are of a child’s life, to the quality of those years. expected to; To explain the basic concepts related to World Health Organization defines a child as a child and adolescent development person 19 years or younger unless national law To evaluate the difference of child defines a person to be an adult at an earlier age. development to adolescent development However, in these guidelines when a person falls To evaluate the reciprocal impacts into the 10 to 19 age category they are referred between genes and the environment and to as an adolescent (see adolescent definition the nature vs. nurture debate below). To explain how current research and theories on child and adolescent Adolescence is frequently defined by several development contribute to teaching and UN agencies as ranging from 10 to 19 years of learning within and across different age, which more accurately encapsulates the areas. lower and upper secondary levels of education (UNESCO, 2009b; UNICEF, 2002; WHO, 2009). As children up to the age of 18, most adolescents are protected under the Convention differences cannot changes. The sequence is on the Rights of the Child. predictable although the time of onset, the length of each stage, and the effects of each stage vary In US, adolescent ages between 12 and 14 and from one person to another. Learning can either ends at 19 or 20. Philippines consider those aged help or hinder the maturation process, depending 15-24 years as young adult and those aged 15-19 on what is learned. years as adolescents. Watch this Link: In general, for the first year after birth, a baby is https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWsBMyfy called an infant. Early childhood begins at age eFY two, when a child may be referred to as a toddler. Childhood continues until adolescence, The term development and growth both refer to which generally coincides with the teen years. two different meanings. Adolescence is the period of transition into Development (qualitative) – is the changes in a adulthood. person’s physical and behavioral traits that emerge in orderly ways and last for a reasonable BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHILD period of time. The changes could be: DEVELOPMENT PROGRESSIVE (results in acquisition of skills and abilities that are complex, finer and more Child development refers to the biological and efficient) psychological and emotional changes that occur IN ORDER (there is an order in development.) in human beings between birth and the end of LONG LASTING adolescence then through adulthood, as the individual progresses from dependency to GROWTH (quantitative) -refers to physical increasing autonomy. Childhood refers to the increase in the size of the body. (Increase in time or state of being a child, the early stage in weight, height, etc.)refers to a quantitative the existence or development of something. It change (can be measured)There is a change in connotes time of innocence, where one is free form and increase in the complexity of body from responsibility but vulnerable to forces in parts and their functioning, thinking abilities and his environment. It is the time for children to be social skills. Growth is only one aspect of the in school and at play, to grow strong and larger process of development. confident with the love and encouragement of their family and an extended community of The Main Areas of Growth and Development caring adults. It is a precious time in which Physical - weight, height, muscles, children should live free from fear, safe from systems, organs violence and protected from abuse and Emotional - extend trusting relationships exploitation. to other adults and to children, show a strong sense of self as an individual, Growth and Development recognize feelings, label their own feelings Growth and development are influenced by Social - enjoy playing alongside other maturational, environmental and genetic factors. children, but won’t interact a great deal All humans follow the same pattern of growth with them, show awareness of others’ and development. There are sequences in growth feelings and might try to give basic help, and development that even individual look to adults for comfort.  Spiritual - concerns the broad search for called gene-environment interaction. An transcendental meaning that may be as individual’s genes and their environment work simple as a young child’s inquiries into together, communicating back and forth to create how the world came into be traits. This is often referred to as the nature vs. nurture debate, or nativism vs. empiricism. The Sensorimotor Stage: period of time between birth and age two during which an A nativist (“nature”) account of development infant’s knowledge of the world is limited to his would argue that the processes in question are or her sensory perceptions and motor activities. innate and influenced by an organism’s genes. Behaviors are limited to simple motor responses Natural human behavior is seen as the result of caused by sensory stimuli. already-present biological factors, such as genetic code. The Preoperational Stage: A period between ages two and six during which a child learns to An empiricist (“nurture”) perspective would use language. During this stage, children do not argue that these processes are acquired through yet understand concrete logic, cannot mentally interaction with the environment. Nurtured manipulate information and are unable to take human behavior is seen as the result of the point of view of other people. environmental interaction, which can provoke changes in brain structure and chemistry. For The Concrete Operational Stage: A period example, situations of extreme stress can cause between ages seven and eleven during which problems like depression. children gain a better understanding of mental operations. Children begin thinking logically We are all born with specific genetic traits about concrete events, but have difficulty inherited from our parents, such as eye color, understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts. height, and certain personality traits. Beyond our The Formal Operational Stage: A period basic genotype, however, there is a deep between age twelve to adulthood when people interaction between our genes and our develop the ability to think about abstract environment: our unique experiences in our concepts. Skills such as logical thought, environment influence whether and how deductive reasoning and systematic planning particular traits are expressed, and at the same also emerge during this stage. time, our genes influence how we interact with our environment (Diamond, 2009; Lobo, 2008). Nature versus Nurture There is a reciprocal interaction between nature and nurture as they both shape who we become, Developmental psychology seeks to understand but the debate continues as to the relative the influence of genetics (nature) and contributions of each. environment (nurture) on human development. A significant issue in developmental psychology Some concrete behavioral traits are dependent has been the relationship between the innateness upon one’s environment, home, or culture, such of an attribute (whether it is part of our nature) as the language one speaks, the religion one and the environmental effects on that attribute practices, and the political party one supports. (whether it is derived from or influenced by our However, some traits which reflect underlying environment, or nurture). Environmental inputs talents and temperaments—such as how can affect the expression of genes, a relationship proficient at a language, how religious, or how liberal or conservative—can be partially down the drain if they sit at the front of the heritable. bathtub or by demonstrating how long something will take by holding out their two Periods of Development index fingers several inches apart. A toddler’s fierce determination to do something may give Think about the life span and make a list of what way to a four-year-old’s sense of guilt for doing you would consider the periods of development. something that brings the disapproval of others. How many stages are on your list? Perhaps you have three: childhood, adulthood, and old age. Middle Childhood Or maybe four: infancy, childhood, adolescence, Ages from 6 to 11 years old and adulthood. The human life span has been Comprise middle childhood and much of what divided into the stages of children experience at this age is connected to their involvement in the early grades of school. Prenatal Development the world becomes one of learning and testing Conception occurs and development begins. new academic skills and by assessing one’s All of the major structures of the body are abilities and accomplishments by making forming and the health of the mother is of comparisons between self and others. primary concern. Schools compare students and make these Understanding nutrition, teratogens (or comparisons public through team sports, test environmental factors that can lead to birth scores, and other forms of recognition. defects), and labor and delivery are primary Growth rates slow down and children are able to concerns. refine their motor skills at this point in life. Children begin to learn about social Infancy and Toddlerhood relationships beyond the family through from birth to 2 years of age A newborn, with a interaction with friends and fellow students. keen sense of hearing but very poor vision is transformed into a walking, talking toddler Adolescence within a relatively short period of time. The from 12 to 18 years of agea period of dramatic child is totally dependent on the caregiver for physical change marked by an overall physical the fulfilment of her needs. The period of the growth spurt and sexual maturation, known as most rapid growth and development. puberty. a time of cognitive change as the Their skills and abilities increase adolescent begins to think of new possibilities and to consider abstract concepts such as love, Early Childhood fear, and freedom. ages 3 to 5 years oldreferred to as the preschool have a sense of invincibility that puts them at years consisting of the years which follow greater risk of dying from accidents or toddlerhood and precede formal schooling. the contracting sexually transmitted infections that child is busy learning language, is gaining a can have lifelong consequences. sense of self and greater independence, and is the beginning of this period is marked by beginning to learn the workings of the physical puberty. Puberty refers to the stage around 11-14 world.This knowledge does not come quickly, years of age, when there is a spurt in physical however, and preschoolers may have initially growth. have interesting conceptions of size, time, space This results in a rapid increase in height and and distance such as fearing that they may go weight and the emergence of secondary sexual characteristics (face hair, pubic hair, healthy, and still interested in being productive sexualvorgans) Conflicts due to peer pressure and active. The “old old” remain productive and occur and there will be needs for emotional active and the majority continues to live adjustment. independently, but risks of the diseases of old age such as arteriosclerosis, cancer, and cerebral Early Adulthood vascular disease increases substantially for this The twenties and thirties are often thought of as age group. Issues of housing, healthcare, and early adulthood.The time when we are at our extending active life expectancy are only a few physiological peak but are most at risk for of the topics of concern for this age group. involvement in violent crimes and substance A better way to appreciate the diversity of abuse.The time of focusing on the future and people in late adulthood is to go beyond putting a lot of energy into making choices that chronological age and examine whether a person will help one earn the status of a full adult in the is experiencing optimal aging, normal aging (in eyes of others. Love and work are primary which the changes are similar to most of those of concerns at this stage of life. the same age), or impaired aging (referring to someone who has more physical challenge and Middle Adulthood disease than others of the same age). The late thirties through the mid-sixties is referred to as middle adulthood. A period in The Developmental Stages according to which aging, that began earlier, becomes more Robert Havighurst noticeable and a period at which many people are at their peak of productivity in love and A developmental stage is a task which arises at work. It may be a period of gaining expertise in or about a certain period of life of the individual, certain fields and being able to understand successful achievement of which leads to his problems and find solutions with greater happiness and to success with later tasks, while efficiency than before. Also be a time of failure leads to unhappiness in the individual, becoming more realistic about possibilities in disapproval by the society, and difficulty with life previously considered; of recognizing the later tasks. difference between what is possible and what is Robert Havighurst emphasized that learning is likely. This is also the age group hardest hit by basic and that it continues throughout life span. the AIDS epidemic in Africa resulting in a Growth and Development occurs in six stages. substantial decrease in the number of workers in those economies (Weitz, 2007). Developmental Tasks of Infancy and Early Childhood (ages birth to 6) Late Adulthood Learning to walk Late adulthood is sometimes subdivided into Learning to take solid foods two or three categories such as the “young old” Learning to talk and “old old” or the “young old”, “old old”, and Learning to control the elimination of body “oldest old”. the “young old” are the people wastes between 65 and 79 and the “old old” or those Learning sex differences and sexual modesty who are 80 and older. Forming concepts and learning language to One of the primary differences between these describe social and physical reality groups is that the young old are very similar to Getting ready to read midlife adults; still working, still relatively Developmental Tasks of Middle Childhood Learning to live with a marriage partner (ages 6-12) Starting a family Learning physical skills necessary for Rearing children ordinary games Managing a home Building wholesome attitudes toward Getting started in an occupation oneself as a growing organism Taking on civic responsibility Learning to get along with age-mates Finding a congenial social group Learning an appropriate masculine or feminine social role Developmental Tasks of Middle Age Developing fundamental skills in Assisting teen-age children to become reading, writing, and calculating responsible and happy adults Developing concepts necessary for Achieving adult social and civic everyday living responsibility Developing conscience, morality, and a Reaching and maintaining satisfactory scale of values performance in one’s occupational Achieving personal independence career Developing attitudes toward social Developing adult leisure-time activities groups and institutions Relating oneself to one’s spouse as a person To accept and adjust to the physiological Developmental Tasks of Adolescence (ages changes of middle age 12-18) Adjusting to aging parents Achieving new and more mature relations with age-mates of both sexes Developmental Tasks of Later Maturity Achieving a masculine or feminine Adjusting to decreasing physical social role strength and health Accepting one’s physique and using the Adjustment to retirement and reduced body effectively income Achieving emotional independence of Adjusting to death of a spouse parents and other adults Establishing an explicit affiliation with Preparing for marriage and family life one’s age group Preparing for an economic career Adopting and adapting social roles in a Acquiring a set of values and an ethical flexible way system as a guide to behavior; Establishing satisfactory physical living developing an ideology arrangements Desiring and achieving socially responsible behavior Developmental Tasks of Early Adulthood Domains of Development Selecting a mate Achieving a masculine or feminine Human development is comprised of four social role major domains: physical development, cognitive development, social-emotional development, and language development. Each domain, while The Sensorimotor Stage: A period of time unique in its own, has much overlap with all between birth and age two during which an other domains. It is important to understand infant's knowledge of the world is limited to his these concepts, because everything related to or her sensory perceptions and motor activities. human development can be traced back to these Behaviors are limited to simple motor responses four domains. caused by sensory stimuli. Physical development is defined as the The Preoperational Stage: A period between biological changes that occur in the body and ages two and six during which a child learns to brain, including changes in size and strength, use language. During this stage, children do not integration of sensory and motor activities, and yet understand concrete logic, cannot mentally development of fine and gross motor skills. manipulate information and are unable to take Physical development in children follows a the point of view of other people. directional pattern. Muscles in the body's core, The Concrete Operational Stage: A period legs and arms develop before those in the fingers between ages seven and eleven during which and hands. Children learn how to perform gross children gain a better understanding of mental (or large) motor skills such as walking before operations. Children begin thinking logically they learn to perform fine (or small) motor skills about concrete events, but have difficulty such as drawing. Muscles located at the core of understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts. the body become stronger and develop sooner than those in the feet and hands. Physical The Formal Operational Stage: A period development goes from the head to the toes. between age twelve to adulthood when people As kids enter the preschool years, their diets develop the ability to think about abstract become much more similar to that of adults. concepts. Skills such as logical thought, Eating a variety of foods is also important to deductive reasoning and systematic planning ensure that kids get the nutrients that they need also emerge during this stage. for healthy physical development. Instead of allowing children to fill up on juice and milk, Social-emotional development is defined as the experts recommend limiting the intake of such changes in the ways we connect to other drinks. If a child is filling up on juice and milk, individuals and express and understand then they are probably missing out on eating emotions. The core features of emotional other foods. development include the ability of a child to identify and understand their own feelings, to Cognitive development is defined as the accurately read and comprehend emotional changes in the way we think, understand, and states of others, to manage strong emotions and reason about the world. As mentioned under the their expression in a beneficial manner, to Roles of the Theorists tab Jean Piaget developed regulate their own behavior, to develop empathy great theories regarding the cognitive for others, and to establish and maintain development of children. Piaget's stages of relationships. cognitive development illustrates a child's Healthy social-emotional development for growth. infants and toddlers develops in an interpersonal context, specifically that of positive ongoing Stages of Cognitive Development relationships with familiar and nurturing adults. Emotion and cognition work together, informing allows children to add words to rapidly to their the child’s impressions of situations and vocabulary. influencing behavior. Children will experience a range of emotional and cognitive development related to interactions and relationships with adults and peers, identity of self, recognition of ability, emotional expression, emotional control, impulse control, and social understanding. Language Development -Infants understand words before they can say. In other words, comprehension precedes production of language. Children differ enormously in the rate at which they develop language. The four different aspects of language include all of the following; 1. Phonology - the sounds that make up the language 2. Syntax - the grammar of the language 3. Semantics - the meanings of words 4. Pragmatics - how we use language in social situations to communicate. Two areas of the brain are particularly important for language development and use: 1. Broca's area is important for the production of speech 2. Wernicke's area is important for understanding and making sense out of speech. 3. Children move through stages of language development, but there is a good deal of variability from child to child in the age at which each stage appears. Before they are able to use words, infants communicate by crying, cooing, babbling, and gesturing. Infants and toddlers begin verbalizing by using one word at a time and then create primitive sentences when they put two words together. When children make sentences that contain only the essential words this is called telegraphic speech. 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