PR 2 - GROUP 3 Research Methodology PDF

Chapter 3: Research Methodology  Chapter 3 Research Methodology Research Design Respondents of the study Research Instrument Data Gathering Procedure Stattistical Treatment of Data  Chapter 3...

Chapter 3: Research Methodology  Chapter 3 Research Methodology Research Design Respondents of the study Research Instrument Data Gathering Procedure Stattistical Treatment of Data  Chapter 3 Research Methodology  This chapter starts with a transition paragraph introducing the contents/ parts of the chapter.  The different sections are: Research Design: Population and Sampling Respondents of the Study, Instrumentation, Validation and Test of Reliability of Instrument: Data Gathering Procedure, and Statistical Treatment of Data. Research Design  A research design is the set of methods and procedures used in collecting and analyzing measures of the variables specified in the problem research. The design of a study defines the study type and sub-type, research problem, hypotheses, independent and dependent variables, experimental design, and, if applicable, data collection methods and a statistical analysis plan. A research design is a framework that has been created to find answers to research questions.  Research design is the framework of research methods and techniques chosen by a researcher. The design allows researchers to hone in on research methods that are suitable for the subject matter and set up their studies up for success. There are many ways to classify research designs where an arrangement or collection of data are seen. The following are the classification of design: 1. Descriptive, examples are case study, naturalistic observation, and survey. 2. Correlational, examples are case- control study and observational study. 3. Experimental, examples are field experiment, controlled experiment and quasi - experiment. 4. Review, examples are literature review and systematic review. 5. Meta-analytic or meta-analysis. Classification of Research Designs 1. Descriptive - aims to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or phenomenon. It can answer what, where, when and how questions, but not why questions. A descriptive research design can use a wide variety of research methods to investigate one or more variables. 2. Correlational - investigates relationships between variables without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of them. A correlation reflects the strength and/or direction of the relationship between two (or more) variables. Research Methodology 3. Experimental - refers to the systematic procedures and steps followed in a research study to conduct experiments, gather data, and analyze results. It aims to provide a detailed description that allows other researchers to replicate the study and evaluate its validity. 4. Document analysis - is a qualitative research technique used by researchers. The process involves evaluating electronic and physical documents to interpret them, gain an understanding of their meaning, and develop upon the information they provide. 5. Meta-analytic or meta-analysis - is a type of statistical analysis in which the results of multiple studies are combined and then analyzed. Researchers can perform this type of study when there have been previous studies looking at the same question. The essential elements of the research design are: 1. Accurate purpose statement 2. Techniques to be implemented for collecting and analyzing research 3. The method applied for analyzing collected details 4. Type of research methodology 5. Probable objections for research 6. Settings for the research study 7. Timeline 8. Measurement of analysis Four Key Characteristics Of Research Design  Neutrality: When you set up your study, you may have to make assumptions about the data you expect to collect. The results projected in the research design should be free from bias and neutral. Understand opinions about the final evaluated scores and conclusion from multiple individuals and consider those who agree with the derived results.  Reliability: With regularly conducted research, the researcher involved expects similar results every time. Your design should indicate how to form research questions to ensure the standard of results. You'll only be able to reach the expected results if your design is reliable.  Validity: There are multiple measuring tools available. However, the only correct measuring tools are those which help a researcher in gauging results according to the objective of the research. The questioners developed from this design will then be valid.  Generalization. The outcome of your design should apply to a population and not just a restricted sample. A generalized design implies that your survey can be conducted on any part of a population with similar accuracy.  Qualitative research design: - Determines relationships between collected data and observations based on mathematical calculations. Theories related to a naturally existing phenomenon can be proved or disproved using statistical methods. Researchers rely on qualitative research design methods that conclude "why" a particular theory exists along with "what" respondents have to say about it.  Quantitative research design: - is for cases where statistical conclusions to collect actionable insights are essential. Numbers provide a better perspective to make critical business decisions, Quantitative research design methods are necessary for the growth of any organization. Insights drawn from hard numerical data and analysis prove to be highly effective when making decisions related to the future of the business. Population and Sampling Population - refers to the complete enumeration of the individuals/ subjects that possess the characteristics or information that are of interest to the researcher for inferential purposes. Sampling or sample - is a proportion of the population chosen for the study that represents the specific population of interest. Population and Sampling  The researcher describes the sampling procedures in detail. The sampling technique used in the choice of subjects/ respondents for the study explains how the group/s was/were selected, whether representative of the population of interest. He may use any of the several sampling techniques: random, systematic, stratified random, cluster, quota, convenience, etc. The researcher should consider the following guidelines in choosing the sampling techniques: 1. Is the research population clearly identified? 2. Is the sampling clearly representative of the population to which the results are to be generalized? 3. Are there adequate safeguards used to remove sampling bias? Sampling Technique  Explain what sampling technique will be used – random, purposive, stratified, etc.—why you used it, and what procedure will be followed to carry out the technique. Simple Random Sampling - SRS Is a set of n objects in a population of N objects where all possible samples are equally likely to happen. Sample Illustration of SRS: Stratified Sampling  Is possible when it makes sense to partition the population into groups based on a factor that may influence the variable that is being measured. These groups are then called strata. An individual group is called a stratum. With stratified sampling one should: partition the population into groups (strata) obtain a simple random sample from each group (stratum) collect data on each sampling unit that was randomly sampled from each group (stratum) Purposive Sampling - Is a non-probability sample that is selected based on characteristics of a population and the objective of the study. Purposive sampling is also known as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling Respondents/Participants of the Study  The researcher places here the well-defined population, the systematic sampling procedure, and the total enumeration or delimited population in terms of the percentage of samples or respondents used in the study.  The researcher should explain in this part of the study, the characteristics of the respondents and the reasons why they are chosen as respondents. The number of respondents depends on the extensiveness/ intensiveness of verifiable data needed in the study. Sloven’s Formula Research Instruments  The researcher discusses here the instrument used to gather the necessary data to answer the specific problems posed/ raised in the study.  This portion indicates if the instrument is a self-made and adapted (using a conceptual framework) taking into consideration the object (variables or constructs) of the study; or adopted, standardized/ copyrighted (following a theoretical framework)  The researcher clarifies in this section the mode of responses and the scale to be used as part of the assessment tool or measure  The constructs or variables contained in the research instrument must coincide with those of the study's framework and statement of the problem. There must be an essential connection between the statement of the problem, the research framework, hypothesis(es), the adopted tool or instrument and the research design (Flores, 2016). Research Instruments The following guidelines in the formulation and evaluation of the research instrument must be considered: 1. Are the statements or questions stated clearly? 2. Are the responses to the questions/items verifiable and testable in terms of the hypothesis(es) posed by the study? 3. Is the scale used appropriate to elicit the response needed? Validation/Reliability of the Instrument  The researcher includes here the procedure on how the instrument was validated and tested for reliability The researcher is therefore required to indicate the results of the test of validity and reliability of the instrument (Results must be placed in the appendix). Data Gathering Procedure  This section contains the procedure followed by the researcher from the time of the distribution of the instrument/questionnaire up to the time of retrieval. The researcher documents and gives a brief but precise narration of the procedure and discusses the details of every step/ procedure undertaken in the course of gathering data. Statistical Treatment of Data  The researcher enumerates here the appropriate statistical tool(s) used in treating the data. He/she includes here the relevance of the statistical measure(s) to be employed considering the problem(s) of the study. He/ she does not need to write the formula. The researcher should indicate the title of the statistical package used (must be licensed), if there's any, in processing the data. A. Multiple Choice 1. B. Identification 1. C. Enumeration 1.