Pharmacology Course Unit 1 PDF

NCMA 216: PHARMACOLOGY COURSE UNIT 1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF PHARMACOLOGY Mrs. Abigael Comson-De Mesa, RN Professor  LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of our discussion, the students are expected to: 1 Define the basic concepts of Pharmacology, it’s origin and h...

NCMA 216: PHARMACOLOGY COURSE UNIT 1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF PHARMACOLOGY Mrs. Abigael Comson-De Mesa, RN Professor  LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of our discussion, the students are expected to: 1 Define the basic concepts of Pharmacology, it’s origin and history. 2 Understand and enumerate the different branches of Pharmacology. 3 Familiarize self in different form of drugs and it’s preparation. 4 Apply knowledge on ethico-legal aspects on drug administration. 5 List drug structure and the steps in drug evaluation. 6 Inculcate the right considerations to prevent error in medicine administration. PHARMACOLOGY ❑ The study of drugs and its origin, chemical structure, preparation, administration, action, metabolism, and excretion. ❑ The study of drugs that alter functions of living organisms. PHARMACY ❑ Art of preparing, compounding, and dispensing drugs. ❑ The place where drugs are prepared and dispensed. PHARMACIST ❑ Licensed person who prepares and dispense drugs.  HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY 3000 B.C. 2700 B.C. 1500 B.C. ❑ BABYLONIANS ❑ CHINESE ❑ EGYPTIANS ❑ Clay Tablets – ❑ Pen Tsao – Great Herbal ❑ Ebers Papyrus– Earliest surviving ❑ 40-volume compendium Archives of remedies of plant remedies. on a document. prescriptions. (herbal knowledge)  HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY 1800 B.C. ❑ Pharmacologia ❑ Fredrich Serturner – sen Manuductio First recorded First isolated Morphine references in from Opium. Materia ❑ Isolated specific ❑ Pharmacology substances from complex Medicum mixtures.  ❑ Chemicals that alter DRUGS physiochemical processes in body cells. ❑ Stimulates or inhibits normal cellular functions.  BRANCHES OF PHARMACOLOGY PHARMACODYNAMICS PHARMACOKINETICS 01 ❑ Medicine changes the body. ❑ Mechanism of drug action. 02 ❑ Drug movement throughout the body. ❑ Relationship between drug ❑ How the body deals with concentration and response in medications. the body. PHARMACOGNOSY PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS 03 04 ❑ Therapeutic effects of ❑ Medicinal drugs obtained drugs. from plants or other natural ❑ Beneficial and adverse resources. effects of drugs.  BRANCHES OF PHARMACOLOGY PHARMACOVIGILANCE TOXICOLOGY 05 ❑ Monitoring the effects of 06 ❑ Nature, effects, and medical drugs after they have detection of poisons. been licensed for use. ❑ Measurement and analysis ❑ Activities relating to the detection, assessment, of potential toxins, understanding, and prevention intoxicating, or banned of adverse effects related substances, problems. ❑ Safety.  DRUG NAMES GENERIC NAME BRAND NAME CHEMICAL NAME ❑ Nonproprietary ❑ Trade Name ❑ Name that describes Name the atomic or ❑ Name given by the chemical structure ❑ Name approved by manufacturer of the of the drug. Pharmaceutical drug. Associations and adopted widely.  EXAMPLE OF DRUG NAME GENERIC NAME BRAND NAME CHEMICAL NAME ❑ Paracetamol ❑ Biogesic; Panadol; ❑ Acetaminophen Tylenol; Medinol ❑ Para-hydroacetanilide  EXAMPLE OF DRUG NAME GENERIC NAME BRAND NAME CHEMICAL NAME ❑ Carbocisteine ❑ Solmux; Loviscol; ❑ 2-Amino-3 Propanoic Mucodyne; Acid (Carboxymethylsulfanyl)  SOURCES OF DRUGS ❑ Natural Sources Plants ❑ Oldest form of health care ❑ Herbal medicine. Animals (Biologic) ❑ Animal cell – microorganisms ❑ Hormones, Monoclonal Antibodies, Natural Blood Products, Interferons, and Vaccines. ❑ Inorganic Compounds ❑ Synthesized from chemical elements without Hydrocarbon Carbon-Hydrogen. ❑ Synthetic ❑ Derived artificially  SOURCES OF DRUGS ❑ Natural Sources Plants ❑ Oldest form of health care ❑ Herbal medicine. Animals (Biologic) ❑ Animal cell – microorganisms ❑ Hormones, Monoclonal Antibodies, Natural Blood Products, Interferons, and Vaccines. ❑ Inorganic Compounds ❑ Synthesized from chemical elements without Hydrocarbon Carbon-Hydrogen. ❑ Synthetic ❑ Derived artificially  DRUG EVALUATION ❑ Series of scientific tests to evaluate the actual therapeutic and toxic effects of chemicals. PRE CLINICAL TRIAL ❑ Testing Done on laboratory performed in animals. ❑ Tests efficacy and toxicity, at different doses – predicts whether beneficial or harmful. ❑ Do not reflect the way human responds – overestimates or underestimate the actual risk to humans.  ORPHAN DRUG ❑ Drugs discovered but are not financially viable and have not been adopted by any drug company. ❑ Maybe useful in treating a rare disease. ❑ Potentially dangerous adverse effects. ❑ Abandoned after the preclinical trial or phase 1 studies.  ORPHAN DRUG ❑ Criteria: ✓ Lack of Therapeutic Activity ✓ Too toxic ✓ Teratogenic – causes congenital disorders in a developing fetus ✓ Small Margin of Safety. PHASES OF DRUG CLINICAL TRIAL ❑ PHASE 1 ✓ Chemicals cleared for human testing – significant therapeutic benefits ✓ Testing done on healthy male subjects – drugs remain longer in the blood and tissue as compare to females. ✓ Companies begin developing a brand name. ❑ PHASE 2 ✓ Chemicals cleared for limited clinical studies. ✓ Some may not further proceed with the evaluation due to the ff criteria: ▪ Less effective than expected ▪ Too toxic ▪ Produce unacceptable side effects ▪ Low benefit-to-risk ratio ▪ Not as effective as available drugs ❑ PHASE 3 ✓ Chemicals cleared for large-scale clinical studies. ✓ Some chemicals may not advance further due to the ff criteria: ▪ Produce unacceptable side effects ▪ Produce unexpected responses ❑ PHASE 4 ✓ Drug approved for marketing by FDA (Food and Drug Authority) ✓ Continues evaluation. FORMS OF DRUGS SOLID FORMS ❑ TABLET ✓ Scored – breakage to attain desired efficacy. ✓ Layered – combination of one or more active pharmaceutical ingredient ✓ Enteric-coated – to prevent dissolving in acid. Coated with enteric coating. ✓ Chewable ✓ Sustained Released – slowly release the drug over long period of time to sustain therapeutic level. SCORED TABLETS LAYERED TABLETS ENTERIC-COATED TABLETS CHEWABLE TABLETS SUSTAINED RELEASED TABLETS SOLID FORMS ❑ CAPSULE ✓ Contains medicine inside an outer shell SOLID FORMS ❑ SOFT GEL ✓ Contains medicine in the form of a specialized capsule. SOLID FORMS ❑ HARD GEL ✓ Contains medicine in the form of a dry powder or very small pallets SOLID FORMS ❑ LOZENGES ✓ Intended to be dissolved or disintegrate slowly in the mouth SOLID FORMS ❑ SUPPOSITORY ✓ Melts in the body and absorbed directly in the blood stream. LIQUID FORMS ❑SYRUP ❑SUSPENSION ❑ELIXIR ❑EMULSION ❑INHALANTS TOPICAL FORMS ❑CREAMS ❑OINTMENTS ❑ LOTIONS ❑ GELS ❑ PATCH  Medications are substances administered for the diagnosis, cure, treatment, or relief of symptom, or prevention of disease. PRINCIPLES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION Nurses are responsible for own actions, illegible order should be questioned or clarified. Nurses should be knowledgeable about the medication. If the nurse is uncertain about the calculation of drug, ask another nurse to countercheck. If you are the one who prepares the medication, you should be the one who will administer it. Do not leave medications at bedside. If the client vomits, report immediately to the Charge Nurse, Attending Physician, or both. When error is made, assess the patient and immediately report to the Attending Physician. Correct identification of patient – check the Patient ID Band/ Bracelet.  OBSERVE THE 10 RIGHTS 1 2 3 Right Client Right Right Dose Medication 4 5 6 Right Time Right Route Right Client Education  OBSERVE THE 10 RIGHTS 7 8 Right Right to Documentation Refuse 9 10 Right Right Assessment Evaluation  DRUG ADMINISTRATIONS ORAL MEDICATIONS ❑ Most common route ❑ CONTRAINDICATIONS: ✓ If the patient is vomiting. ✓ Patients with intestinal and gastric suction ✓ Unconscious patients ✓ Inability to swallow tablets and capsules ❑ IMPORTANT NURSING CONSIDERATIONS: ✓ Avoid crushing enteric coated tablets, buccal and sublingual tablets. ✓ Liquid medications must be mix first before pouring. ✓ Place the medication cup on flat surface at eye level. PARENTERAL MEDICATIONS ❑ INTRADERMAL ❑ Site: Inner lower arm Upper chest Anterior chest Upper back beneath the scapula ❑ Angle: Almost parallel to the skin 10-15° ❑ Gauge: #25, #26, #27 ❑ Length: 3/8”, 5/8”, ½” PARENTERAL MEDICATIONS ❑ SUBCUTANEOUS ❑ Site: Outer aspect of the upper arms Anterior thighs Abdomen Upper back Ventrogluteal Dorsogluteal ❑ Angle: 45° (1 inch of tissue can be grasped) 90° (2 inches of tissue can be grasped) ❑ Gauge: #25, #26, #27 ❑ Length: 3/8”, 5/8”, ½” PARENTERAL MEDICATIONS ❑ INTRAMUSCULAR ❑ Site: Ventrogluteal - > 1 y.o. and adult - no large nerve or blood vessels - sealed off by bone - contains less fat than buttocks Vastus Lateralis – site of choice for 1y.o. and younger infants with fully developed gluteal muscles Dorsogluteal – for adults and children with well developed gluteal muscles. CONTRAINDICATION: Children under 3y.o. – increased risk of striking the sciatic nerve. PARENTERAL MEDICATIONS ❑ INTRAMUSCULAR ❑ Site: Deltoid – small muscle close to the radial nerve and artery - rapid absorption for adults - cannot administer more than 1ml. - recommended site for Hepa B vaccine administration. Rectus Femoris – can be used for self administration DISADVANTAGE: Can causes discomfort ❑ Angle: 90° ❑ Gauge: #24, #23, #22, #21, #20 ❑ Length: 1”, 1 ½”, 2” TOPICAL MEDICATIONS ❑ TRANSDERMAL PATCH ❑ Site: Trunk or Lower Abdomen Areas that are hairless CONTRAINDICATION: (+) cuts, burns, abrasions, distal extremity OPHTHALMIC MEDICATIONS ❑ Preparation: ✓ Clean the eyelid and lashes from the inner to outer canthus. ✓ Read the instructions before administration. ❑ Where and How to Apply: ❑ EYE FLUIDS ✓ Instill correct number of drops ✓ Outer third of the lower conjunctival sac INSTRUCTION AFTER INSTILLATION: ✓ Do punctal occlusion for 30 seconds. OPHTHALMIC MEDICATIONS ❑ Where and How to Apply: ❑ EYE OINTMENT ✓ Discard the first bead ✓ Squeeze 2cm on the lower conjunctival sac. INSTRUCTION AFTER INSTILLATION: ✓ Close but not squeeze the eyelid. OTIC MEDICATIONS ❑ Preparation: ✓ Clean the pinna and the meatus of the ear canal. ✓ Warm the medication: In between hands Place in warm water ✓ Straighten the auditory canal: Adult – Pull the Pinna upward and backward. Child – Pull the Pinna downward and backward ✓ Instill the medication – along the side of the canal. THANKS! Do you have any questions? [email protected] FB: Aby Comson-De Mesa CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, and includes icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik Please keep this slide for attribution