Angiosperm Phylogeny PDF
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This chart displays the evolutionary relationships among flowering plants (angiosperms). It uses a phylogenetic tree to illustrate the branching patterns and shared characteristics of different plant groups. It's a useful tool for understanding plant systematics and the diversity of angiosperm lineages.
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Angiosperm Phylogeny ...
Angiosperm Phylogeny )ORZHULQJ3ODQW6\VWHPDWLFV ZRRG\YHVVHOVODFNLQJGLRHFLRXVÀZ7–8, A*–RYXOHFDUSHOHPEU\RVDFQXFOHDWHVSHFLHV 1HZ&DOHGRQLD A MBORELLALES* Amborellaceae E A G DTXDWLFKHUEDFHRXVFDPELXPDEVHQWDHUHQFK\PDÀZ7±$±HPEU\RVDFQXFOHDWH A N R VHHGVRSHUFXODWHSHULVSHUPPXFLODJHalkaloids (noEHQ]\OLVRTXLQROLQHV N YMPHAEALES * Cabombaceae Hydatellaceae Nymphaeaceae ethereal oils in spherical idioblasts R I A ZRRG\YHVVHOVVROLWDU\ÀZ7!$*FDHPEU\RVDFQXFOHDWH L T D tiglic acid, aromatic terpenoids AUSTROBAILEYALES Austrobaileyaceae Schisandraceae (incl. Illiciaceae) Trimeniaceae E OYVRSSRVLWHLQWHUSHWLRODUVWLSXOHVQRGHVVZROOHQ Y A ÀZVPDOO7–$–*DSLFDORYXOHFDUSHO CHLORANTHALES* Chloranthaceae ZRRG\SROOHQXQLSRUDWH CANELLALES sesquiterpenes Canellaceae Winteraceae (pellucid dots) A aromatic terpenoids N nodes trilacunar KHUEDFHRXVOYVWZRUDQNHGOHDIEDVHVKHDWKLQJ Aristolochiaceae Piperaceae G VLQJOHDGD[LDOSURSK\OOVZROOHQQRGHV PIPERALES Hydnoraceae Saururaceae I ZRRG\OYVRSSRVLWHÀZZLWKK\SDQWKLXPVWDPLQRGHVIUHTXHQW Calycanthaceae Hernandiaceae Monimiaceae LAURALES EHQ]\OLVRTXLQROLQHDONDORLGV RIWHQYDOYDWHDQWKHUVFDUSHOVZLWKRYXOHHPEU\RODUJH O Gomortegaceae Lauraceae Siparunaceae MAGNOLIIDS S ZRRG\SLWKVHSWDWHOYVWZRUDQNHGRYXOHVZLWKREWXUDWRU Annonaceae Eupomatiaceae Magnoliaceae MAGNOLIALES embryo sac 8-nucleate endosperm ruminate P IHDWXUHVDVLQ ³(DUO\$QJLRVSHUPV´ Degeneriaceae Himantandraceae Myristicaceae E LQÀVSDGL[ZLWKVSDWKHOYVD[LOVZLWKPXFLODJLQRXVLQWUDYDJLQDOVTXDPXOHV R RYXOHVDWURSRXVZLWKHSLGHUPDOSHULVSHUPDQGFRSLRXVHQGRVSHUPLGLREODVWVZLWKethereal oils ACORALES Acoraceae Alismataceae (incl. Limnocharitaceae) Juncaginaceae Ruppiaceae M PRVWO\KHUEVDQGDTXDWLFVUKL]RPDWRXVK\GURSKLORXVLQWUDYDJLQDOVTXDPXOHV S ÀZ*DSRFDUSRXVSODFHQWDWLRQRIWHQODPLQDOHQGRVSHUPKHORELDOHPEU\RODUJHgreen ALISMATALES $SRQRJHWRQDFHDH%XWRPDFHDH 3RVLGRQLDFHDH 6FKHXFK]HULDFHDH $UDFHDH +\GURFKDULWDFHDH 3RWDPRJHWRQDFHDH =RVWHUDFHDH MONOCOTS VWHPZLWKULQJRIEXQGOHV ZRRG\YHVVHOVDEVHQW HXVWHOHQRGHV Ca oxalate raphides IUDIROOLFOH(DVW$VLD PETROSAVIALES* Petrosaviaceae sieve tube plastids DIOSCOREALES ZLWKVWDUFKJUDLQV endosperm RIWHQWZLQLQJYLQHVOYVRIWHQUHWLFXODWH lvs simple, persistent, entire atactostele (scattered bundles) no secondary thickening nuclear RYDU\RIWHQLQIHULRUVW\OHVKRUWEUDQFKHGsteroid sapogeninsalkaloids Burmanniaceae Dioscoreaceae Nartheciaceae Taccaceae helobial, ÀZSDUWVIUHHVWURELODU mostly herbaceous nectaries SHUIHFW3SDUWVYDU\LQJ RIWHQLQWKUHHV ZHDNO\GLIIHUHQWLDWHG pollen monosulcate VLHYHWXEHSODVWLGVZLWK protein crystals ZKHQSUHVHQW septal VRPHZRRG\ ZLWKWHUPLQDOO\WXIWHGOHDYHV ÀZVSDGL[ PANDANALES &\FODQWKDFHDH 3DQGDQDFHDH 9HOOR]LDFHDH RIWHQJHRSK\WHV EXOEVWXEHUVUKL]RPHV VWDPHQZLWKEURDG¿ODPHQWV sympodial branching Alstroemeriaceae Corsiaceae Melanthiaceae Philesiaceae pollen monosulcate G apocarpous (style short in most) nectaries absent vascular bundles in stem scattered lvs parallel-veined, entire ÀZWHSDOVVRPHWLPHVVSRWWHGQHFWDULHVDWWHSDOVPDQ\VHHGVVHHGVFRDW WHVWD FHOOXODU SK\WRPHODQODFNLQJIUXFWDQV in stems, chelidonic acid, steroid saponins LILIALES Colchicaceae Liliaceae Petermanniaceae Smilacaceae no glandular teeth embryo very small ÀZSHQWDF\FOLF3PHURXV$RSS3 RIWHQJHRSK\WHVDQRPDORXVVHFJURZWK Amaryllidaceae ( incl. Agapanthaceae , Alliaceae) Iridaceae aromatic terpenoids ¿ODPHQWVQDUURZ anthers broadly attached, VHSWDOQHFWDU\VLQJOHFRW\OHGRQ ÀZQRQVSRWWHGWHSDOVVHSWDOQHFWDULHVFDSVXOHRUEHUU\ VHHGFRDWREOLWHUDWHGRUZLWKphytomelan ASPARAGALES Asparagaceae ( incl. Agavaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Ruscaceae) Hypoxidaceae Lanariaceae Orchidaceae Tecophilaeaceae adventitious roots PRQRSRGLDOZRRG\OYVSLQQDWHO\SVHXGRFRPSRXQGUHGXSOLFDWHSOLFDWH Xanthorrhoeaceae ( incl. Asphodelaceae , Hemerocallidaceae) LQWHQVHSULPDU\JURZWKODUJHDSLFDOPHULVWHP LQÀZLWKVSDWKHalkaloids ARECALES Arecaceae PRVWO\KHUEDFHRXVHSLGHUPLVVLOLFHRXVPRVWO\P\FRUUKL]DDEVHQW Bromeliaceae Eriocaulaceae Poaceae Restionaceae Xyridaceae OYVJUDVV\ÀZRIWHQDQHPRSKLORXVPLQXWHFKDII\ZLWKRXWQHFWDULHV POALES Cyperaceae Juncaceae Rapateaceae Typhaceae (incl. Sparganiaceae) ÀZRIWHQLUUHJXODUIHZIHUWLOHVWDPHQV COMMELINIDS LQÀWK\UVXVRIVFRUSLRLGF\PHV phenylphenalenones COMMELINALES Commelinaceae Haemodoraceae Pontederiaceae 89ÀXRUHVFLQJFHOOZDOOV UKL]RPDWRXVODUJHOHDIHGKHUEVSVHXGRVWHPFHQWUDOLQÀ (IHUXOLFFRXPDULFDFLGV) ÀZLUUHJXODUPRQRV\PPHWULFVHSWDOQHFWDULHV &DQQDFHDH +HOLFRQLDFHDH 0DUDQWDFHDH 6WUHOLW]LDFHDH silicic acid in leaves FXWLFXODUZD[HVRIWHQLQURGOHWV aggregated into scallops *LQIHULRU$RIWHQVWURQJO\PRGL¿HGUHGXFHG VHHGVDULOODWHsilicic acid ZINGIBERALES &RVWDFHDH /RZLDFHDH 0XVDFHDH =LQJLEHUDFHDH DTXDWLFKHUEDFHRXVOYVZKRUOHGQRSHOOXFLGGRWVYHVVHOVODFNLQJPRQRHFLRXV ÀZ7–$*DSLFDORYXOHFDUSHOSROOHQLQDSHUWXUDWHSROOHQWXEHEUDQFKHGK\GURSKLORXV CERATOPHYLLALES Ceratophyllaceae OYVRIWHQGLYLGHGÀZZKRUOHG3VLQJOHRUPXOWLSOHZKRUOV Berberidaceae Eupteleaceae Menispermaceae *DSRFDUSRXVSDUDFDUSRXVVXSHULRUberberines RANUNCULALES &LUFDHDVWHUDFHDH /DUGL]DEDODFHDH3DSDYHUDFHDH Ranunculaceae ZRRG\ÀZ±PHURXVQHFWDU\GLVN$HSLSHWDORXV*V\QFDUSRXV SROOHQFROSRUDWHHQGRVSHUPKHORELDOtriterpenoids SABIALES Sabiaceae PRVWO\ZRRG\ÀZWHSDOVRIWHQPHURXV $HSLWHSDORXVFRQQHFWLYHVVRPHWLPHVZLWKDSLFDODSSHQGDJH PROTEALES Nelumbonaceae Platanaceae Proteaceae E axial nectary ZRRG\YHVVHOVODFNLQJLGLREODVWVLQFRUWH[ÀZWHSDOVPLVVLQJ$ *!ODWHUDOO\FRQQDWHZLWKDED[LDOQHFWDULHVIUDJJUHJDWHRIIROOLFOHV TROCHODENDRALES* Trochodendraceae U common D PRVWO\ZRRG\XQLVH[XDOGLRHFLRXVOYVHYHUJUHHQVWRPDWDF\FORF\WLF BUXALES* Buxaceae (incl. Didymelaceae) Haptanthaceae EHQ]\OLVRTXLQROLQHVDEVHQW ÀZWHSDOVXQLIRUPRUPLVVLQJpregnan pseudoalkaloids I C XQLVH[XDOGLRHFLRXVOYVWRRWKHGVHFYHLQVSDOPDWH O T ÀZWHSDOVVPDOOWRODFNLQJ ellagic acid GUNNERALES Gunneraceae Myrothamnaceae PRVWO\ZRRG\OYVYHLQVSURFHHGWRDSH[ WHHWKÀZ.–, persisting S mostly A, G mostly slightly connate pollen tricolpate VHHGVRIWHQZLWKDULOIURIWHQERWKYHQWUDOO\GRUVDOO\GHKLVFHQW DILLENIALES Dilleniaceae ÀZ.&3RSS$ ¿ODPHQWVUDWKHUQDUURZ OYVZLWKJODQGXODUWHHWKRIWHQK\SDQWKLXPDSLFDOO\XQIXVHGFDUSHOVVWLJPDGHFXUUHQW Altingiaceae Daphniphyllaceae Hamamelidaceae SAXIFRAGALES IUPRVWO\GU\GHKLVFHQW DQWKHUVEDVL¿[HG nodes trilacunar P\ULFHWLQÀDYRQROV Cercidiphyllaceae Grossulariaceae Paeoniaceae stomata anomocytic RIWHQWHQGULOODUYLQHVOYVRIWHQGLYLGHGDQGZLWKJODQGXODUWHHWK Crassulaceae +DORUDJDFHDH 6D[LIUDJDFHDH ethereal oils absent $HSLSHWDORXVRYXOHVSHUFDUSHOUDSKLGHVSHDUOJODQGV berries VITALES* Vitaceae cork origin deep-seated endosperm lacking resinous, lignansneolignans, harman alkaloids ZYGOPHYLLALES* .UDPHULDFHDH =\JRSK\OODFHDH ellagic acid tannins ÀZVPDOO*RIWHQPHURXVQHFWDU\LQWUDVWDPLQDOGLVN Celastraceae Lepidobotryaceae VHHGVRIWHQZLWKDULO UHGRUDQJH LQÀF\PRVH CELASTRALES (incl. Hippocrateaceae, Brexiaceae) Parnassiaceae OYVRIWHQFRPSRXQGSXOYLQL VOHHSPRYHPHQW Brunelliaceae Connaraceae Elaeocarpaceae OXALIDALES ÀZ$RUPXOWLSOHEUDQFKHGVW\OHFRPPRQ Oxalidaceae PXFLODJHFHOOVoxalates Cephalotaceae Cunoniaceae Huaceae F Achariaceae Euphorbiaceae Ochnaceae Podostemaceae A lvs margins toothed ÀZ*RIWHQWULFDUSHOODWH MALPIGHIALES &KU\VREDODQDFHDH Clusiaceae +\SHULFDFHDH Linaceae 3DVVLÀRUDFHDH Phyllanthaceae 5KL]RSKRUDFHDH Salicaceae B I ÀZRIWHQ³SDSLOLRQDFHRXV´ZLQJVWDQGDUGNHHOPRVWO\* Erythroxylaceae Malpighiaceae Picrodendraceae Violaceae PRVWO\$IUDSRGV\PELRVLVZLWKURRWQRGXOHEDFWHULD D diverse alkaloids, NP amino acids, lectins (in Fabaceae) FABALES Fabaceae Polygalaceae Quillajaceae Surianaceae C E S OYVPRVWO\VLPSOHZLWKVWLSXOHV Barbeyaceae Elaeagnaceae Rosaceae O U ROSALES ÀZ.YDOYDWH DQGK\SDQWKLXP SHUVLVWLQJ R D 1¿[ FDUSHOVZLWKRYXOHVWLJPDGU\GLK\GURÀDYRQROV Cannabaceae Moraceae Ulmaceae E I OYVZLWK embryo large, Dirachmaceae Rhamnaceae Urticaceae (incl. Cecropiaceae) C stipules endosperm scanty lvs mostly alternate ÀZRIWHQXQLVH[XDO*PRVWO\LQIHULRU Anisophyllaceae Coriariaceae Cucurbitaceae O T SDULHWDOSODFHQWDWLRQcucurbitacins CUCURBITALES Begoniaceae Corynocarpaceae Datiscaceae Tetramelaceae S R OYVXQGLYLGHGÀZVPDOOXQLVH[XDO O DQHPRSKLORXVWKXV7UHGXFHGRUODFNLQJ*PRVWO\LQIHULRU Betulaceae Fagaceae Myricaceae Rhoipteleaceae ÀZSHQWDF\FOLF S LQÀVSLNHVRUFDWNLQVIUVHHGHGPRVWO\QXWV HFWRP\FRUUKL]DWDQQLQVGLK\GURÀDYRQROV FAGALES &DVXDULQDFHDH -XJODQGDFHDH 1RWKRIDJDFHDH 7LFRGHQGUDFHDH parts alternating G connate I OYVZLWKJODQGXODUWHHWK.& IUHH D ÀZ$REGLSORVWHPRQRXVQHFWDU\RQ¿ODPHQW GERANIALES Francoaceae Geraniaceae Ledocarpaceae Melianthaceae VWHPVMRLQWHGDWQRGHVethereal oils, ellagic acid (A polyandrous) S pollen tricolporate OYVRSSRVLWHFROOHWHUV JODQGXODUKDLURQDGD[LDOVXUIDFHRISHWLROHEDVH Combretaceae Myrtaceae Penaeaceae (incl. Oliniaceae) WULK\GUR[\OÀDYRQRLGV VWLSXOHVVPDOO LIDQ\ FRUNGHHSVHDWHG Lythraceae (incl. Punicaceae, Sonneratiaceae, Trapaceae) ÀZ.YDOYDWHSHUVLVWLQJ$LQFXUYHGLQEXGRYDU\LQIHULRURYXOHVPDQ\ HQGRVSHUPVFDQW\VFDO\EDUNÀDYRQROVP\ULFHWLQ MYRTALES Melastomataceae (incl. Memecylaceae) Onagraceae Vochysiaceae ZRRG\ Crossosomataceae Stachyuraceae .&VW\ORGLDIUHH hypanthium, nectary disk CROSSOSOMATALES Geissolomataceae Staphyleaceae Strasburgeriaceae WUHHVOYVVSLUDOH[WUDÀRUDOQHFWDULHV M VWDPLQDWHÀZ$ DQGRSSRVLWH& bark bitter, anthraquinones PICRAMNIALES* Picramniaceae A PRVWO\ZRRG\ VLOLFDVLOLFL¿HG L Anacardiaceae Meliaceae Rutaceae V lvs alternate, odd-pinnately compound ÀZRIWHQLPSHUIHFWLQWUDVWDPLQDOGLVNethereal oils SAPINDALES Burseraceae Nitrariaceae Sapindaceae Simaroubaceae I YHVVHOHOHPHQWVVFDODULIRUPSHUIRUDWLRQVPXFLODJHFHOOV D embryo large lvs margins toothed, stipules cauline ÀZVPDOO$ DQGRSSRVLWH.RYXOHVFDUSHO HUERTEALES* Dipentodontaceae Gerrardinaceae Petenaeaceae Tapisciaceae S EDUN¿EURXVKDLUVRIWHQVWHOODWH Bixaceae Malvaceae (incl. Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae) endo- sperm ÀZ.RIWHQYDOYDWH Cistaceae Cytinaceae Muntingiaceae Sarcolaenaceae LIVERWORTS scanty SHWDOVFRQWRUWHG$RIWHQPXFLODJH F\FORSURSHQRLGIDWW\DFLGVÀDYRQHV MALVALES Dipterocarpaceae Neuradaceae Sphaerosepalaceae Thymelaeaceae OYVDOWHUQDWHÀZRIWHQPHURXV MOSSES RIWHQFODZHGSHWDOV$RIWHQPDQ\î. Bataceae Caricaceae Limnanthaceae Salvadoraceae HORNWORTS K\SRJ\QRXV RIWHQJ\QRSKRUH LQÀUDFHPRVH myrosin cells, glucosinolates BRASSICALES Brassicaceae Cleomaceae Moringaceae Tovariaceae ZRRG\SDUDVLWHVVHPLSDUDVLWHVZLWKRXWP\FRUUKL]D &DSSDUDFHDH .RHEHUOLQLDFHDH 5HVHGDFHDH 7URSDHRODFHDH LYCOPHYTES OYVPDUJLQHQWLUHÀZ$HSLSHWDORXV %DODQRSKRUDFHDH 0LVRGHQGUDFHDH 2SLOLDFHDH6FKRHS¿DFHDH FERNS (incl. HORSETAILS) SHULDQWKRIWHQVLPSOHYDOYDWHSHUVLVWLQJ polyacetylenes, triterpene sapogenins, silicic acid SANTALALES Loranthaceae Olacaceae Santalaceae (incl. Viscaceae) PALMFERNS ZRRG\OYVVWRPDWDF\FORF\WLF SHWLROHEXQGOHVDQQXODUIUÀHVK\ Aextoxicaceae Berberidopsidaceae GINKGO EPHEDRA calcium oxalate as crystals BERBERIDOPSIDALES* WELWITSCHIA PRVWO\KHUEDFHRXVZLWKRXWP\FRUUKL]D $L]RDFHDH &DU\RSK\OODFHDH 0ROOXJLQDFHDH 3RO\JRQDFHDH SEED GYMNOSPERMS GNETUM PLANTS CONIFERS *RIWHQXQLORFXODUZLWKFHQWUDOSODFHQWDWLRQ Amaranthaceae Didiereaceae Nepenthaceae Portulacaceae ANITA GRADE SROOHQFROSDWHVXUIDFHVSLQ\ betalains or anthocyanins (latter, e.g., in Caryophyllaceae) CARYOPHYLLALES [incl. Chenopodiaceae] Basellaceae