Senior High School Supplementary Learning Modules PDF

Department of Education Bureau of Learning Delivery Teaching and Learning Division Supplementary Learning Modules for Senior High School Learners Grade Level: Grade 11/12 Core Subject: Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Persons...

Department of Education Bureau of Learning Delivery Teaching and Learning Division Supplementary Learning Modules for Senior High School Learners Grade Level: Grade 11/12 Core Subject: Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Persons Semester: First/ Second Semester (WEEK 1)  FREEDOM OF THE HUMAN PERSON Learning Competencies: At the end of the module, you should be able to: 5.2. Evaluate and exercise prudence in choices PPT11/12-IIa-5.2 5.3. Realize that: a. Choices have consequences; b. Some things are given up while others are obtained in making choices PPT11/12-IIc-5.3 5.4. Show situations that demonstrate freedom of choice and the consequences of their choices PPT11/12-IIc-5.4 Lesson 5: Freedom of the Human Person 5.1 Meaning of Freedom 5.2 Freedom: The view of Various Philosophers 5.3 Human Freedom in Existentialist Philosophy 5.4 Activity Page 1 of 13 Task 1: Let’s test ourselves… Direction: Write T if the statement is true freedom and L if it is licentiousness. 1. Guiding an old woman cross the street 2. Copying a project 3. Slapping one’s face 4. Talking to a friend 5. Stopping by at a computer shop after class 6. Talking back to a teacher 7. Getting a classmate’s pen without his/her permission 8. Getting something from another’s bag 9. Helping a friend finish a project 10. Contributing to Pondo ng Pinoy even if it vacation. What is freedom? -Freedom is God’s most precious gift to man. -Is the power rooted in reason and will to act or not to act, to do this or that and so to perform deliberate actions. FREEDOM IS ROOTED IN REASON AND WILL We do not act out of nothing There should be a reason for everything. FREEDOM IS POWER What will happen if we do whatever we How do I use my freedom? Is it for my want regardless? good and of those around me? Do I tend to abuse it? Why can’t God stop it if it is abused? Aristotle The power of volition The will of humanity is an instrument of free choice. It is within the power of everyone to be good or bad, worthy or worthless. This is borne out by:  Our inner awareness of an aptitude to do right or wrong;  The common testimony of all human beings;  The reward and punishment of rulers, and,  The general employment of praise and blame. Moral acts, which are always particular acts, are in our power and we are responsible for them. Character or habit is no excuse for immoral conduct. Example. Attending is a students’ responsibility. Should the student cut class, then he/she is responsible for the consequences of his actions. As a result,, he/she must be held responsible for any accident or failure in grades that will be fall on him/her. The student may regret what he/she had done, but all the regrets in the world will not call it back. The point is the student should not have cut class in the first instance. When the matter is sifted down, the happiness of every human being/s soul in his own hands, to preserve and develop, or to cast away. Page 2 of 13  For Aristotle, a human being is rational. Reason is a divine characteristic. Humans have the spark of divine. If there would be no will. Reason can legislate, but only through will can its legislation be turned in to action. Our will is an instrument of free choice. Reason, will and action drives each other. Action Will Reason THE WILL: ITS EXISTENCE, NATURE AND OBJECT  The will, in philosophy and psychology, is a term used to describe the faculty of mind that is alleged to stimulate motivation of purposeful activity.  The concept has been variously interpreted by philosophers, some accepting the will as a personal faculty or function (for example, Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Descartes and Kant)  And other seeing it as the externalized result of the interaction of conflicting elements (for example, Spinoza, Leibniz, and Huma). Thomas Aquinas’ Ideas about the Will and Human Freedom 1. Intellect - apprehends a situation and determines that a particular end is appropriate (good) for the given circumstances.  Will - approves a simple volition for that end (or can reject, change the subject, etc.) 2. Intellect - determines that the end can be achieved, is within the power of the agent.  Will - Intention: to achieve the end through some means 3. Intellect - Counsel: determines various means to achieve the end.  Will - accepts these means (or can ask for more means) 4. Intellect - determines the best means for the given circumstances.  Will - Electio (choice): selects the means the intellect proposes as best. 5. Intellect - Command: says "Do the best means!"  Will - Use: exercises control over the body or mind as needed. Page 3 of 13  HUMAN ACTS AND VOLUNTARINESS. We have human dignity because we are intelligent and free persons, capable of determining our own lives by our own free choices. We give this dignity to ourselves by freely choosing to shape our lives and actions in accord with the truth; that is, by making good moral choices. Such choices are in turn dependent upon true moral judgments. These choices performed as free persons are called human acts. Human Freedom in Existentialist Philosophy Human freedom, understood as autonomy (the state of being able to direct our lives), is an important theme in a number of philosophers. These philosophers were dubbed as existentialists by Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980), who numbers himself with them. The full meaning and extent of the existentialist human freedom may be seen in a famous disagreement between two existentialists, Sartre and Gabriel Marcel (1889-1973). Their debate is about whether true freedom or autonomy is achieved in isolation from one’s community or in participation in it. For Sartre, it is in contradicting others that one finds herself to be truly free. One of his famous lines that relate to this is, “Hell is other people”, which is said by the character Garcin in his play No Exit. This has been understood to mean that because one’s actions affect others (so, others’ actions would affect her), she is not totally free. 10 People’s actions ultimately restrict us. What is implied then is that true freedom entails finding ways to make others’ actions not affect you. An important point in Sartre’s philosophy which provides a background to his view is his view of humans as self-determining beings. In “Existentialism and Humanism,” Sartre says that “man is what he makes of himself.” Sartre believes that humans do not have a pre- conceived essence. Sartre explains the meaning of this as follows: If one considers an article of manufacture – as, for example, a book or a paper- knife – one sees that it has been made by an artisan who had a conception of it; and he has paid attention, equally, to the conception of a paper-knife and to the pre-existent technique of production which is a part of that conception and is, at bottom, a formula. Thus the paper- knife is at the same time an article producible in a certain manner and one which, on the other hand, serves a definite purpose, for one cannot suppose that a man would produce a paper-knife without knowing what it was for. Let us say, then, of the paper-knife that its essence – that is to say the sum of the formulae and the qualities which made its production and its definition possible – precedes its existence. The presence of such-and-such a paper- knife or book is thus determined before my eyes. Here, then, we are viewing the world from a technical standpoint, and we can say that production precedes existence. When we think of God as the creator, we are thinking of him, most of the time, as a supernal artisan. Whatever doctrine we may be considering, whether it be a doctrine like that of Descartes, or of Leibniz himself, we always imply that the will follows, more or less, from the understanding or at least accompanies it, so that when God creates he knows precisely what he is creating. Thus, the conception of man in the mind of God is comparable to that of the paper-knife in the mind of the artisan: God makes man according to a procedure Page 4 of 13 and a conception, exactly as the artisan manufactures a paper-knife, following a definition and a formula. Thus each individual man is the realization of a certain conception which dwells in the divine understanding…. What do we mean by saying that existence precedes essence? We mean that man first of all exists, encounters himself, surges up in the world – and defines himself afterwards. If man as the existentialist sees him is not definable, it is because to begin with he is nothing. He will not be anything until later, and then he will be what he makes of himself. Thus, there is no human nature, because there is no God to have a conception of it. Man simply is. Not that he is simply what he conceives himself to be, but he is what he wills, and as he conceives himself after already existing – as he wills to be after that leap towards existence. Man is nothing else but that which he makes of himself… According to this, the process of molding one’s essence begins the moment one is born. One is master of herself. From this, it would appear that Sartre does not think an individual needs others in creating herself. An attempt to put this more philosophically is to point out that, according to Thomas Flynn, a Sartre scholar, the freedom Sartre talks about has ontological basis. He says that for Sartre, our being is a ‘presence- to-self’, not a ‘in-itself’. A ‘presence-to-self’ is “transcendence or ‘nihilation’ of our self”. This appears to mean that our being is both ‘awareness’ and ‘control’ of ourselves. If to be is to be in ‘control’ of ourselves, then that means that we are masters of ourselves. For Marcel, according to a secondary source, it is only when one engages with others in the community is one truly free or autonomous. Autonomy is captured in the view that self is not isolated or isolatable. Marcel is known for the line, esse est co- esse (one’s essence is to co- exist). According to this, it is in one’s dealings with others that one defines oneself. One’s family, or significant others, co-workers, co-parishioners, among many we deal with, contribute to one’s being free. In “Truth and Freedom,” Marcel discusses freedom of the individual as that which links with obligations in society. Obligations are not to be looked at as coercive, for to relinquish obligations is to “endanger the community”. To endanger the community to which the individual belongs must not be done because it is that which “does assure [him] the freedom to be himself”. According to the disagreement, that there is human freedom is out of the question. Human freedom is viewed as valuable. The problem is which means is effective to make it true or to preserve it. Is one truly free when she disregards others? Or is it when she considers others’ point of view (for instance) that she is? Page 5 of 13 Task 2: Answer the following question: I. What can you say about the pictures below? Have you been in this kind of situation? What are the things that you considered in making choices? Task 3: As a grade 11 student, you have made some important life decisions in the past. Make a time- line of major decisions in your life and below the line then write down the consequence of those particular decisions. Life decisions 12 years old 14 years old 16 years old Consequences Task 4: What is the message of the picture? Write your reflection about this picture in your notebook. Page 6 of 13 Task 5 Direction: Divide the class into 4 groups. Discuss the given actions below about the possible consequences. Action Consequences A student studying his or her lesson A driver observing traffic lights An athletes practicing in the gym A person taking illegal drugs Task 6: Independent Task: Guided Learning: 1. Explain this quote from Ninoy Aquino: “The moment you say no to Tyranny, you are beginning the struggle, the long lonely road to freedom.” 2. How can Filipino values such as “Utang na Loob” promote or hinder freedom? 3. What did you personally learn from the following? a. Hobbes who argued the human are fundamentally predisposed to selfishness and ‘state of nature’. b. Aristotle’s belief that freedom is based on reason. Independent Learning: T-Shirt Making Project 1. Create slogans regarding freedom. 2. Choose the best slogan 3. Use the slogan to print on t-shirts. 4. Sell the t-shirts. Proceeds of the sales may be donated to Home for the Aged at the Asilo de Molo. Criteria: Creativity 15 Content 15 Uniqueness 20 TOTAL 50 Page 7 of 13 Task 7: Put a check beside a number of the statement which shows responsible use of freedom. Write your answers on a separate piece of paper. _________________1. Instead of spending her excess allowance on a new pair of shoes, Kelly decides to open a bank account and start saving up for her future. _________________2. Despite the treats made on his life, the witness decide to come forward and divulge important information regarding the crime he witnessed. _________________3. A woman used the internet to humiliate her ex-boyfriend by spreading lewd photos of him on social media. _________________4. Despite knowing that many of his clients were poor and desperate, a Money lender continues to impose very high interest rates on loans. _________________5. A businessman did not accept a high paying position in an overseas firm and instead decided to starts his own business and spend more time with his family. Page 8 of 13 Answer Keys: Task 1- 1. T 6. L 2. L 7. L 3. L 8. L 4. T 9. T 5. T 10. T Task 2-Answers may vary Task 3-Answers may vary Task 4-Answers may vary Task 5-Answers may vary Task 6-Answers may vary Task 7-Answers may vary  Glossary Aristotle- The Power of Volition B.F. Skinner- Punishments and Rewards Contract- mutual transferring of these rights- *absolute monarchy Freedom- The power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint. Individual Freedom- En sui causa- sufficient ground itself En soi- escape obligations Mauvis foi- Bad faith Jean-Jacques Rousseau- Social Contract Jean-Paul Sartre- Individual Freedom Power of Volition- Reason, will, and action drives each other Punishments and Rewards 1. Good=Reward vice versa 2.Punishment or Reward >>>> Lesson learned 3. Good= good karma evil= evil karma Social Contract- *Absolute Democracy & individualism -the states owes its origin to a social contract freely entered into by its members Spiritual Freedom (Fourfold of classification of Law:- Human Law- being rational Natural Law- human "participation in the eternal law" Divine Law- law ordering him to that end Eternal Law- decree of God that governs all creation St. Thomas Aquinas- Spiritual Freedom Theory of Social Contract- 1st Law- seek peace 2nd Law- we mutually divest ourselves of certain rights Thomas Hobbes- Theory of Social Contract  References Bogliolo, Louis. Philosophical Anthropology. Shillong: Sacred Heart Theological College, 1984. Boon, J.A. “Anthropology, Ethnology and Religion.” The Encyclopaedia of Religion. Vol.1. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1987, 308-317. Donceel, J.F. Philosophical Anthropology. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1967. Mondin, Battista. Philosophical Anthropology. Bangalore: Theological Publications of India, 1998. Munro, R. “Anthropology.” Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol.1. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1925, 561-573. Ramos, C.C. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Rex Book Store. First Edition. Rescher, Nicholas (2011). Philosophical Reasoning: A Study in Methodology of Philosophizing. (1ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. Shapiro, H.L. “Anthropology.” Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 3. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, 1974, 37-50. Bogliolo, Louis. Philosophical Anthropology. Shillong: Sacred Heart Theological College, 1984. Boon, J.A. “Anthropology, Ethnology and Religion.” The Encyclopaedia of Religion. Vol.1. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1987, 308-317. Donceel, J.F. Philosophical Anthropology. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1967. Mondin, Battista. Philosophical Anthropology. Bangalore: Theological Publications of India, 1998. https://www.marxists.org/reference Copi, Irvin M. and Cohen, Carl, Introduction to Logic, New York: Prentice Hall International Inc. / Macmillian Publishing Company, 1994; Cronkite, Walter, A Reporter’s Life, United States of America: Alfred A. Knopf / Random House of Canada Limited, 1996; Cruz, Corazon L., Philosophy of Man, Third Edition, Mandaluyong City, National Book Store, 1995; Garcia, Leovino, Some Notes towards a Narrative Ethics, Philosophical Association of the Philippines Conference Paper, 2000; Kong, Francis J., One Day At A Time: A Daily Dose of Inspiration for the Man at Work, Book 4, Philippines: Business Matters Publishing, 2002. Limbaugh, Rush, See, I Told You So, New York: Pocket Books / Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1993; Maboloc, Christopher Ryan B., Philosophy of Man: The Existential Drama, Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc., 2009; Montemayor, Felix M., Introduction to Philosophy through the Philosophy of Man, Mandaluyong City: National Book Store, 2007; Zulueta, Francisco M., Introduction to Philosophy, Mandaluyong City: National Book Store, The Socratic/Dialectical Method: Socrates Kreeft, Peter (2010). Socratic Logic: A Logic Text using Socratic Method, Platonic Questions, and Aristotelian (3 ed.). Saint Agustines Press. Phoenix, AZ. www.google.com www.slidesshare.com Abella, Roberto. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person.C & E Publishing, Inc. https://www.facebook.com/introductiontothephilosophyofthehumanperson/videos/1800927130118886/ https://www.facebook.com/introductiontothephilosophyofthehumanperson/videos/1794029017475364/ https://www.facebook.com/introductiontothephilosophyofthehumanperson/videos/1801343706743895/ Prepared by: JUNAL M. MARCON, PhD Master Teacher I Schools Division of Passi City Region VI Evaluated by: NESCEL P. PANES, PhD MA. LENNIE F. PAMPOSA, PhD Education Program Supervisor Education Program Supervisor Schools Division of Passi City Schools Division of Passi City Region VI Region VI