Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person PDF (Grade 11/12)

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON Quarter 1 – Module 1: DOING PHILOSOPHY Philosophy – Grade 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 1: Doing Philosophy First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No c...

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON Quarter 1 – Module 1: DOING PHILOSOPHY Philosophy – Grade 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 1: Doing Philosophy First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Writers: Michael S. Bernal, Paciano B. Ferrer, Alejandrino C. Alac Editors: Amalia Solis, Education Program Supervisor Reviewers: Michael S. Bernal, Paciano B. Ferrer, Gener C. Irinco, Nastasia V. Besin, Ernie Ronel Tirol Mabahague ( Content ) Marianne Carol Rodia Esteban (Language) Illustrator: Layout Artist: Management Team: Malcom S. Gama, Regional Director Genia V. Santos, CLMD Chief Dennis M. Mendoza, Regional EPS In Charge of LRMS Regional ADM Coordinator Maria Magdalena M. Lim, CESO V Schools Division Superintendent Aida H. Rondilla, CID Chief Lucky S. Carpio, EPS In Charge of LRMS Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education – National Capital Region Office Address: ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ Telefax: ____________________________________________ E-mail Address: ____________________________________________ 1  11/12 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON Quarter 1 – Module 1: DOING PHILOSOPHY 2 Introductory Message For the facilitator: Welcome to the Introduction To The Philosophy of The Human Person (Grade 11/12) Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Doing Philosophy. This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling. This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module: Notes to the Teacher This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners. As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module. 3 For the learner: Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Doing Philosophy. The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands! This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in the module. What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module. What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one. What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation. What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills. What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module. What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you learned from the lesson. What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or 4  skill into real life situations or concerns. Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency. Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also tends retention of learned concepts. Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module. At the end of this module you will also find: References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module. The following are some reminders in using this module: 1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the module. 3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task. 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. 6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it! 5  What I Need to Know This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the nature of Philosophy. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using. The module is divided into three parts, namely: Part 1 – The Nature and Functions of Philosophy Part 2 – Philosophical Tools and Processes Part 3 – Philosophical Reflection After going through this module, you are expected to accomplish the following Most Essential Learning Competencies: 1. Distinguish a holistic perspective from a partial point of view. 2. Realize the value of doing philosophy in obtaining a broad perspective on life. 3. Do a philosophical reflection on a concrete situation from a holistic perspective. 6  What I Know Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds to your answer from the statements below. Write your answers on other sheet of paper. ______1.It is an activity that requires a person to examine his or her thoughts, feelings and actions and learn from experience. A. reflection C. wondering B. questioning D. reasoning ______2. What is the science and art of correct thinking? A. Ethics C. Metaphysics B. Aesthetics D. Logic ______3. The type of philosophical reflection which trains the mind to think logically. It is also the ability of the mind to construct and evaluate arguments A. Secondary reflection C. Primary reflection B. Tertiary reflection D. all of the above ______4. One of the triumvirate Greek philosophers who pioneered a method of argument called dialectic. A. Plato C. Pythagoras B Socrates D. Aristotle ______5. This is the process of thinking about something in a logical way in order to form a conclusion or judgement. A. reasoning C. intuition B. proposition D. reflection ______6. It is a term used to describe a method of philosophical argument that involves some sort of contradictory process between opposing sides. A. deductive C. Inductive B. dialectic D. reflective ______7. It is the idea that various systems (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts. A. holism C. existentialism B. idealism D. rationalism ______8. According to Gabriel Marcel this type of reflection enables us to look deeper into our experiences and see the bigger picture of reality. A. Secondary reflection C. Primary reflection B. Tertiary reflection D. all of the above ______9. The western philosophical tradition originated in______. A. Greece C. India B. China D. Egypt _____10. What is the branch of Philosophy that studies the nature and means of human knowledge? A. Metaphysics C. Politics B. Ethics D. Epistemology 7 Lesson 1 What is Philosophy? More than 2500 years ago a sage in South Asia named Gautama Buddha declared that “Life is suffering.” This is the first of his Four Noble Truths. And indeed if you look at your life you will see that it is a series of challenges that you have to overcome if you want to survive. It feels like you are competing in a race in which you are required to successfully jump hurdles in order to win. And each challenge in life is really a question or a bunch of questions that you have to answer. If you are not feeling well for example you might ask, Why am I feeling this way (cause)? How can I overcome it (process)? How it will affect my life and the people around me (consequence)? Philosophy, our subject matter for this course, is really all about questions and answers. And since by now you already asked and answered hundreds of questions your life experienced already prepared you to take our philosophical journey starting now. What’s In Picture Analysis Direction: Look at the picture below and answer the following questions. Source: https://www.patheos.com/blogs/driventoabstraction/2018/07/blind-men-elephant-folklore-knowledge/ retrieved May 2020 8 1. What do you notice from the picture? ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Did anyone get the correct answer? Why or why not? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. What does this picture imply about our effort to understand the realities of life or answer our perennial problems? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Notes to the Teacher The chosen texts are meant to facilitate the learner’s acquisition of insight on the topic. The role of the teacher is to stimulate the minds of the learners, guide, equip them with the needed skills, provide scafoldings and hope that eventually apply the learned skills in their daily life. What’s New Imagine that a vaccine for Covid -19 is already available and therefore the community quarantine was lifted throughout the Philippines. Freedom at last! You decided to travel the country. However during one of your travel adventures you come upon an unfamiliar area and therefore as much as you hate to admit it you have to accept the truth: you are lost. Obviously the very first question you want to answer is the question Where am I? However to answer this question another question needs answering: How can I discover it? or 9 How do I know it? Should you ask a stranger for directions? Should you consult Google Map? Should you look for clues on road signs and street names? Answering these questions are important because knowledge is not automatic. There is a method in knowing something including knowing your present location. When you answer the first two questions successfully you will discover your location. You are no longer lost. Still you need to Where am I? answer one remaining question: How do I know it? What should I do? Should you What should I do? walk, take a bus, wait for someone to fetch you? You need to take one of these actions to arrive successfully at your destination. You might not realize this but you are already doing philosophy when you are answering these three questions: -Where am I? -How do I know it? -What should I do? The reason is that these three questions are the primary questions of philosophy. Let us now turn our attention to philosophy. 10  What is It I. The Nature and Functions of Philosophy DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY Traditionally philosophy is defined as love of wisdom because it came from two Greek words philos (love) and Sophia (wisdom). You might find it strange to connect love to philosophy. You might think of philosophy as a purely intellectual discipline which has nothing to do with love. You might believe love is romance, poetry, intense passion in which you are willing to lay down your life. But you will see that philosophy can also be pursued passionately. In fact some people like Socrates died for truth. It is this centrality of love to philosophy that we call people who engages in philosophy as philosophers (lovers of wisdom). ORIGIN OF PHILOSOPHY Greece is the birthplace of philosophy in the West. To be more precise it is the ancient Greek city of Miletus in the Western coast of what is now Turkey that gave birth to philosophy. It is in this city that the first philosopher in the West, Thales, lived. Thales is the Father of Philosophy in the Western civilization. He lived between 624 and 546 BCE a contemporary of the Lydian king Croesus and the statesman Solon (Stumpf and Fieser,2008). What made Thales a philosopher is his desire to know the ultimate stuff that makes up the different things we perceived. You THALES see when we look at the world we encounter different things: people, trees, clouds, mountains, rivers, etc. Now Thales believed that despite the different things we encounter there is one underlying stuff or substance in which everything is composed. He believes that there is One in the Many. Thales was the first individual who tried to reduce the multiplicity in to a unity (Jones,1969). But his explanation of natural phenomena is devoid of gods and goddesses of the old religion of Greece. It is completely rational. It represents a departure from the mythological religion of Greece. Thales approach highlights the difference between religion and philosophy. Religion rests on faith while philosophy rests on reason. PHILOSOPHICAL ACTIVITY Thales greatest contribution to philosophy is not his identification of water as the ultimate stuff of the universe. His greatest contribution is the problem he posed “What is the ultimate stuff of the universe?” and his approach in solving that 11 problem. Studying Thales makes us realize that philosophical activity is characterized by three things: First in terms of scope philosophy involves the widest generalizations (Rand, 1982). While people concern themselves with shoes and clothes, the latest gossip about their favorite celebrities, their crushes, philosophers concern themselves with big issues pertaining to the truth, , the good, the just, the beautiful, and the existence of practically all things. While scientists concern themselves with scientific knowledge, historians with knowledge of the past, economists with knowledge of supply and demand, philosophers concern themselves with the nature of knowledge as such (which embraces all types of knowledge previously mentioned and more). Second philosophy is all about fundamentals. A fundamental is the root cause that explains almost everything in a given context. To understand this imagine that knowledge is like a building with levels. Now the higher level depends on the lower levels (Peikoff, 1991). If somehow the lower level crumbles then all the higher levels that rest upon it will collapse. A fundamental is like the lower floor that supports everything above it. That kind of support is exactly what philosophy provides. If somehow philosophical ideas like consciousness and existence disappear then knowledge of any kind will not make any sense because there will be nothing to know (existence) and no one to know (consciousness). Third philosophy is driven by the desire to integrate things in to a one coherent whole. As the celebrated philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel said “The true is the Whole (Peikoff, 1991).” If you notice Thales wants to reduce the multiplicity of things into a single stuff. He desires to find the One in the many. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY Since philosophy’s concern is vast, we have to divide it into different branches. Each branch will focus on a specific area of philosophy. To understand the branches of philosophy let us return to the three central philosophical questions we explored earlier. First the question, Where am I? By the time we reached adulthood we believe we know the answer to this question. In fact we believed that the answer is obvious that we don’t bother to look closely at the question itself. Where am I? Well let’s say I’m in Manila. You don’t need philosophy to answer that one. But if you ask a series of where questions (Where is Manila? Where is the Philippines? etc.) which at first seems childish you eventually end up with the universe. And here we have to stop asking the where question (Where is the universe is an absurd question. The universe does not exist in a place). What kind of place is the universe? Is it governed by laws? If so what laws? The study of the universe as a whole is the province of metaphysics. Metaphysics is further subdivided into ontology which studies existence as such and philosophical anthropology which deals with the fundamental and essential characteristics of human nature (Gotthelf and Salmieri, 2015). 12  The second question, How do I know it? concerns the nature of human knowledge and the way to obtain it. How do we obtain knowledge? Do we obtain knowledge by revelation, intuition, instinct or reason? Can we achieve certainty or are we doomed to suffer perpetual doubt? Is knowledge based on the things we perceive or from something else? This is the concern of epistemology which can be defined as the “branch of philosophy that studies the nature and means of human knowledge.” We need epistemology to guide us in knowing since we make mistakes from time to time. The first two branches of philosophy, metaphysics and epistemology, are called cognitive branches. These branches provide a description of being (existence) and knowing. They are the foundations of understanding any philosophical system. The next three branches of philosophy (ethics, politics and aesthetics) can be classified as the normative branches of philosophy because they are concerned with the standard of the good. If the cognitive branches are concerned with what “is” the normative branches are concerned with what “ought” to be. The most basic normative branch of philosophy is ethics or morality (I used this two concepts interchangeably). It is concerned with the last of the three questions central to philosophy: What should I do? Ethics can be regarded as the technology of philosophy (I owe this analogy to the philosopher Ayn Rand) because it tells us how human beings ought to function as a human being. But in order to describe how human beings ought to act we must first know what a human being is. These last is provided by metaphysics and epistemology. (This is especially true of philosophical anthropology a sub-branch of metaphysics which studies the metaphysical nature of man (see discussion above). Metaphysics and epistemology are the foundations of ethics. What then is ethics or morality? According to Ayn Rand ethics or morality is a branch of philosophy that provides a human being with a “code of values to guide man’s choices and actions - the choices and actions that determine the course of his life (Rand, 1964).” It is concerned with the values man ought to pursue, the interrelationships of those values and the means to obtain them (virtue). The last two normative branches of philosophy, politics and aesthetics, are derived from ethics. Ethics is concerned with the good for human being as a human being. If we apply ethics in a social context then it becomes politics. The concern therefore of ethics is broader than politics. It studies the “good” for human beings in any setting (whether society is present or not). An individual who is alone in an island still has to follow ethical principles if he wishes to survive (Peikoff, 1991). So what then is politics? Again following Rand’s definition politics is a branch of philosophy “which defines the principles of a proper social system.” According to Rand “proper” means proper for human beings which presupposes that one knows what a human being is. Since knowledge about human being is provided by the cognitive branches of philosophy, the foundation of politics ultimately rests on metaphysics and epistemology. The last of the normative branch, aesthetics studies the nature of art. It is concerned with the nature and the objective judgement of beauty. 13 II. Philosophical Tools and Processes Philosophy as a science is also a systematized body of knowledge but unlike other sciences which employs observation and experimentation to prove their theories, philosophy uses reason to arrive at a certain knowledge or truth. At the onset Greek philosophers gave us a hint on how to use our intellect to understand realities around us. The tools that they frequently utilized are the following: 1. Philosophical Questions. Philosophy was born because of ignorance. If one is ignorant, he asks questions and if he keeps on questioning the more knowledge he acquires. Once a person stops questioning, he cease to become a philosopher. In our daily struggles, one needs to ask questions simple, serious and deep questions that we have to grapple with. A philosopher is like a child who has an inquisitive mind who never stops asking questions and finding answers. SOCRATES Socrates went further not just asking questions for himself but poses questions to people which is the beginning of series of questions and responses from participants. This philosophical questioning can be best described from an excerpt from Plato’s apology of Socrates below: “…But let us examine each one of the parts of this charge. Now he asserts that I do injustice by corrupting the young. But I, men of Athens, assert that Meletus does injustice, in that he jest in a serious matter, easily bringing human beings into trial, pretending to be serious and concerned about things for which he never cared at all. That this is so, I will try to display to you as well. Now come here, Meletus, tell; do you not regard it as most important how the youth will be the best possible?” (Plato’s apology of Socrates, 24C) His method is called dialectics. The Socratic Method, also known as method of elenchus, elenctic method, or Socratic debate, is a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying presuppositions. (Google.com/search) Aristotle said that it was the pre- Socratic philosopher Zeno of Elea who invented dialectic, of which the dialogues of Plato are the examples of the Socratic dialectical method. According to Kant, however, the ancient Greeks used the word "dialectic" to signify the logic of false appearance or semblance. Dialectics is a term used to describe a method of philosophical argument that involves some sort of contradictory process between opposing sides. As a dialectical method, it is a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments. 18th century philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel expounded dialectics which later influenced Karl Marx, the father of communism. 2. Logical Reasoning. In philosophy reasoning is the process of thinking about something in a logical way in order to form a conclusion or judgement. It has 14  been the method institutionalized by the triumvirate Greek philosophers specially Aristotle. Philosophy is about answering questions. Reasoning is the method we use in doing philosophy. However, although it is necessary for any competent engagement with philosophy, it is not the end all and be all of philosophy. All branches of philosophy employ reasoning in explaining their arguments. For example the concept of right or wrong which is the domain of Ethics based their arguments in human reason alone in contrast with theology which is dependent from the Bible as the source of its moral teachings. Reasoning however is the domain of one branch of philosophy which is Epistemology. One type of logical reasoning is the deductive reasoning: Example: Premise 1: All human beings are mortal Premise 2: But the President of the Philippines is a human being Conclusion: Therefore, the President of the Philippines is mortal. Here we are taught to arrive at a certain truth or knowledge in a logical process. In contrast, Inductive reasoning begins with a particular to universal argument. Example: Premise: Student A, B, C, D, E, F….. are wearing School ID. Conclusion: Therefore, All students are wearing ID The above examples show the logical process wherein by reasoning one arrives at a certain truth or knowledge. Logic starts with the origin of ideas, terms, propositions or premises, syllogism, etc. These terms are the basic structure of argument. Unfortunately, this branch of philosophy is equivalent to one-subject requirement in any course in the tertiary level. III. Philosophical Reflection In the midst of our present crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, consistently, the government kept on reminding us the ‘essentials’ of things and concerns that are necessary during the quarantine period whether under ECQ, GCQ, or MECQ. In our case, we changed our competencies and emphasized the most essential ones. This is the essence of philosophy. It tries to separate the essences of things versus accidentals and necessary versus contingent. It is concern of what is the substance and ultimate causes of things. When we venture into philosophizing we see the greater perspective of all things and see the ultimate purpose or reasons for our existence. Most of us are so engross with individual trees and we miss the whole forest as the saying goes. We are always predispose to attend to the details of the problem rather than look at the situation as a whole. This is true in our understanding of the objects, events, realities and situations around us. Reflection is the process that would aide in understanding the holistic point of view of what is going on around us. Reflection is an activity that requires a person to examine his or her thoughts, feelings and actions and learn from experience. (Abella, 2016).. Philosophers always search for the essence of things and the ultimate reasons for our existence. 15 Its trajectory is to see the bigger picture about everything. This process is called philosophical reflection. According to Gabriel Marcel, philosophical reflection is the act of giving time to think about the meaning and purpose of life. He mentioned two types, namely: Primary Reflection- which is the ability to think logically. The ability of the mind to construct and evaluate arguments. It examines its object by abstraction, by analytically breaking it down into its constituent parts. It is concerned with definitions, essences and technical solutions to problems. The second type is Secondary reflection. According to Marcel this type of reflection enables us to look deeper into our experiences and see the bigger picture of reality. It integrates the fragmented and compartmentalized experience into a whole. It is the idea that various systems (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holism In effect we see the broader perspective of life. Reflection is not exclusive for philosophy in fact it is employed in any endeavour, research or disciplines. In research it is called methodological approach. Moral theology employs the STOP sign as guidepost of moral decision making. S= Search out the facts. It is necessary that all means should be exhausted to better understand the issue. T=Think, reflect and analyse the facts, its negative or positive effects, advantages or disadvantages. O= How it affects Others. We should always consider others in every decision that we make. Every action that we take has always a social dimension. It affects ourselves, others and community where we belong. Lastly P= stands for Pray. We are human beings with limitations. If our best effort are not enough, then there is no way but look up for divine or God for enlightenment and guidance. Praying is a unique tool of theology which is in the realm of faith but philosophy’s reasoning helps in undergoing a theological reflection as St. Anselm said, “its faith seeking understanding.” St. Thomas Aquinas, one of the great theologian of the church quoted in latin the relationship between philosophy and theology; ‘philosophia ancilla theologiae’ or philosophy is the handmaid of theology the former is there to serve theology. Reason is also important in theology not just faith. Whether in philosophy, sociology or other sciences, reflection is very useful in understanding our daily experiences to broaden our perspective of life. In order to reflect philosophically we need to use a framework. A framework is a conceptual map consisting of our views and beliefs which affects the way we view the world (Abella 2016). The framework were going to used is called AQAL. It is an acronym that stands for All Quadrants All Levels first formulated by an American philosopher/psychologist Ken Wilber. Wilber first introduced AQAL to the world in his book Sex, Ecology, Spirituality. According to Wilber everything can be analysed using a vertical line. 16  The line above divides space into two sides: left and right. The left side represents the interior, subjective, aspect of everything. The right side represents the exterior, objective, aspect of everything. The interior (or “loob” in Filipino) if applied to human beings, includes one’s values, dreams, ideas, emotions, beliefs. It basically consists of one’s inner life. It cannot be seen or measured but can be experienced directly. The exterior side of everything are the things that we can see, measure and touch. They include the physical objects around us including our own bodies. A simple example of this inside/outside distinction is when a person smiles at you. You see the big smile so it is the exterior aspect of an event. But at the same time there is a subjective meaning behind that smile: let’s say the person is happy. This is the interior, subjective, aspect of the event. So you see two strands are interwoven behind any human event: the objective and the subjective, the interior and the exterior. Another basic distinction was introduced by Ken Wilber using a horizontal line that divides space into above and below: Above the line represents what is singular, individual, one. The space below represents what is plural, collective, many. For example you are an individual but you belong in a family, community, class (all instances of the collective). An interesting thing happen when we combine the two lines. We created what Wilber calls the quadrants. According to Wilber quadrants are “the inside and outside of the individual and collective (Wilber 2006).” 17  There are many ways to describe the quadrants. We can use the simple location of each of the quadrant. So the interior of the individual is the upper left quadrant (UL), the exterior of the individual is the upper right quadrant (UR), the interior of the collective is the lower left quadrant (LL) and the exterior of the collective is the lower right quadrant (LR). We can also use pronouns to label the quadrants as shown below: Quadrants expressed in language But what we are interested is when we apply this to human beings. The inside of the individual becomes the mind, the outside of the individual becomes the body, the inside of the collective becomes culture and the outside of the collective becomes society. Quadrants as applied to human beings 18  Now when we reflect on the nature of any concrete issue like poverty, corruption, prostitution, global warming we can just put the issue at the center of the quadrant and analyzed its mental, physical, cultural and social components. This is looking at an issue from an all quadrant, multiple and holistic perspective. Multiple Perspectives Let’s take for example the issue of poverty. How do we reflect on the issue using the AQAL framework? Well we know that poverty has a psychological aspect (UL quadrant) to it. It affects the way we think, feel and even what we value. But it does not stop there. Poverty also affects bodies (UR quadrant). It affects our nutrition, our medication and immune system. Some children have stunted growth due to poverty. And who could deny that poverty also affects the culture such as arts, religion and even the way we dress. Religious feast such as the procession of the Black Nazarene is in part motivated by poverty. And of course it is obvious that poverty has an economic, political and even technological components (all parts of the social LR quadrant). Self- pity Malnutrition POVERTY Collective aspiration for Inflation a better life 19  What’s More Inquire and Discover 1. Read the following passages for ten (10) minutes. a) Quotation from Plato’s Apology (38a): “The unexamined life is not worth living.” b) Excerpt from Sapagkat ang Pilosopiya ay Ginagawa ni Roque Ferriols, S.J. “May mga taong gusto raw matutong lumangoy. Nakasuot-panlangoy na sila at sama-sama silang nakatayo sa tabi ng swimingpul. May notbuk at bolpen ang bawat isa. Nagsalita ang guro. “Una sa lahat,” aniya, “magsanay ka munang magtampisaw sa tubig, Tapos huwag huminga pero idilat ang mga mata at magpasailalaim sa tubig. Tapos basta’t dumapa. Huwag matakot. Lulutang ka. Tapos, matutong gumalaw ng paa, matutong gumalaw ng kamay. Matutong huminga. At paulit-ulit na pagsikapan at pagtiyagaan ang praksis.” Habang siyaý nagsasalita, masipag nilang sinusulat ang lahat ng sinabi niya. “At ngayon,” patuloy niya, “eto ang swimingpul. Oras nang magsimula. Lundagin mo beybe!” Walang lumundag, pero sulat nang sulat pa rin sila. “Hoy, sa tubig na kayo! Walang kabuluhan ang sulat-sulat niyo kung hindi ninyo ginagawa.” Wala pa rin lumulundag. Sulat pa rin sila nang sulat.” 2. Did you enjoy reading the quotations? If so, you might consider answering the following questions: a. What does Plato mean when he says “unexamined life”? b. Based on the Ferriols’ text, what do you think the students are thinking when they are diligently copying the instructions given by the teacher instead of diving into the pool? c. Why is the teacher so keen on making the learners jump in the swimming pool instead of just taking down notes on how to swim? 3. Write the following terms on your paper: a) day-to-day life, b) reflection, and c) application 4. In reference to question #3, do the following: a. Define what each term refers to. b. Share a belief narrative where they encountered the three moments in their own life. c. Give insights as to the importance of reflection and application in one’s day-to-day life. 20  What I Have Learned IMPORTANT POINTS TO PONDER Direction: Complete the statements below: I learned that Philosophy is_______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ I feel that Philosophy is important because________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ I commit to apply Philosophy in __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ What I Can Do Direction: Do a quadratic analysis on COVID-19 pandemic using the diagram below: Covid-19 pandemic 21  Assessment Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds to your answer from the statements below. Write your answers on the sheet of paper. _____1.It is an activity that requires a person to examine his or her thoughts, feelings and actions and learn from experience. A. reflection C. wondering B. questioning D. reasoning ______2.What is the science and art of correct thinking? A. Ethics C. Metaphysics B. Aesthetics D. Logic ______3. The type of philosophical reflection which trains the mind to think logically. Also it is the ability of the mind to construct and evaluate arguments A. Secondary reflection C. Primary reflection B. Tertiary reflection D. all of the above ______4. One of the triumvirate Greek philosophers who pioneered a method of argument called dialectic. A. Plato C. Pythagoras B. Socrates D. Aristotle ______5. It is considered as the process of thinking about something in a logical way in order to form a conclusion or judgement. A. reasoning C. argument B. Proposition D. Reflection _____6. In our daily lives we encounter events, situations or issues that we need to ponder and think deeply. This activity which requires a person to examine his or her thoughts, feelings and actions and learn from experience is related to the concept of: A. philosophical reflection C. philosophical wondering B. philosophical questioning D. philosophical reasoning _____7. Imagine that you are in Boracay walking with Thales. He is convincing you that the only reality is water. Would you believe in him? A. No, because I had my own belief. B. Yes, because Thales belongs to the school of monists which believes that only one kind of stuff exists. C. Either yes or no, I will have my own investigation that is based on the data and reason presented. D. Neither yes nor no until it is proven true. ______8. According to Gabriel Marcel this type of reflection enables us to look deeper into our experiences and see the bigger picture of reality. A. Secondary reflection C. Primary reflection B. Tertiary reflection D. all of the above 22 _____9. Identify which statement describes the difference between holism and partial thinking. A. Holism is a perspective that looks at the “big picture” while partial thinking focuses on the specific aspect of the situation. B. Holism is a perspective that looks at the specific aspects of the situation while partial thinking looks at the big picture. C. Holism requires us to focus on a certain aspect of the problem while partial thinking requires us to have an open mindset. D. All of the above _____10. According to the importance of studying philosophy, what can it offer us? A. Know the different philosophers and their philosophies in life? B. See the downs and lows in the development and history of philosophy. C. Survey the achievements of the different philosophers in various periods of history. D. Enhances our minds, understand what we encounter every day, and value our judgement. Additional Activities Direction: Choose a topic below and formulate up to 9 questions. Classify these questions using the table below: a. “Covid-19 pandemic” b. “New Normal” culture Simple/silly Serious Questions Deep Questions Questions 1. 1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 3. 3. 3. 23 References Books Abella, Roberto M.Div., D. Min. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. C& E Publishing, Inc., Quezon City, 2016. Binswanger, H. (2014). How We Know. New York: TOF Publication Cornejo et al. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Mindshapers Publishing, Inc. Gotthelf, A. and Salmieri, G (2016). A Companion To Ayn Rand. MA: John Willey and Sons Gracia, Jorge J E Noone: A Companion of Philosophy in the Middle Ages. Oxford Blackwell.2003. ISBN 9780631216728 Jones, W. T. (1969). The Classical Mind. New York: Hartcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc. Peikoff, L. (1991). Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand. New York Dutton. Rand, A. (1982). Philosophy: Who Needs It. New York. Bobbs-Merrill. Stumpf, S.E. and Fieser J. (2008). Socrates To Sartre And Beyond. New York, N.Y.: Mc Graw Hill Wilber, K. (2001). Sex, Ecology, Spirituality (Revised Edition). Boston, MA: Shambhala. Wilber, K. (2006). Integral Spirituality. Boston, MA: Shambhala Websites Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (May 2020) Gabriel Marcel (1889—1973). Retrieved from https://www.iep.utm.edu/marcel/ PHILO notes WHITEBOARD (2 years ago). Doing Philosophy: Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=reflection+as+a+tool+in+phil osophy Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (May 2020) Socrates. Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/socrates/ Wikipedia (May2 020 Holism. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holism 24