Psychology Lesson 3 & 4 PDF

The Self from Psychological Perspectives Module 3 Mrs. Marygrace R. Magtibay Factors in Personality Development  Biological Factors  Psychological Factors  Cultural Factors  The Family Three Broad Categories of Personality  Psychoanalytic Theory  Beh...

The Self from Psychological Perspectives Module 3 Mrs. Marygrace R. Magtibay Factors in Personality Development  Biological Factors  Psychological Factors  Cultural Factors  The Family Three Broad Categories of Personality  Psychoanalytic Theory  Behavioristic Theory  What is Personality ? The term “personality” is derived from the Latin word PERSONA which referred to a theatrical mask worn by Roman actors in Greek dramas. Is a complex combination of physical and mental characteristic that gives a person a unique identity. Personality is an area of study that deals with complex human behavior, including emotions, actions, and cognitive processes.  Personality - Is anTraits enduring personal characteristics that underlies a person’s reactions to a variety of situations. Trait contribute to individual consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior. - consistency over time - individual differences in behavior - stability across situations Characteristics are unique qualities of an individual that include such attributes as  Personality “Personality is the totality of habits, attitudes and traits that result from socializations and characterizes us in our relationship with others” -Anderson and Parker “Personality represents those structural and dynamic properties of an individual as they reflect themselves by characteristics they response in given situations” Factors in Personality Development  Biological Factors  Psychological Factors  Cultural Factors  The Family  Biological The Factors perspective biological on personality focuses on why or how personality traits manifest through biology, DNA, and processes in the brain. The individual that you are observing inherited some predisposition from his forbears. The personality type is carried through the genes. The general biological characteristics of human biological system influence the way in which human being tend to see external data  PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTOR These abilities such as intelligence aptitudes and maturations. These abilities individually and collectively affects personality. Learning Coping skills Stress management strategies Self esteem  CULTURAL FACTORS The culture in which the individual has been brought up affects the production of personality types. Generally determines attitude towards independent aggressions competitions and cooperation each culture expect and train its members to behave in the way that are acceptable to the group. Culture has a strong influence on personality development. Cultural environment determines the basic types of personalities that will be found in a society.  THE FAMILY FACTORS Closest to you is your family with its patterns of thinking relating to one another, and values. Parents and other family members have strong influence on the personality development of the child. THREE BROAD CATEGORIES of PERSONALITY  PSYCHOANASLITIC THEORY – SIGMUND FRUED  BEHAVIORISTIC THEORY – BURRHUS F. SKINNER  HUMANISTIC THEORY – CARL ROGERS  Psychoanalytic Theory It was Sigmund Freud who laid the foundations of psychoanalysis. Freuds structure of personality centers on the provinces of the mind and he classified it as the id, ego, and superego which are interrelated in many ways. It focuses on our childhood experiences and the unconscious mind. Provinces of the Mind  Freuds theory of personality The id “it” (pleasure principle) is the most unknown of the three as it lives in the unconscious but Freud says that it consist of a mass of wild, blind instincts that does not have direction. It has no logical sense of time, no sense of values, and cannot  Freuds theory of personality The ego “I” (reality principle) grows out of the id during the infancy and becomes a person’s sole source of communication with the external world. It is the decision making or executive branch of personality as it possesses the organization, critical, and synthesizing abilities to  Freuds theory of personality The superego “over-I” (moralistic and idealistic principle) grows out of the ego but has no contact with the external world and therefore is unrealistic in its demands for perfection. Freud believed the moral and judicial aspects of superego come mainly from internalization of parental restrictions, prohibitions, and customs that throw Freud Psychosexual stages of development  Levels of the mind The image serves as an illustrative metaphor for Freud's theory of the mind: Only a fragment of our ideas and feelings are conscious or "visible" to us, while the vast bulk of our mental content is unconscious or "invisible" to everyday Mental life that is directly introspection. External world available, plays a minor role Visible personality Not in conscious awareness , but can be Beyond awareness Includes drives, urges , or instincts that motivates most human behaviors  The Behavioristics Theory The chief exponent of this theory is Burrhus F. Skinner who proposed has theory by describing rules or principles that govern the relationship between stimuli, responses, and reinforcement. He believes that only visible behavior can be study. He assumes that behavior is orderly and that our primary purpose is to control it. Skinner assumes that all behavior is learned and that reinforcement (positive and negative reinforcement) plays a major role on it. In view of  Operant Conditioning  Skinner is regarded as the father of Operant Conditioning  But his work was based on Thorndike’s law of effect.  Skinner introduced a new term into the Law of Effect - Reinforcement.  Behavior which is reinforced tends to be repeated (i.e. strengthened); Behavior which is not reinforced tends to die out-or be extinguished (i.e. weakened).  Operant conditioning is based on the idea that we can increase or decrease a certain behavior by adding a consequence. Shaping  Procedure in which the experimenter, or the environment, first reward gross approximation of the behavior, the closer the approximations, and finally the desired behavior itself.  Through the reinforcement of successive approximation, the experimenters shapes the final set of complex behaviors.  Reinforcement  Reinforcement theory is the process of shaping behavior by controlling consequences of the behavior.  Reinforcement theory proposes that you can change someone's behavior by using reinforcement, punishment, and extinction. 2 Types of reinforcement 2 effects of reinforcement  Positive Reinforcement The most effective way to teach a person or animal a new behavior is with positive reinforcement. In positive reinforcement, a desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior. Example: You tell your five-year-old son, Jerome, that if he cleans his room, he will get a toy. Jerome quickly cleans his room because he wants a new art set.  Negative Reinforcement In negative reinforcement, an undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior. An undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior. Example: Car manufacturers use the principles of negative reinforcement in their seatbelt systems, which go “beep, beep, beep” until you fasten your seatbelt.  Punishment Punishment is any change in a human or animal's surroundings which, occurring after a given behavior or response, reduces the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future.  Positive Punishment In positive punishment, you add an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior. Example: Scolding a student to get the student to stop texting in class. In this case, a stimulus (the reprimand) is added in order to decrease the behavior (texting in class).  Negative Punishment In negative punishment, you remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior. Example: When a child misbehaves, a parent can take away a favorite toy. In this case, a stimulus (the toy) is removed in order to  Extinction The tendency of a previously acquired response to become progressively weakened upon nonreinforcement.  THE HUMANISTIC THEORY He was an American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology. Carl Rogers is the chief exponent of this theory, the self theory consists of positive self-regard which refers to attitudes of warmth, respect, liking, and acceptance on the part of others toward the self and similar attitudes with regard to one’s own experience independent of social transactions with others. He believes that each healthy individual needs both types of regard – social and personal – that the individual cannot be normal and cannot function adequately if he does not experience regard for others as well as a realistic sense of his own worth. Person Carl rogers  He believed in the inherent goodness of people  He emphasized on the importance of free will and psychological growth  He suggested that the actualizing tendency is the driving force behind human behavior  Individuals' self determination and  Self concept It refers to the image of oneself. It defines the self as a flexible and changing perception of personal identity. Self develops from interaction with significant people and self awareness. His concept of self – schema or our organized system or collection of knowledge about who we are. The schema may include your interest, work, course age name and physical characteristics among others. Human being are always striving for the self-fulfillment or self Self concept theory The theory of self concept has three main components  Self Image  Self esteem  Ideal self  Self-Image Real self is our SELF-IMAGE. Who we actually are. How we see ourselves, which is important to good psychological health. It includes the influence of our body image on inner personality. At a simple level, we might perceive ourselves as a good bad person, beautiful or ugly. Self image affects how a person thinks, feels and behaves in the world.  Self esteem Self esteem or Self worth comprises what we think about ourselves. Rogers believed that feelings of self – worth develop in early childhood and were formed from the interaction of child with the mother and father. Self esteem shows how much value you place on our yourself.  Self awareness has a great impact on our self – esteem – defined as our own positive or negative perception or evaluation of ourselves.  However, in the attempt to increase or maintain self esteem, some people become narcissistic.  Narcissism is a trait characterized by  Ideal-self The person’s conception of what one should be or what one aspires to be which includes one’s goals and ambitions in life. It consists of our goal and ambitions in life and it is dynamic – i.e., forever changing Ideal self is how you wish you were really like. Who or what I want to be/ who you like to be. The ideal self in childhood is not the ideal self in our teens or late twenties.. An idealized image that we have developed over time based on what we have learned and experienced.  He proposed the personality theory known as the Person- Centered Theory.  He stated that the term self-concept is used to refer to how a person thinks about or perceives himself.  Two types of self-concept: 1. Real self-concept 2. Ideal self-concept  Congruent and incongruent Congruent The closer our self-image and ideal-self are to each other, the more consistent or congruent we are and the higher our sense of self-worth. Incongruent A person is said to be in a state of incongruent if some of the totality of their experience is unacceptable to them and is denied or distorted in the self-image.  Positive regard & Self Worth  Carl Rogers viewed that the child as having two basic needs: - Positive regard - Self-worth  Self-worth may be seen as a continuum from very high to very low. For Carl Rogers (1959) a person who has high self-worth, that is, has confidence and positive feelings about him or herself, faces challenges in life, accepts failure and unhappiness at times, and is open with people.  A person with low self- worth may avoid challenges in life, not accept that life can be painful and unhappy at times ,  Self - Actualization The process of becoming your ideal self. Self-actualization is the ongoing process of maintaining and enhancing the individual's self-concept through reflection, reinterpretation of experience, allowing the individual to recover, develop, change, and grow. He agreed with Abraham Maslow’s Self-Actualization and contended that for a person to “grow” he must need an environment that can provide him with genuineness or openness and self-disclosure. Roger believes a person to be self-actualized must be in a state of congruence. Other concept similar to self are: IDENTITY is composed of personal characteristics , social roles, and responsibilities as well as affiliation that define who one is. SELF CONCEPT is what is basically comes to your mind when you are asked about who you are and it includes all those aspects of ones being and ones experiences that are perceived in awareness.  WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. Four goals of Psychology 1. Describe – what the person is doing 2. Explain – why is s/he doing that 3. Predict – what is he going to do 4. Modify – how can we change the behavior  PSYCHOLOGY How individuals IS mature at develop and CONCERNED different life stages ON: concepts such as consciousness, memory and reasoning how the individual and his environment shape his personality how we think, behave and feel in certain situations mental heath and mental illnesses character strengths, coping, happiness and well-being  Nature-Nurture Controversy Some psychologists believed that “nature” controls the behavior, feelings and personality of human being while the other psychologists looked into the importance of “nurture” or  WILLIAM JAMES He was an American philosopher and psychologists. He also known as “ Father of American Psychology”. William James believed that the self is made up of aspects : 1. I Self 2. ME Self  “I” SELF  refers to the self that knows who he or she is  reflects the soul of a person or the mind which is also called the pure ego ( thinking self).  The I is the thinking , acting and feeling self.  The subject of experience. A sense of being the agent or initiator of behavior  A sense of being unique  A sense of continuity  A sense of awareness.  “ME” SELF  The object of experience. - the self is an object or the self you can describe.  The me self is the physical characteristics as well as psychological capabilities that makes who you are.  The Me Self (empirical self) is divided into three components: 1. Material Self 2. Social Self 3. Spiritual Self  MATERIAL SOCIAL SPIRITUAL SELF SELF SELF  Individuals’  To who a person  Most intimate and physical attributes is and how he or important part of the and material she acts in social self that includes the possessions that person’s purpose, contribute to one’s situations core values, self-image.  Awareness of conscience and moral  Awareness of behavior others’ physical  Requires perceptions appearance introspection  Carver and Scheier When we are aware of our self – concepts, we are self aware. Carver and Scheier identified two types of the self that we can be aware of: Private self – your internal standard and private thoughts and feelings. Public self – your public image commonly geared toward having a good presentation of yourself to others. Carver, Scheier,  Joseph Luft and Harry American Ingram psychologists Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham developed this model in 1955. They developed the Johari Window. It's a simple but powerful visual tool for developing self-awareness, and for building trust and better workplace relationships. It is necessary to improve self-awareness and personal development among individuals when they are in a group. The ‘Johari’ window model is a convenient method used to achieve this task of understanding and enhancing communication between the members in a group. The idea was derived as the upshot of the group dynamics in University of California and was later improved by  Johari Window Model  The Johari window model is used to enhance the individual’s perception on others. This model is based on two ideas- trust can be acquired by revealing information about you to others and learning yourselves from their feedbacks. Each person is represented by the Johari model through four quadrants or window pane. Each four window panes signifies personal information, feelings, motivation and whether that information is known or unknown to oneself or others in four viewpoints. The method of conveying and accepting feedback is interpreted in this model. A Johari is represented as a common window with four panes. Two of these panes represent self and the other two represent the part unknown to self but to others. The information transfers from one pane to the other as the result of mutual trust which can be achieved through socializing and the feedback got  1. Open/self-area or arena – Here the information about the person his attitudes, behaviour, emotions, feelings, skills and views will be known by the person as well as by others. This is mainly the area where all the communications occur and the larger the arena becomes the more effectual and dynamic the relationship will be. ‘Feedback solicitation’ is a process which occurs by understanding and listening to the feedback from another person. Through this way the open area can be increased horizontally decreasing the blind spot. The size of the arena can also be increased downwards and thus by reducing the hidden and unknown areas through revealing one’s feelings to other person.  2. Blind self or blind spot – Information about yourselves that others know in a group but you will be unaware of it. Others may interpret yourselves differently than you expect. The blind spot is reduced for an efficient communication through seeking feedback from others.  3. Hidden area or façade – Information that is known to you but will be kept unknown from others. This can be any personal information which you feel reluctant to reveal. This includes feelings, past experiences, fears, secrets etc. we keep some of our feelings and information as private as it affects the relationships and thus the hidden area must be reduced by moving the information to the open areas.