Part_D_4.pdf

Petroleum Geology Quiz Answers 1. What is the projected annual CO2 capture and storage by 2050, according to the IEA net-zero scenario? A. 43 million tonnes B. 7,500 million tonnes C. 5 – 17 Gt CO2 D. 40 million tonnes Answer: 7,500 million tonnes (B) The IEA net-zero scenario predicts an annual CO2...

Petroleum Geology Quiz Answers 1. What is the projected annual CO2 capture and storage by 2050, according to the IEA net-zero scenario? A. 43 million tonnes B. 7,500 million tonnes C. 5 – 17 Gt CO2 D. 40 million tonnes Answer: 7,500 million tonnes (B) The IEA net-zero scenario predicts an annual CO2 capture and storage of 5 – 17 Gt CO2 across the total energy system by 2050. 2. Where is the Sleipner CO2 Storage Project sequestering CO2? A. Saline aquifers B. Depleted oil/gas fields C. Enhanced oil recovery D. Utsira sandstone Answer: Utsira sandstone (D) The Sleipner CO2 Storage Project has been sequestering 1 million tonnes of CO2 per year in the Utsira sandstone since 1996. 3. What is the total storage capacity of the Weyburn oilfield for CO2? A. 2 million tonnes B. 55 Mt CO2 C. 7,500 million tonnes D. 43 million tonnes Answer: 55 Mt CO2 (B) The Weyburn oilfield is sequestering 2 million tonnes of CO2 a year, with a total storage capacity of approximately 55 Mt CO2. 4. What percentage of CO2 used in CO2 EOR projects in the USA comes from natural sources? A. 50% B. Over 70% C. 15% D. Approximately 30% Answer: Over 70% (B) Over 70% of CO2 used in CO2 EOR projects in the USA comes from natural sources such as natural CO2 reservoirs and industrial CO2 sources. 5. How much CO2 is the Hellisheidi geothermal plant in Iceland capturing annually? A. 7,500 million tonnes B. 43 million tonnes C. 1 million tonnes D. 12,000 tonnes Answer: 12,000 tonnes (D) The Hellisheidi geothermal plant in Iceland mineralizes CO2 as carbonates within two years and has captured 12,000 tonnes CO2/year, around 30% of emissions. 6. What is the primary method of subsurface sequestration (Geosequestration)? A. Utilizing depleted oil/gas fields B. Enhanced oil recovery C. Mineral sequestration D. Utilizing unminable coal seams Answer: Utilizing depleted oil/gas fields (A) Subsurface Sequestration (Geosequestration) involves utilizing depleted oil/gas fields, unminable coal seams, enhanced oil recovery, saline aquifers, and mineral sequestration for CO2 storage. 7. What is the percentage of CO2 emissions reduction that Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) contributes in the 'Net Zero by 2050' scenario, according to the IEA? A. 15% B. 30% C. 10% D. 50% Answer: 15% (A) Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) contributes about 15% of total CO2 emissions reduction in the 'Net Zero by 2050' scenario according to the IEA. 8. In 2022, what was the approximate volume of CO2 that was sequestered? A. 7,500 million tonnes B. 5 – 17 Gt CO2 C. 43 million tonnes D. 40 million tonnes Answer: 43 million tonnes (C) In 2022, approximately 43 million tonnes of CO2 were sequestered, mainly as part of Enhanced Oil Recovery activities. 9. What is the expected increase in CO2 capture and storage from 2020 to 2050, according to historical vs. IEA Net Zero Scenario analysis? A. 5 – 17 Gt CO2 to 40 million tonnes B. 1 million tonnes to 12,000 tonnes C. 2 million tonnes to 55 Mt CO2 D. 40 million tonnes to 7,500 million tonnes Answer: 40 million tonnes to 7,500 million tonnes (D) The projected CO2 capture and storage is expected to increase from 40 million tonnes in 2020 to 7,500 million tonnes in 2050, according to historical vs. IEA Net Zero Scenario analysis. 10. What constitutes 50% of the assessment for the GEOL 40310 module? A. Two-hour MCQ exam B. Poster presentations C. Geology and reservoir engineering practicals D. Seminar presentations Answer: Two-hour MCQ exam (A) The module structure involves geology and reservoir engineering practicals, poster presentations, and seminar presentations, with a two-hour MCQ exam constituting 50% of the assessment. 11. Which geological process is crucial in a functional petroleum system? A. Plate tectonics B. Accumulation and retention C. Volcanic eruptions D. Weathering and erosion Answer: Accumulation and retention (B) Accumulation and retention are essential processes in the formation and preservation of petroleum reserves within the Earth's crust. 12. What type of rock is highly significant in the petroleum system? A. Granite B. Obsidian C. Organic-rich marine shale D. Quartzite Answer: Organic-rich marine shale (C) Organic-rich marine shales play a crucial role in the petroleum system as a potential source rock for hydrocarbons. 13. Which country had a ban on issuing oil and gas exploration licenses in 2019? A. Ireland B. Canada C. Norway D. United States Answer: Norway (C) Norway imposed a ban on issuing oil and gas exploration licenses in 2019 as part of its focus on transitioning to gas as a fuel. 14. What type of gas accounted for the majority of total US production in 2021? A. Syngas B. Shale gas C. Natural gas D. Biogas Answer: Shale gas (B) Shale gas accounted for 79% of total US gas production in 2021, reflecting its significant contribution to the energy sector. 15. Which basin was highly petroliferous until 200 million years ago? A. Porcupine Basin B. Bering Basin C. North Sea Basin D. East Orphan Basin Answer: East Orphan Basin (D) The East Orphan Basin was highly petroliferous until 200 million years ago, sharing its geological history with the Porcupine Basin. 16. Which process is responsible for the formation of basalt at seafloor spreading centers? A. Sediment deposition B. Volcanic ash accumulation C. Magma cooling and solidification D. Metamorphism Answer: Magma cooling and solidification (C) Basalt is formed at seafloor spreading centers through the cooling and solidification of magma, contributing to the oceanic crust. 17. What type of rocks are formed in subduction regions? A. Sedimentary rocks B. Metamorphic rocks C. Igneous rocks D. Volcanic rocks Answer: Metamorphic rocks (B) Metamorphic rocks are formed in subduction regions due to the intense heat and pressure experienced in these tectonic settings. 18. What process is utilized for oil production in the Ula Field in the Norwegian Central Graben? A. Steam injection B. Carbon dioxide injection C. Hydraulic fracturing D. Primary depletion, secondary recovery through waterflooding, and tertiary recovery through miscible gas injection Answer: Primary depletion, secondary recovery through waterflooding, and tertiary recovery through miscible gas injection (D) The Ula Field in the Norwegian Central Graben utilizes primary depletion, secondary recovery through waterflooding, and tertiary recovery through miscible gas injection for oil production, demonstrating advanced extraction techniques. 19. What percentage of natural gas used in Ireland was imported by 2014? A. 96% B. 75% C. 50% D. 25% Answer: 96% (A) By 2014, 96% of natural gas used in Ireland was imported, highlighting the significant reliance on imported energy resources. 20. Where were more discoveries made between 2000-2012 compared to any other tectonic setting? A. Transform boundaries B. Passive margins C. Continental collision zones D. Subduction zones Answer: Passive margins (B) Between 2000-2012, more discoveries in petroleum production were made in passive margins than in any other tectonic setting, indicating the significance of these areas for exploration and extraction. 21. What is the primary focus of Geol 40310 Lecture D4? A. Plate tectonics in a nutshell B. Review and wrap-up of historical and projected global energy consumption C. The carbon cycle D. Formation of hydrocarbons Answer: Formation of hydrocarbons (D) The lecture primarily focuses on the formation of hydrocarbons. 22. Where is new lithosphere created according to the plate tectonics summary in Geol 40310 Lecture D4? A. At regions of deep earthquakes B. At regions of sea-floor spreading C. At mid-ocean ridges D. At subduction zones Answer: At mid-ocean ridges (C) New lithosphere is created at mid-ocean ridges where seafloor spreading occurs. 23. What does the subsurface carbon cycle involve? A. Transfer of carbon between soil, vegetation, the oceans, and the atmosphere B. Organic matter burial and remobilisation as oil and gas C. Transfer of carbon (CH4) to the atmosphere over millions of years D. Cycling of carbon between the atmosphere, the oceans, and rocks Answer: Organic matter burial and remobilisation as oil and gas (B) The subsurface carbon cycle involves organic matter burial and remobilisation as oil and gas. 24. What is the age of many source rocks for oil according to the geological time chart in Geol 40310 Lecture D4? A. Age of deep earthquakes B. Age of mass extinction C. Gas source rocks are less restricted to particular ages D. Age of much coal Answer: Age of mass extinction (B) Many source rocks for oil correspond to the age of mass extinction. 25. What is the focus of Geol 40310 Lecture D4? A. Historical and projected global energy consumption B. Geological time chart and lithosphere creation C. Fossil fuels, carbon capture & storage, and plate tectonics D. The carbon cycle and formation of hydrocarbons Answer: Fossil fuels, carbon capture & storage, and plate tectonics (C) The lecture covers fossil fuels, carbon capture & storage, and plate tectonics. 26. What is the primary focus of the carbon cycle according to Kroeger et al. (2011)? A. Transfer of carbon between soil, vegetation, the oceans, and the atmosphere B. Organic matter burial and remobilisation as oil and gas C. Transfer of carbon (CH4) to the atmosphere over millions of years D. Cycling of carbon between the atmosphere, the oceans, and rocks Answer: Cycling of carbon between the atmosphere, the oceans, and rocks (D) The primary focus of the carbon cycle is the cycling of carbon between the atmosphere, the oceans, and rocks. 27. Where does old lithosphere return to according to the plate tectonics summary in Geol 40310 Lecture D4? A. Asthenosphere at subduction zones B. Regions of deep earthquakes C. Mid-ocean ridges D. Regions of sea-floor spreading Answer: Asthenosphere at subduction zones (A) Old lithosphere returns to the asthenosphere at subduction zones. 28. What does the surficial carbon cycle involve? A. Transfer of carbon between soil, vegetation, the oceans, and the atmosphere B. Organic matter burial and remobilisation as oil and gas C. Transfer of carbon (CH4) to the atmosphere over millions of years D. Cycling of carbon between the atmosphere, the oceans, and rocks Answer: Transfer of carbon between soil, vegetation, the oceans, and the atmosphere (A) The surficial carbon cycle involves the transfer of carbon between soil, vegetation, the oceans, and the atmosphere. 29. What is involved in the downstream process according to Geol 40310 Lecture D4? A. Production B. Carbon capture C. Exploration D. Refining Answer: Refining (D) The downstream process involves refining. 30. What is involved in the upstream process according to Geol 40310 Lecture D4? A. Refining B. Carbon sequestration C. Exploration, production D. Carbon capture Answer: Exploration, production (C) The upstream process involves exploration and production. 31. Which geological process is essential for a functional petroleum system? A. Subduction B. Source rock maturation C. Metamorphism D. Seafloor spreading Answer: Source rock maturation (B) Source rock maturation is crucial for the development of hydrocarbons within a petroleum system. 32. What type of rock is highly petroliferous in the East Orphan Basin? A. Andesite B. Basalt C. Sedimentary rock D. Rhyolite Answer: Sedimentary rock (C) The East Orphan Basin is known for its significant petroleum potential, particularly in sedimentary rocks. 33. Where is basalt primarily produced? A. Seafloor spreading centers B. Arc systems C. Subduction regions D. Continent-continent collision regions Answer: Seafloor spreading centers (A) Basalt is primarily produced at seafloor spreading centers. 34. What type of rock plays a crucial role in the petroleum system, including organic-rich marine shales? A. Mafic rock B. Sedimentary rock C. Metamorphic rock D. Igneous rock Answer: Sedimentary rock (B) Sedimentary rocks, such as organic-rich marine shales, are integral to the petroleum system. 35. In which country did indigenous gas production match demand until the 1980s and early 1990s? A. Iceland B. Norway C. USA D. Ireland Answer: Ireland (D) Ireland's indigenous gas production matched demand until the 1980s and early 1990s. 36. What type of recovery method was utilized for oil production in the Ula Field in the Norwegian Central Graben? A. Acidizing B. Water injection C. Steam injection D. Primary depletion Answer: Primary depletion (D) The Ula Field utilized primary depletion, secondary recovery through waterflooding, and tertiary recovery through miscible gas injection for oil production. 37. What percentage of total US production did shale gas account for in 2021? A. 50% B. 90% C. 79% D. 64% Answer: 79% (C) Shale gas accounted for 79% of total US production in 2021. 38. What was the primary focus of the Norwegian government's decision to ban issuing oil and gas exploration licenses in 2019? A. Transitioning to coal as a fuel B. Increasing oil production C. Transitioning to renewable energy D. Expanding natural gas production Answer: Transitioning to renewable energy (C) The focus of the Norwegian government's decision was on transitioning to gas as a fuel and reducing reliance on traditional oil exploration. 39. When did the Corrib field in Ireland start production? A. Early 2000s B. Late 2015 C. 2020 D. Mid-1990s Answer: Late 2015 (B) The Corrib field in Ireland started production in late 2015. 40. Where are andesites and rhyolites primarily produced? A. Continent-continent collision regions B. Seafloor spreading centers C. Arc systems D. Subduction regions Answer: Arc systems (C) Andesites and rhyolites are primarily produced at arc systems above regions of collision.