Quiz 4.pdf

Petroleum Systems and Seismic Imaging Quiz Answers 1. Which of the following is NOT a component of a functional petroleum system? A. Seal rock B. Source rock C. Reservoir rock D. Trap Answer: Trap (D) A functional petroleum system comprises several geological processes including accumulation and ret...

Petroleum Systems and Seismic Imaging Quiz Answers 1. Which of the following is NOT a component of a functional petroleum system? A. Seal rock B. Source rock C. Reservoir rock D. Trap Answer: Trap (D) A functional petroleum system comprises several geological processes including accumulation and retention, migration, maturation, and source rock. 2. What is the main factor responsible for the formation of coal? A. Rapid burial and conversion to kerogen B. Burial of land-plants C. Photosynthesis D. Oxidation of organic material Answer: Burial of land-plants (B) Coal is formed from the burial of land-plants. 3. Which type of kerogen is derived from land plants? A. Type II B. Type I C. Type III D. Type IV Answer: Type III (C) Type III kerogen is derived from land plants. 4. What is the main factor determining the quality of a source rock? A. Geological age B. Total organic carbon (TOC) content C. Thermal maturity D. Presence of hydrocarbons Answer: Total organic carbon (TOC) content (B) The quality of a source rock is determined by the total organic carbon (TOC) content, with higher TOC indicating better source rock quality. 5. Which of the following is true about the carbon cycle? A. Carbon is only transferred between soil and vegetation. B. Carbon is cycled between the atmosphere, the oceans, and rocks. C. Carbon is only transferred between the oceans and the atmosphere. D. Carbon is only transferred between rocks and the atmosphere. Answer: Carbon is cycled between the atmosphere, the oceans, and rocks. (B) The carbon cycle involves the transfer of carbon between the atmosphere, the oceans, and rocks. This includes the surficial cycle, which transfers carbon (CO2) between soil, vegetation, the oceans, and the atmosphere, as well as the subsurface cycle, which involves organic matter burial and remobilization as oil and gas. 6. Which period is associated with the formation of much of the world's coal? A. Carboniferous period B. Cretaceous period C. Jurassic period D. Permian period Answer: Carboniferous period (A) Much of the world's coal is the product of land-plants alive in the Carboniferous period. Oil, on the other hand, is produced from algal and planktonic material. 7. What is the main source of oil production? A. Coal B. Gas source rocks C. Land-plants D. Algal and planktonic material Answer: Algal and planktonic material (D) Oil is produced from algal and planktonic material, not land-plants. Coal and gas source rocks have different origins and are not the main source of oil production. 8. Which type of rocks are needed for a reservoir? A. Sandstone B. Chalk C. Metamorphic D. Igneous Answer: Sandstone (A) Reservoir rocks need to have porosity and permeability to allow fluid flow. Sandstone is a type of sedimentary rock that can serve as a reservoir rock. 9. What is the main purpose of a seal rock in a reservoir? A. To enhance permeability B. To provide porosity C. To prevent hydrocarbon leakage D. To act as a source rock Answer: To prevent hydrocarbon leakage (C) Seal rocks must have low permeability and high ductility to effectively prevent hydrocarbon from leaking over geological time. 10. Which geological processes are necessary for a functional petroleum system? A. Migration and accumulation B. Exploration and appraisal C. Burial and maturation D. Accumulation and retention Answer: Migration and accumulation (A) A functional petroleum system requires the processes of source rock maturation, migration, and accumulation in traps. 11. What is the purpose of seismic imaging in petroleum exploration? A. To identify reservoir rocks B. To create a picture of subsurface structure C. To measure acoustic impedance D. To determine the carbon cycle Answer: To create a picture of subsurface structure (B) Seismic imaging involves sending soundwaves into the subsurface and analyzing the reflected energy to create a picture of the subsurface structure. 12. Which of the following is true about the formation of coal? A. Coal is primarily formed from algal and planktonic material B. Coal is primarily formed from organic matter buried in soil C. Coal is primarily formed from land-plants D. Coal is primarily formed from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Answer: Coal is primarily formed from land-plants (C) According to the text, coal is primarily formed from land-plants. 13. Which of the following is NOT a phase in petroleum exploration? A. Exploration B. Development C. Production D. Appraisal Answer: Exploration (A) According to the text, the phases in petroleum exploration are exploration, appraisal, development, and production. 14. Which of the following is true about the carbon cycle? A. Carbon is cycled between soil, vegetation, and the atmosphere B. Carbon is only cycled between the atmosphere and the oceans C. Carbon is cycled between the atmosphere, the oceans, and rocks D. Carbon is only cycled between rocks and the oceans Answer: Carbon is cycled between the atmosphere, the oceans, and rocks (C) According to the text, carbon is cycled between the atmosphere, the oceans, and rocks. 15. Which of the following is true about the formation of coal? A. Coal is formed from the oxidation of organic material B. Coal is formed from the rapid burial and conversion of kerogen C. Coal is formed through the process of photosynthesis D. Coal is formed from the burial of land-plants Answer: Coal is formed from the burial of land-plants (D) Coal is formed from the burial of land-plants and the subsequent compaction and heating over millions of years. 16. What is the main factor responsible for the migration of oil and gas? A. Presence of a trap B. Fluid buoyancy C. Geothermal gradient D. Width of the water-wet pore throats Answer: Fluid buoyancy (B) Oil and gas migrate due to fluid buoyancy, which causes them to rise through the reservoir rocks. 17. Which type of rock is necessary for a functional petroleum system to have a reservoir? A. Trap rock B. Seal rock C. Source rock D. Reservoir rock Answer: Reservoir rock (D) Reservoir rock is necessary for a functional petroleum system to have a reservoir. It is a porous and permeable rock that can hold and transmit oil and gas. 18. What is the main purpose of a trap in a petroleum system? A. To serve as a seal for the reservoir B. To contain and accumulate oil or gas C. To facilitate the migration of oil or gas D. To provide a source of heat for maturation Answer: To contain and accumulate oil or gas (B) The main purpose of a trap in a petroleum system is to contain and accumulate oil or gas. Traps can be formed by geological structures such as folds or faults. 19. Which of the following is true about reservoir rocks? A. They can be any type of rock, including igneous and metamorphic. B. They must have fractures. C. They need to have low porosity and high permeability. D. They can only be sedimentary rocks. Answer: They can be any type of rock, including igneous and metamorphic. (A) Reservoir rocks can be any type of rock, including igneous and metamorphic. They need to have sufficient porosity and permeability to store and allow the flow of hydrocarbons. 20. What is the main purpose of a seal rock in a reservoir? A. To provide porosity and permeability for fluid flow. B. To provide a source of hydrocarbons. C. To prevent hydrocarbons from leaking. D. To act as a trap for hydrocarbons. Answer: To prevent hydrocarbons from leaking. (C) The main purpose of a seal rock is to prevent hydrocarbons from leaking out of the reservoir over geological time. Effective seals have very low permeability and high ductility. 21. Which of the following is a necessary process in a petroleum system? A. Accumulation and retention B. Volcanic activity C. Fracturing and faulting D. Weathering and erosion Answer: Accumulation and retention (A) Accumulation and retention of hydrocarbons is a necessary process in a petroleum system. Other necessary processes include source rock maturation, migration, and the presence of reservoir and seal rocks. 22. What is the main factor responsible for the production of seismic images? A. The reflection of soundwaves at interfaces in the subsurface. B. The generation of soundwaves by an energy source. C. The transmission of soundwaves through the subsurface. D. The absorption of soundwaves by the subsurface. Answer: The reflection of soundwaves at interfaces in the subsurface. (A) Seismic images are produced by the reflection of soundwaves at interfaces in the subsurface. These reflections provide information about the structure and composition of the subsurface. 23. Which of the following is NOT a type of kerogen? A. Type II B. Type III C. Type I D. Type IV Answer: Type IV (D) The text does not mention a Type IV kerogen. 24. What is the main factor responsible for the migration of oil and gas? A. Trap inversion B. Water-wet pore throats C. Widths of the carrier sequences D. Fluid buoyancy Answer: Fluid buoyancy (D) Oil and gas migrate due to fluid buoyancy. 25. What is the main purpose of a trap in a petroleum system? A. To form seal rocks B. To generate oil and gas C. To accumulate hydrocarbons D. To retain reservoir rock Answer: To accumulate hydrocarbons (C) Traps are responsible for the accumulation of oil and gas. 26. Which of the following is true about the quality of a source rock? A. It is determined by the burial depth B. It is determined by the reservoir rock C. It is determined by the anoxia D. It is determined by the organic productivity Answer: It is determined by the organic productivity (D) The quality of a source rock is determined by its organic productivity. 27. Which of the following is NOT a phase in petroleum exploration? A. Appraisal B. Development C. Migration D. Seismic acquisition Answer: Migration (C) Seismic acquisition is a key phase in petroleum exploration, as it involves the use of seismic imaging to locate potential hydrocarbon reservoirs beneath the Earth's surface. Appraisal, development, and production are also important phases in the exploration process. 28. What is the main factor responsible for the migration of oil and gas? A. Source rocks B. Reservoir rocks C. Burial and maturation D. Seal rocks Answer: Reservoir rocks (B) Reservoir rocks play a crucial role in the migration of oil and gas. These rocks have high porosity and permeability, allowing the hydrocarbons to flow through them. Source rocks are responsible for the generation of oil and gas, while burial and maturation processes transform organic matter into hydrocarbons. Seal rocks, on the other hand, act as impermeable barriers, preventing the upward migration of hydrocarbons. 29. Which of the following is true about the carbon cycle? A. The surficial cycle involves the transfer of carbon between soil, vegetation, the oceans, and the atmosphere B. The subsurface cycle involves the burial and remobilization of organic matter as oil and gas C. Carbon is only cycled between the atmosphere and the oceans D. Carbon is transferred to the atmosphere through the process of maturation Answer: The subsurface cycle involves the burial and remobilization of organic matter as oil and gas (B) The carbon cycle involves both surficial and subsurface processes. The surficial cycle transfers carbon (CO2) between soil, vegetation, the oceans, and the atmosphere. The subsurface cycle involves the burial and remobilization of organic matter as oil and gas, which eventually migrates to the surface over millions of years, transferring carbon (CH4) to the atmosphere. 30. Which of the following is true about seismic migration? A. Seismic migration is a non-unique process that requires iteration and advanced technology. B. Seismic migration is a non-iterative process that does not require advanced technology. C. Seismic migration is a unique process that does not require iteration. D. Seismic migration is a unique process that requires iteration and advanced technology. Answer: Seismic migration is a non-unique process that requires iteration and advanced technology. (A) Seismic migration is a non-unique process that requires iteration and is the subject of immense current technological advances. 31. Which of the following is a direct hydrocarbon indicator? A. Amplitude extraction B. Density C. Seismic velocity D. Acoustic impedance Answer: Amplitude extraction (A) Amplitude extraction is a direct hydrocarbon indicator that is tuned to the gas-sand response. 32. What is the main purpose of 3D seismic data in petroleum exploration? A. To acquire seismic data for frontier exploration B. To extract amplitude from specified intervals C. To determine the acoustic impedance of rock layers D. To create detailed seismic images of the subsurface structure Answer: To create detailed seismic images of the subsurface structure (D) The main purpose of 3D seismic data is to create detailed seismic images of the subsurface structure for detailed planning. 33. What is the main purpose of seal rocks in a reservoir? A. To act as a source rock for hydrocarbon generation B. To prevent hydrocarbon from leaking over geological time C. To accumulate and retain hydrocarbons D. To provide porosity and permeability for fluid flow Answer: To prevent hydrocarbon from leaking over geological time (B) The main purpose of seal rocks in a reservoir is to prevent hydrocarbon from leaking over geological time by having very low permeability and high ductility.