Quiz 12.pdf

Unconventional Petroleum Systems and Shale Gas Quiz Answers 1. Which of the following is an example of unconventional gas? A. Methane Hydrates B. Tight Gas C. Shale Gas D. Sour Gas Answer: Shale Gas (C) Shale gas is considered an unconventional gas and is distinct from conventional natural gas. 2. W...

Unconventional Petroleum Systems and Shale Gas Quiz Answers 1. Which of the following is an example of unconventional gas? A. Methane Hydrates B. Tight Gas C. Shale Gas D. Sour Gas Answer: Shale Gas (C) Shale gas is considered an unconventional gas and is distinct from conventional natural gas. 2. What is the formula for calculating API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity? A. $API = 141.5 - 131.5(\rho_{oil} - \rho_{water})$ B. $API = \frac{141.5}{\rho_{oil}} - 131.5$ C. $API = 141.5(\rho_{oil} - \rho_{water}) - 131.5$ D. $API = 141.5 - \frac{\rho_{oil}}{131.5}$ Answer: $API = \frac{141.5}{\rho_{oil}} - 131.5$ (B) The API gravity of petroleum is calculated using the formula $API = \frac{141.5}{\rho_{oil}} - 131.5$, where $\rho_{oil}$ is the density of the oil. 3. What geological process is NOT a part of a functional petroleum system? A. Migration B. Accumulation and retention C. Hydration D. Maturation Answer: Hydration (C) Hydration is not typically considered a part of the functional petroleum system, unlike migration, maturation, and accumulation/retention. 4. Which of the following is an example of unconventional oil? A. Heavy Oil B. Shale Oil C. Bitumen Oil D. All of the above Answer: All of the above (D) All of the options provided are examples of unconventional oil, making the 'All of the above' option the correct choice. 5. What does 'tight' refer to in the context of 'tight gas' and 'tight oil'? A. High porosity B. Low permeability C. High permeability D. Low porosity Answer: Low permeability (B) In the context of 'tight gas' and 'tight oil', 'tight' refers to low permeability, indicating that the gas or oil is trapped in impermeable rock formations. 6. What is the primary distinction between conventional and unconventional fluids based on? A. Chemical composition B. Viscosity and liquid gravity C. Color and odor D. Pressure and temperature Answer: Viscosity and liquid gravity (B) The primary distinction between conventional and unconventional fluids is based on viscosity and liquid gravity, not on other factors like color, odor, pressure, temperature, or chemical composition. 7. Which of the following is NOT an example of unconventional gas? A. Natural Gas B. Shale Gas C. Tight Gas D. Sour Gas Answer: Natural Gas (A) Natural gas is considered a conventional gas, unlike shale gas, tight gas, and sour gas, which are examples of unconventional gases. 8. What is the key characteristic of unconventional oil and gas resources? A. Abundant in nature B. High accessibility C. Low economic value D. Difficult extraction Answer: Difficult extraction (D) The key characteristic of unconventional oil and gas resources is their difficult extraction, which often requires advanced technologies and methods. 9. What does 'UC' stand for in the context of 'UC C C' and 'UC'? A. Ultra Capacity B. Underground Capture C. Unified Control D. Unconventional Answer: Unconventional (D) 'UC' stands for 'Unconventional' in the context provided, distinguishing unconventional oil and gas from conventional resources. 10. What does 'API' stand for in the context of 'API gravity'? A. Advanced Petroleum Index B. Arid Petroleum Isotope C. American Petroleum Institute D. Average Petrochemical Indicator Answer: American Petroleum Institute (C) 'API' stands for 'American Petroleum Institute' in the context of 'API gravity', which is a measure used to determine the gravity of petroleum liquids. 11. Which unconventional fossil fuel potentially contains more organic carbon than coal, oil, and natural gas combined? A. Shale oil B. Gas hydrates C. Tight oil D. Oil shale Answer: Gas hydrates (B) Gas hydrates occur naturally in marine sediments and permafrost, potentially containing more organic carbon than coal, oil, and natural gas combined. 12. Where has methane hydrate recovery been achieved from beneath the seafloor? A. Green River Formation B. Gulf of Mexico C. Kern River Field in California D. Nankai Trough in Japan Answer: Gulf of Mexico (B) Methane hydrate recovery has been achieved from beneath the seafloor in the Gulf of Mexico. 13. Which heavy oil recovery method involves reducing viscosity by increasing temperature? A. Steam flooding B. Water flooding C. Stream Assisted Gravity Drainage D. Hydraulic fracturing Answer: Steam flooding (A) Steam flooding is used in heavy oil recovery, reducing viscosity by increasing temperature, as seen in the Kern River Field in California. 14. Where are Canada's significant reserves for bitumen mining located? A. Kern River Field in California B. Nankai Trough in Japan C. Tar sands D. Green River Formation Answer: Tar sands (C) Canada's tar sands are a significant reserve for bitumen mining, requiring upgrading to synthetic crude oil before shipping. 15. What geological processes comprise a functional petroleum system? A. Source rock, maturation, reservoir rock B. Accumulation, retention, reservoir rock C. Migration, source rock, maturation D. Accumulation, retention, migration Answer: Source rock, maturation, reservoir rock (A) A functional petroleum system comprises geological processes like accumulation, retention, reservoir rock, migration, source rock, and maturation. 16. Which unconventional oil type involves injection of steam to mobilize and produce oil? A. Heavy oil B. Extra heavy oil C. Shale oil D. Tight oil Answer: Extra heavy oil (B) Stream Assisted Gravity Drainage involves two horizontal wells for extra heavy oil recovery, injecting steam to mobilize and produce oil. 17. Which unconventional petroleum systems differ from conventional systems with unique necessities and processes? A. Bitumen, oil shale, tight oil B. Tight oil, heavy oil, extra heavy oil C. Shale gas, shale oil, and coal-bed methane D. Gas hydrates, shale gas, shale oil Answer: Shale gas, shale oil, and coal-bed methane (C) Petroleum systems for shale gas, shale oil, and coal-bed methane differ from conventional systems, with unique necessities and processes. 18. What is the most important deposit for oil shale? A. Gulf of Mexico B. Nankai Trough in Japan C. Green River Formation D. Kern River Field in California Answer: Green River Formation (C) Oil shale can be heated to produce oil, but the process is expensive and environmentally damaging, with the most important deposit being the Green River Formation. 19. Where has offshore methane hydrate production test sites demonstrated gas production by reservoir depressurization? A. Nankai Trough in Japan B. Kern River Field in California C. Gulf of Mexico D. Green River Formation Answer: Nankai Trough in Japan (A) Offshore methane hydrate production test sites, like the Nankai Trough in Japan, have demonstrated gas production by reservoir depressurization. 20. According to supply/cost curves, what is expected to be increasingly unconventional and expensive? A. Renewable energy production B. Current oil and natural gas production C. Coal mining D. Future oil and natural gas production Answer: Future oil and natural gas production (D) Future oil and natural gas production is expected to be increasingly unconventional and expensive, according to supply/cost curves for oil and gas. 21. What are unconventional petroleum systems characterized by? A. Presence of coalbed methane B. High permeability reservoir rock C. Low permeability reservoir rock D. Rapid production decline curves Answer: Low permeability reservoir rock (C) Unconventional petroleum systems, including shale gas and shale oil, are characterized by low permeability reservoir rock. 22. Which rock formations are mentioned as source rocks for unconventional 'shale gas' reserves? A. Marcellus Shale B. Utica Shale and Kimmeridge Clay C. Bakken Formation D. Eagle Ford Shale Answer: Utica Shale and Kimmeridge Clay (B) The source rocks for unconventional 'shale gas' reserves include the Ordovician Utica Shale in New York State and the Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay in the Wessex Basin. 23. What are the porosities and permeabilities of the Marcellus Shale Gas Reservoir? A. Porosities ranging from 20-30% and permeabilities of 500-1000 ηD B. Porosities ranging from 10-20% and permeabilities of 100-500 ηD C. Porosities ranging from 1-5% and permeabilities of 100-1000 ηD D. Porosities ranging from 5-15% and permeabilities of 200-2000 ηD Answer: Porosities ranging from 5-15% and permeabilities of 200-2000 ηD (D) The Marcellus Shale Gas Reservoir has porosities ranging from 5-15% and permeabilities of 200-2000 ηD. 24. What is the primary purpose of injecting proppant in hydraulic fracturing? A. To increase the porosity of the reservoir B. To reduce permeability of the reservoir C. To keep fractures open in the reservoir D. To close the fractures in the reservoir Answer: To keep fractures open in the reservoir (C) Injecting proppant in hydraulic fracturing is primarily to keep fractures open in the reservoir, allowing gas to flow out following the returned fluid. 25. What is the characteristic of production decline curves in the North Dakota Shale Oil province? A. Rapid decline from initial production rates B. No decline in production rates C. Stable production rates over time D. Gradual decline from initial production rates Answer: Rapid decline from initial production rates (A) Production decline curves in the North Dakota Shale Oil province show a rapid decline from initial production rates, with restimulation being costly but potentially rejuvenating. 26. What percentage of total US gas production did shale gas account for in 2021? A. 55% B. 40% C. 64% D. 79% Answer: 79% (D) In 2021, shale gas accounted for 79% of total US gas production. 27. What is the status of European shale gas extraction according to the text? A. It has caused no environmental concerns B. It has been consistently successful C. It has exceeded performance projections D. It has faced bans in multiple years Answer: It has faced bans in multiple years (D) European shale gas extraction has faced bans in multiple years, indicating opposition to this extraction method. 28. What is the difficulty in predicting induced seismicity from hydraulic fracturing operations? A. There are no difficulties in prediction B. Difficulties in accurately predicting the probability or magnitude of earthquakes C. It is easy to accurately predict D. The magnitude of earthquakes is always small Answer: Difficulties in accurately predicting the probability or magnitude of earthquakes (B) Induced seismicity from hydraulic fracturing has been observed in various locations, with difficulties in accurately predicting the probability or magnitude of earthquakes linked to fracking operations. 29. What is the method for extracting coalbed methane? A. Utilizing closely-spaced well pads for production B. Injecting proppant to keep fractures open C. Hydraulic fracturing D. Drilling wells into coal seams and pumping out water Answer: Drilling wells into coal seams and pumping out water (D) Coalbed methane, which forms during the process of coalification, is extracted by drilling wells into coal seams and pumping out water to release methane. 30. What percentage of total US oil production did tight oil account for in 2021? A. 79% B. 40% C. 64% D. 55% Answer: 64% (C) In 2021, tight oil accounted for 64% of total US oil production. 31. What geological processes are part of a functional petroleum system? A. Seal rock trap, accumulation and retention, source rock maturation B. Seal rock trap, reservoir rock, migration C. Migration, source rock maturation, reservoir rock D. Accumulation and retention, migration, source rock maturation Answer: Accumulation and retention, migration, source rock maturation (D) A functional petroleum system comprises accumulation and retention, migration, and source rock maturation as part of the required processes. 32. What is the formula for calculating API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity? A. $API = 131.5 - \frac{141.5}{\rho_{oil}}$ B. $API = \frac{141.5}{\rho_{oil}} - 131.5$ C. $API = \frac{141.5}{(\rho_{oil} - \rho_{water})} - 131.5$ D. $API = 131.5 - \frac{141.5}{(\rho_{oil} - \rho_{water})}$ Answer: $API = \frac{141.5}{\rho_{oil}} - 131.5$ (B) The formula for calculating API gravity is $API = \frac{141.5}{\rho_{oil}} - 131.5$, where $\rho_{oil}$ is the density of the oil in g/cm³. 33. What does 'tight' refer to in the context of 'tight gas' and 'tight oil'? A. High porosity B. Low permeability C. Low porosity D. High permeability Answer: Low permeability (B) 'Tight' in the context of 'tight gas' and 'tight oil' refers to low permeability, indicating that these resources have low ability to allow fluids to pass through. 34. Which unconventional oil type involves injection of steam to mobilize and produce oil? A. Bitumen B. Heavy oil C. Extra Heavy oil D. Oil Shale Oil Answer: Heavy oil (B) Heavy oil involves the injection of steam to mobilize and produce the oil due to its high viscosity. 35. Where are Canada's significant reserves for bitumen mining located? A. British Columbia B. Saskatchewan C. Alberta D. Manitoba Answer: Alberta (C) Canada's significant reserves for bitumen mining are located in the province of Alberta. 36. What unconventional fossil fuel potentially contains more organic carbon than coal, oil, and natural gas combined? A. Shale Gas B. Heavy oil C. Methane Hydrates D. Tight Gas Answer: Methane Hydrates (C) Methane Hydrates potentially contain more organic carbon than coal, oil, and natural gas combined, making it an abundant unconventional fossil fuel resource. 37. What is the primary distinction between conventional and unconventional fluids based on? A. API gravity B. Viscosity and liquid gravity C. Density and pressure D. Permeability and porosity Answer: Viscosity and liquid gravity (B) The primary distinction between conventional and unconventional fluids is based on viscosity and liquid gravity. 38. Which of the following is NOT an example of unconventional gas? A. Natural Gas B. Tight Gas C. Shale Gas D. Sour Gas Answer: Natural Gas (A) Natural Gas is not an example of unconventional gas, as it is considered a conventional fossil fuel resource. 39. What does 'UC' stand for in the context of 'UC C C' and 'UC'? A. Uniform Composition B. Underground Caverns C. Unconventional D. Upper Crust Answer: Unconventional (C) 'UC' stands for 'Unconventional' in the context of 'UC C C' and 'UC'. 40. According to supply/cost curves, what is expected to be increasingly unconventional and expensive? A. Conventional Oil B. Unconventional Oil C. Conventional Gas D. Unconventional Gas Answer: Unconventional Gas (D) According to supply/cost curves, unconventional gas is expected to be increasingly unconventional and expensive, reflecting the challenges and costs associated with extracting unconventional gas resources. 41. What is the primary purpose of injecting proppant in hydraulic fracturing? A. To increase the viscosity of the fluid pumped into the reservoir B. To keep fractures open and allow gas to flow out C. To seal the fractures and prevent gas from escaping D. To reduce the permeability of the reservoir rock Answer: To keep fractures open and allow gas to flow out (B) Injecting proppant is aimed at maintaining open fractures to facilitate the flow of gas. 42. Which unconventional petroleum system accounted for 79% of total US gas production in 2021? A. Shale oil B. Tight oil C. Tight gas D. Shale gas Answer: Shale gas (D) Shale gas accounted for a significant portion of US gas production in 2021. 43. What rock formations are mentioned as source rocks for unconventional 'shale gas' reserves? A. Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay and North Dakota Shale B. Wessex Basin and Marcellus Shale C. Marcellus Shale and North Dakota Shale D. Ordovician Utica Shale and Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay Answer: Ordovician Utica Shale and Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay (D) The Ordovician Utica Shale and Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay are identified as source rocks for 'shale gas' reserves. 44. What is the status of European shale gas extraction according to the text? A. It has faced bans in multiple years, indicating opposition to this extraction method B. It has posed minimal environmental concerns C. It has led to a significant increase in gas production D. It has been consistently successful and well-received Answer: It has faced bans in multiple years, indicating opposition to this extraction method (A) European shale gas extraction has encountered opposition and bans, reflecting concerns about the extraction method. 45. What is the characteristic of production decline curves in the North Dakota Shale Oil province? A. They display consistent and stable production levels B. They show a rapid decline from initial production rates C. They indicate no decline in production over time D. They exhibit a sustained increase in production over time Answer: They show a rapid decline from initial production rates (B) Production decline curves in the North Dakota Shale Oil province demonstrate a rapid decline from initial production rates. 46. What unconventional petroleum system accounted for 64% of total US oil production in 2021? A. Tight gas B. Shale oil C. Tight oil D. Shale gas Answer: Tight oil (C) Tight oil contributed significantly to US oil production in 2021. 47. What unconventional petroleum system has porosities ranging from 5-15% and permeabilities of 2002000 ηD? A. Kimmeridge Clay B. Utica Shale C. North Dakota Shale Oil province D. Marcellus Shale Gas Reservoir Answer: Marcellus Shale Gas Reservoir (D) The Marcellus Shale Gas Reservoir exhibits specific porosities and permeabilities. 48. Which unconventional petroleum system has faced bans in multiple years? A. North Dakota Shale Oil province B. European shale gas extraction C. Utica Shale D. Marcellus Shale Gas Reservoir Answer: European shale gas extraction (B) European shale gas extraction has encountered opposition and bans, indicating resistance to this extraction method. 49. Where has induced seismicity from hydraulic fracturing been observed? A. Arkansas, England, and the UK B. New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio C. Saudi Arabia, Russia, and China D. North Dakota, Texas, and California Answer: Arkansas, England, and the UK (A) Induced seismicity from hydraulic fracturing has been noted in various locations, including Arkansas, England, and the UK. 50. What unconventional petroleum system utilizes closely-spaced well pads for production? A. Coalbed methane reservoirs B. Tight oil reservoirs C. Shale reservoirs D. Tight gas reservoirs Answer: Shale reservoirs (C) Shale reservoirs make use of closely-spaced well pads for production. 51. What is the primary method used in heavy oil recovery to reduce viscosity by increasing temperature? A. Chemical flooding B. Microbial enhanced oil recovery C. In-situ combustion D. Hydraulic fracturing Answer: In-situ combustion (C) In-situ combustion involves burning some of the heavy oil to heat the reservoir, reducing the oil's viscosity and improving its flow. 52. Which unconventional oil recovery method involves two horizontal wells for extra heavy oil recovery, injecting steam to mobilize and produce oil? A. Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) B. Cyclic steam stimulation C. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) D. Water flooding Answer: Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) (A) Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is a widely used method for recovering extra heavy oil by injecting steam into the reservoir to mobilize and produce the oil. 53. What is the most important deposit for oil shale? A. Bakken Formation B. Green River Formation C. Appalachian Basin D. Permian Basin Answer: Green River Formation (B) The Green River Formation is the most important deposit for oil shale, containing significant oil shale resources. 54. Which unconventional fossil fuel potentially contains more organic carbon than coal, oil, and natural gas combined? A. Oil shale B. Shale oil C. Gas hydrates D. Tight oil Answer: Gas hydrates (C) Gas hydrates potentially contain more organic carbon than coal, oil, and natural gas combined, making them a significant unconventional fossil fuel resource. 55. Where has methane hydrate recovery been achieved from beneath the seafloor? A. Nankai Trough, Japan B. Gulf of Mexico C. Kern River Field, California D. Green River Formation Answer: Gulf of Mexico (B) Methane hydrate recovery has been achieved from beneath the seafloor in the Gulf of Mexico, demonstrating the potential for commercial extraction. 56. What is the primary distinction between conventional and unconventional fluids based on? A. Geological processes B. API gravity C. Reservoir porosity D. Extraction depth Answer: Geological processes (A) The primary distinction between conventional and unconventional fluids is based on geological processes, including accumulation, retention, reservoir rock, migration, source rock, and maturation. 57. What is the characteristic of production decline curves in the North Dakota Shale Oil province? A. Rapid decline followed by stabilization B. Gradual decline over time C. No production decline D. Exponential increase Answer: Rapid decline followed by stabilization (A) The production decline curves in the North Dakota Shale Oil province typically show a rapid decline followed by stabilization, reflecting the unique production patterns of shale oil. 58. What is the formula for calculating API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity? A. $141.5 - 131.5/SG$ B. $131.5/SG - 141.5$ C. $131.5 - 141.5/SG$ D. $141.5/SG - 131.5$ Answer: $141.5/SG - 131.5$ (D) The formula for calculating API gravity is given by: $API = \frac{141.5}{SG} - 131.5$, where SG represents the specific gravity of the oil. 59. What does 'UC' stand for in the context of 'UC C C' and 'UC'? A. Upstream Collection B. Unconventional Crude C. Unconventional Carbon D. Underground Cavern Answer: Unconventional Crude (B) 'UC' in the context of 'UC C C' and 'UC' stands for Unconventional Crude, referring to unconventional oil and gas resources. 60. What percentage of total US gas production did shale gas account for in 2021? A. About 70% B. About 50% C. About 30% D. About 10% Answer: About 70% (A) Shale gas accounted for about 70% of total US gas production in 2021, highlighting its significant contribution to the natural gas supply.