Part 4 Quiz 1 Study Guide PDF

Chapter 13: General Injuries and Fractures Acute injury: Sudden onset from a specific event. Articular cartilage: Smooth tissue at joint surfaces for movement. Avulsion Fracture: Ligament/tendon pulls bone fragment. Bursae: Fluid-filled sacs reducing friction. Chronic...

Chapter 13: General Injuries and Fractures Acute injury: Sudden onset from a specific event. Articular cartilage: Smooth tissue at joint surfaces for movement. Avulsion Fracture: Ligament/tendon pulls bone fragment. Bursae: Fluid-filled sacs reducing friction. Chronic injury: Gradual onset, repetitive stress. Closed fracture: Bone breaks but skin remains intact. Comminuted fracture: Bone shatters into pieces. Contusion: Bruise from blunt force. Crepitus: Crackling/grating sensation. Dislocation: Joint displacement. Fractures: Breaks in bone. Greenstick fracture: Incomplete fracture in kids. Linear fracture: Fracture along bone length. Mechanoreceptors: Sensors detecting body movement. Muscle cramps: Sudden, painful contractions. Muscle guarding: Muscle contraction protecting an area. Myositis ossificans: Bone growth in muscle due to trauma. Neuritis: Nerve inflammation. Open fracture: Bone breaks through the skin. Oblique fracture: Angled fracture. Osteoarthritis: Joint cartilage breakdown. Osteoblasts: Cells building new bone. Osteoclasts: Cells breaking down bone. Spiral fracture: Twisting bone break. Sprain: Ligament injury. Strain: Muscle/tendon injury. Stress fracture: Small, repetitive force fractures. Subluxation: Partial joint dislocation. Tendinitis: Tendon inflammation. Tendon: Tissue connecting muscle to bone. Tenosynovitis: Tendon sheath inflammation. Transverse fracture: Straight-line fracture across bone. Trigger point: Tight, tender muscle spot. Chapter 14: Foot Injuries SOAP NOTES: Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan. ○ S: Patient’s report. ○ O: Observations by clinician. ○ A: Diagnosis. ○ P: Treatment plan. Bones in a foot: ○ Tarsals: 7 ○ Metatarsals: 5 ○ Phalanges: 14 Orthotics: Custom foot supports. Plantar Fasciitis: ○ Cause: Repetitive strain on plantar fascia. ○ Signs/Symptoms: Heel pain, stiffness. ○ Care: Stretching, arch supports, rest. Jones Fracture: ○ Cause: Overuse or trauma near 5th metatarsal. ○ Signs/Symptoms: Pain, swelling. ○ Care: Immobilization, possible surgery. Turf Toe: ○ Cause: Hyperextension of big toe. ○ Signs/Symptoms: Pain, swelling. ○ Care: Taping, rest. Chapter 15: Ankle Bones in ankle complex: Tibia, Fibula, Talus. Ligaments: ○ Lateral group: ATFL, CFL, PTFL. ○ Medial group: Deltoid ligament. Prevention Methods: ○ Proper shoes. ○ Strengthening exercises. ○ Taping/bracing. ○ Avoid uneven surfaces. ○ Gradual activity increase. Special Tests: ○ Bump Test: Checks for fractures. Positive: Pain. ○ Anterior Drawer: Tests ATFL integrity. Positive: Excessive motion. ○ Talar Tilt: Tests CFL stability. Positive: Laxity.  ○ Thompson Test: Tests Achilles tendon rupture. Positive: No movement in foot. Functional Examinations: Walk, run, jump, cut, balance, stairs. Sprain Grades: ○ Grade 1: Mild stretch. ○ Grade 2: Partial tear. ○ Grade 3: Complete tear. Inversion/Eversion Sprains: ○ Cause: Improper landing/twisting. ○ Care: RICE, rehab. Tib/Fib Fractures & Stress Fractures: Similar to Jones fracture care. Shin Splints: Overuse care: rest, ice, stretching. Compartment Syndrome: Medical emergency; swelling cuts circulation. Achilles Tendon Issues: Stretching, proper warm-up. Chapter 16: Knee Four Bones of the Knee Femur Tibia Fibula Patella What is a Meniscus? A crescent-shaped cartilage in the knee that cushions and stabilizes the joint, absorbing shock and distributing weight. Four Major Ligaments of the Knee (The "_CL's") ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament): Prevents forward movement of the tibia and controls rotation. PCL (Posterior Cruciate Ligament): Prevents backward movement of the tibia. MCL (Medial Collateral Ligament): Stabilizes the knee against inward forces. LCL (Lateral Collateral Ligament): Stabilizes the knee against outward forces. Varus vs. Valgus Forces Varus Force: Pushes the knee outward (stresses LCL). Valgus Force: Pushes the knee inward (stresses MCL). Shoes and Rotational Stiffness  Shoes with high rotational stiffness increase the risk of knee injuries by limiting natural movement during rotation. Knee Braces What do they do? Provide support, stabilize the knee, and protect against or recover from injuries. Are they effective? Yes, especially for preventing re-injury or for post-surgical recovery, but they don’t guarantee injury prevention. Special Tests Valgus Stress Test: ○ What are you testing? MCL integrity. ○ Positive test: Increased laxity or pain. Varus Stress Test: ○ What are you testing? LCL integrity. ○ Positive test: Increased laxity or pain. Lachman’s Test: ○ What are you testing? ACL integrity. ○ Positive test: Increased tibial translation compared to the opposite side. Anterior Drawer Test (Knee): ○ What are you testing? ACL stability. ○ Positive test: Forward sliding of the tibia. Posterior Drawer Test (Knee): ○ What are you testing? PCL stability. ○ Positive test: Backward sliding of the tibia. Apley’s Compression Test: ○ What are you testing? Meniscus injury. ○ Positive test: Pain or clicking during compression. Common Knee Injuries MCL Sprain: ○ Cause: Valgus force or twisting injury. ○ Signs and Symptoms: Pain on the inner knee, swelling, instability. ○ Care: RICE, bracing, rehab exercises. LCL Sprain: ○ Cause: Varus force. ○ Signs and Symptoms: Pain on the outer knee, swelling, instability. ○ Care: RICE, bracing, strengthening exercises. ACL Sprain:  ○ Cause: Sudden stops, changes in direction, or landing awkwardly. ○ Signs and Symptoms: Popping sound, knee giving out, swelling. ○ Care: Surgery often required, followed by extensive rehab. PCL Sprain: ○ Cause: Direct blow to the front of the knee (e.g., car dashboard injury). ○ Signs and Symptoms: Pain, swelling, difficulty with knee flexion. ○ Care: Rehab, rarely surgery. Meniscus Injury: ○ Cause: Twisting or pivoting on a bent knee. ○ Signs and Symptoms: Locking, clicking, or pain. ○ Care: Rest, rehab, or surgery depending on severity. Patellar Dislocation/Subluxation: ○ Cause: Direct impact or twisting motion. ○ Signs and Symptoms: Deformity, pain, swelling. ○ Care: Reduction, bracing, rehab. Chapter 17: Hip Bones of the Pelvis Three bones on each side: ○ Ilium ○ Ischium ○ Pubis Joined in the middle by two bones: ○ Sacrum ○ Coccyx Functions of the Pelvis Supports the upper body. Protects internal organs. Provides attachment for muscles. Muscle Groups of the Pelvis Gluteal muscles. Hip flexors. Adductors. Hamstrings.  Quadriceps. Special Tests Thomas Test: ○ What are you testing? Hip flexor tightness. ○ Positive test: Opposite thigh lifts off the table. Quad Contusion Cause: Direct impact. Signs and Symptoms: Bruising, swelling, pain. Care: RICE, padding, gradual rehab. Quad Strain Cause: Sudden forceful contraction. Signs and Symptoms: Pain, swelling, difficulty with movement. Care: RICE, rehab. Hamstring Strain Cause: Overstretching or forceful contraction. Signs and Symptoms: Pain, swelling, bruising. Care: RICE, gradual rehab. Dislocated Hip Cause: High-impact trauma. Signs and Symptoms: Pain, deformity, inability to move. Care: Immediate medical attention. Piriformis Syndrome Cause: Compression of the sciatic nerve by the piriformis muscle. Signs and Symptoms: Radiating pain, numbness. Care: Stretching, massage, anti-inflammatories.