Chapter 13: General Injuries and Fractures

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Questions and Answers

What classification does a fracture that occurs without the skin being broken fall under?

  • Greenstick fracture
  • Comminuted fracture
  • Open fracture
  • Closed fracture (correct)

Which type of injury is characterized by sudden, painful muscle contractions?

  • Myositis ossificans
  • Muscle guarding
  • Strain
  • Muscle cramps (correct)

What is the primary cause of plantar fasciitis?

  • Repetitive strain on the plantar fascia (correct)
  • Joint displacement
  • Bone shattering into pieces
  • Nerve inflammation

Which of the following is NOT a type of fracture?

<p>Chronic fracture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is NOT part of the lateral group in the ankle complex?

<p>Deltoid ligament (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of a stress fracture?

<p>Caused by small, repetitive forces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment method for a Jones fracture?

<p>Immobilization and possible surgery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the SOAP notes, what does the 'A' stand for?

<p>Assessment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a positive Bump Test indicate?

<p>Fracture present (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is primarily responsible for preventing forward movement of the tibia?

<p>Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a positive test indicator for Apley’s Compression Test?

<p>Pain or clicking during compression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of force stresses the MCL by pushing the knee inward?

<p>Valgus force (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common care method for an MCL sprain?

<p>RICE and rehabilitation exercises (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main care approach for managing shin splints?

<p>Rest, ice, and stretching (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically causes a PCL sprain?

<p>Direct blow to the front of the knee (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What test is used to assess the integrity of the MCL?

<p>Valgus Stress Test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT associated with an ACL sprain?

<p>Bruising on the outer knee (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the pelvis?

<p>Fibula (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Thompson Test assess?

<p>Achilles tendon rupture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Thomas Test is performed to assess which condition?

<p>Hip flexor tightness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do shoes with high rotational stiffness affect knee injuries?

<p>They limit natural movement during rotation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of knee braces?

<p>Provide support and stabilize the knee (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign of a quad contusion?

<p>Direct impact with bruising (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle group is NOT part of the muscles associated with the pelvis?

<p>Core muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Acute Injury

Sudden onset injury from a specific event.

Fracture

A break in a bone.

Plantar Fasciitis

Painful condition caused by repetitive strain on plantar fascia in the foot.

Jones Fracture

A fracture near the base of the 5th metatarsal in the foot, often from overuse or trauma.

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Turf Toe

Injury to the big toe, usually from hyperextending it, often on artificial turf.

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SOAP Notes

A method to document patient information: Subjective (patient report), Objective (observations), Assessment (diagnosis), Plan (treatment).

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Tarsals

The seven bones in the ankle/foot.

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Closed Fracture

A fracture where the skin over the broken bone stays intact.

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Apley's Compression Test

A test used to assess for a meniscus injury in the knee. It involves applying pressure to the knee while rotating the leg.

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MCL Sprain

An injury to the medial collateral ligament (MCL) on the inner side of the knee, often caused by a valgus force or twisting injury.

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LCL Sprain

An injury to the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) on the outer side of the knee, often caused by a varus force.

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ACL Sprain

An injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee, commonly caused by sudden stops, changes in direction, or awkward landings.

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PCL Sprain

An injury to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in the knee, often caused by a direct blow to the front of the knee like a car dashboard injury.

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Thomas Test

A test to assess for hip flexor tightness. It involves having the patient lie on their back and bring one knee towards their chest.

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Quad Contusion

A bruise to the quadriceps muscle, usually caused by a direct impact.

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Piriformis Syndrome

A condition caused by compression of the sciatic nerve by the piriformis muscle, leading to radiating pain and numbness.

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What is a meniscus?

A crescent-shaped cartilage in the knee that cushions and stabilizes the joint, absorbing shock and distributing weight.

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What does the ACL do?

The ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament) prevents forward movement of the tibia and controls rotation.

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What does the PCL do?

The PCL (Posterior Cruciate Ligament) prevents backward movement of the tibia.

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What does the MCL do?

The MCL (Medial Collateral Ligament) stabilizes the knee against inward forces.

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What does the LCL do?

The LCL (Lateral Collateral Ligament) stabilizes the knee against outward forces.

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Varus Force

A force that pushes the knee outward, stressing the LCL.

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Valgus Force

A force that pushes the knee inward, stressing the MCL.

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What does the Lachman's Test test?

It tests the integrity of the ACL by checking for increased tibial translation compared to the opposite side.

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Study Notes

Chapter 13: General Injuries and Fractures

  • Acute injury: Sudden onset from a specific event
  • Articular cartilage: Smooth tissue at joint surfaces for movement
  • Avulsion fracture: Ligament/tendon pulls bone fragment
  • Bursae: Fluid-filled sacs reducing friction
  • Chronic injury: Gradual onset, repetitive stress
  • Closed fracture: Bone breaks but skin remains intact
  • Comminuted fracture: Bone shatters into pieces
  • Contusion: Bruise from blunt force
  • Crepitus: Crackling/grating sensation
  • Dislocation: Joint displacement
  • Fractures: Breaks in bone
  • Greenstick fracture: Incomplete fracture in children
  • Linear fracture: Fracture along bone length
  • Mechanoreceptors: Sensors detecting body movement
  • Muscle cramps: Sudden, painful contractions
  • Muscle guarding: Muscle contraction protecting an area
  • Myositis ossificans: Bone growth in muscle due to trauma
  • Neuritis: Nerve inflammation
  • Open fracture: Bone breaks through the skin
  • Oblique fracture: Angled fracture
  • Osteoarthritis: Joint cartilage breakdown
  • Osteoblasts: Cells building new bone
  • Osteoclasts: Cells breaking down bone
  • Spiral fracture: Twisting bone break
  • Sprain: Ligament injury
  • Strain: Muscle/tendon injury
  • Stress fracture: Small, repetitive force fractures
  • Subluxation: Partial joint dislocation
  • Tendinitis: Tendon inflammation
  • Tendon: Tissue connecting muscle to bone
  • Tenosynovitis: Tendon sheath inflammation
  • Transverse fracture: Straight-line fracture across bone
  • Trigger point: Tight, tender muscle spot

Chapter 14: Foot Injuries

  • SOAP NOTES: Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan
    • S: patient's report
    • O: observations by clinician
    • A: diagnosis
    • P: treatment plan
  • Bones in a foot:
    • Tarsals: 7
    • Metatarsals: 5
    • Phalanges: 14
  • Orthotics: Custom foot supports
  • Plantar fasciitis:
    • Cause: Repetitive strain on plantar fascia
    • Signs/Symptoms: Heel pain, stiffness
    • Care: Stretching, arch supports, rest
  • Jones fracture:
    • Cause: Overuse or trauma near the 5th metatarsal
    • Signs/Symptoms: Pain, swelling
    • Care: Immobilization, possible surgery
  • Turf toe:
    • Cause: Hyperextension of the big toe
    • Signs/Symptoms: Pain, swelling
    • Care: Taping, rest

Chapter 15: Ankle

  • Bones in ankle complex: Tibia, Fibula, Talus
  • Ligaments:
    • Lateral group: ATFL, CFL, PTFL
    • Medial group: Deltoid ligament
  • Prevention methods: Proper shoes, strengthening exercises, taping/bracing, avoid uneven surfaces, gradual activity increase
  • Special tests:
    • Bump test: Checks for fractures. Positive: Pain
    • Anterior drawer: Tests ATFL integrity. Positive: Excessive motion.
    • Talar tilt: Tests CFL stability. Positive: Laxity.

Chapter 16: Knee

  • Four bones of the knee: Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Patella
  • Meniscus: Crescent-shaped cartilage cushioning and stabilizing the joint
  • Four major ligaments of the knee: ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL
  • Varus force: Pushes knee outward (stresses LCL)
  • Valgus force: Pushes knee inward (stresses MCL)
  • Shoes and rotational stiffness: Shoes with high rotational stiffness increase risk of knee injuries by limiting natural movement.

Chapter 17: Hip

  • Bones of the pelvis: Three bones on each side (ilium, ischium, pubis) joined in the middle by two bones (sacrum, coccyx)
  • Functions of the pelvis: Supports upper body, protects internal organs, provides attachment for muscles
  • Muscle groups of the pelvis: Gluteal muscles, hip flexors, adductors, hamstrings

Additional Information (Chapters 13-17)

  • Special tests (knee): Valgus stress test, Varus stress test, Lachman's test, Anterior drawer test, Posterior drawer test, Apley's compression test
  • Common knee injuries: MCL sprain, LCL sprain, ACL sprain
  • PCL sprain: Direct blow to the front of the knee, signs: pain, swelling, difficulty with knee flexion
  • Meniscus injury: Twisting or pivoting on a bent knee, signs: locking, clicking, or pain
  • Patellar dislocation/subluxation: Direct impact or twisting motion, signs: deformity, pain, swelling
  • Quadriceps:
    • Quad contusion: Direct impact, signs: bruising, swelling, pain, care: RICE, padding, gradual rehab
    • Quad strain: Sudden forceful contraction, signs: pain, swelling, difficulty with movement, care: RICE, rehab
    • Dislocated hip: High-impact trauma, signs: pain, deformity, inability to move, care: immediate medical assistance
  • Piriformis syndrome: Compression of the sciatic nerve by the piriformis muscle, signs: radiating pain, numbness
    • Care: Stretching, massage, anti-inflammatories

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