Parasites of Whales PDF

Parasites of WHALES Gastrointestinal tract: Protozoa: Balantidium, Giardia, Entamoeba spp Nematoda: anisakis spp Skin: Agnatha: Lampetra fluvialis Sinus Frontalis / CNS : Trematoda: Nasitrema spp.  Water-borne” Parasitic Zoonosi...

Parasites of WHALES Gastrointestinal tract: Protozoa: Balantidium, Giardia, Entamoeba spp Nematoda: anisakis spp Skin: Agnatha: Lampetra fluvialis Sinus Frontalis / CNS : Trematoda: Nasitrema spp.  Water-borne” Parasitic Zoonosis Giardia Single-celled small intestinal parasites Different species and genotypes with different pathogenicity and Zoonotic Potential In 2 stages: in the body as trophozoite, in the environment as a resistant cyst = Diarrhea pathogens Risk groups particularly at risk Blue Whale, the biggest creature to have ever lived on our planet!  Lampetrose in WHALES and DOLPHINS Infection: Attachment of adult Lampetra spp. to the skin PATHOLOGY Destruction of the epidermis Haemorrhages (Anaemia) Ulcers and necrosis on the skin  Parasitoses in dolphins Gastrointestinal tract: Nematoda: Anisakis spp. (Stomach) Acanthocephala: Corynosoma spp. (Small intestine) Skin: Agnatha: Lampetra fluvialis Sinus Frontalis / CNS: Trematoda: Nasitrema spp (freshwater dolphins) Anisakidae Food-borne” Parasitic heteroxen obligatory DH: Marine mammals IH: Crustaceans PH: Fish and cephalopods AH: Humans Nematodes belonging to the family Anisakidae Zoonotic and re-emerging disease species most commonly associated with human infection: genus anisakis, pseudoterranova, contracaecum (anisakis simplex and pseudoterranova decipiens) Anisakidae Food-borne” Parasitic Roundworms of the family Anisakidae of several genera that live in the gastrointestinal tract of marine mammals wih zoonotic Potential Humans become infected through oral ingestion of larvae-containing meat In the DH: adult are located in the first hastric chamber but already been observed in the second one  Anisakidae Food-borne” Parasitic Anisakis simplex, pseudoterranova decipiens: Occurrence worldwide distribution Parasitized the stomach Seagulls, dolphins, whales and seals ZOONOSE Epidemiologie > People fall ill in countries where raw fish consumption is very popular (Japan, Spain, Netherlands, Peru, USA) Pathogenese Larvae and adults attached deep in the gastric mucosa Ulcers with haemorrhagia, cellular infiltration (PMN) Gastritis and pyloric stenosis Symptoms Nausea, Vomitus, haemorrhagische Diarrhoe Eosinophilia in the blood, anorexia Therapy (Pro)-benzimodazole, macrocyclic lactones Anisakidae Food-borne” Parasitic Majority of clinical presentations will be associated with parasite presence: Gastric: severe abdominal pain, ,ausea, vomiting, fever Intestinal: constant and intermittent abdomina pain, diarrhoea Ectopic: depending on infecting tissue Allergic: rash, angioedema, rhinitis, bronchoconstriction, anaphylaxis Anisakis simplex: only fish paarsite able to creating an allergy  Nasitrema spp. in WHALES and DOLPHINS Localisation: Adults in the sinus nasalis and in the sinus frontalis Life cycle: obligate heteroxenic development Family: Nasitrematidae Occurrence: worldwide distribution and Fish-eating Cetacea More: air spaces of the upper respiratory tract; digestive system; cartilages and bones of the skull; fat bodies East Asian finless porpoise head anatomy as schematic sagittal reconstruction showing the nasal structures and microhabitat of Nasitrema spp. in the air spaces of the upper respiratory tract. The cerebral form is directly related to the "stranding" of dolphins and whales. Pathology and Symptoms: Adult stages are also localized in the CNS (necrosis in the CNS) Principle problem: a significant proportion of the eggs are carried into the CNS (encephalitis) Coordination disorder, decreased echolocation, disorientation Chronic pneumonia (Carry-over of eggs)  Nasitrema spp. in WHALES and DOLPHINS This trematode may cause different type of lesions, ranging from mild to severe saculitis, neuritis, otitis, and/or meningoencephalitis that may impede cetaceans to survive in the wild, resulting in incoordination, loss of equilibrium, and echolocation dysfunction ending in a stranding event. The presence of Nasitrema sp. was found in an adult female Blainville beaked whale stranded death in Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, on November 2016. A lire et effacer Anthropogenic threat from neozoa Gastrointestinal tract Parasites of PINNIPEDS Stomach When sick: Nematoda: Anisakis simplex (neflected) Isolation boxes (ex giardia) Intestine bronchiolitics, bronchodilators Acanthocephala: corynosoma strumusom Kidney: Nematoda: Dyoctophyma renale Heart: Nematoda:Dipetalonema spirocauda and Dirofilaria immitis à (ZOO > free animals à city mosquitos) Lungs: Nematoda: Otostrongylus circumlitus Nose / Pharynx : Acarida: Orthohalarachne letalis Skin: Insecta: Echinophthirius horridus  Parasites of PINNIPEDS Heart: Nematoda:Dipetalonema spirocauda and Dirofilaria immitis à (ZOO > free animals à city mosquitos)  Parasites of PINNIPEDS Lungs: Nematoda: Otostrongylus circumlitus Verminous Pneumony Infection: p. o. à IH (Fish with L3) Localisation: Trachea and bronchi (Arteria pulmonalis, right Heart) Diagnosis: Detection of L1 in sputum or faeces (Baermann technique) Life cycle: heteroxen obligatory DH: Pinnipeds IH: fish heavy breathing with aggravated bronchial signs Coughing, tachypnea purulent nasal discharg Obstruction, hypoxia (à pulmonary emphysema) benzimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones Kidney: Nematoda: Dyoctophyma renale Parasites of PINNIPEDS Only 1 kidney keep host alive Occurance: Parasite of the renal pelvis seals and mustelids also felids and canids ZOONOSE very large, blood-red nematode Females: 20-100 cm !!! Males: 14-45 cm Life cycle: obligatory two intermediate hosts Definitive host migration per os uptake IH (L3) or paratenic host (L3) Gastrointestinal tract peritoneal cavity Liver peritoneal cavity Kidney capsule and parenchyma renal pelvis – ONE KIDNEY Kidney: Nematoda: Dyoctophyma renale Parasites of PINNIPEDS Pathogenesis: Clinical signs: Migration (Larvae): renal colic Peritonitis hematuria Hepatitis uremia Ascite Diagnosis: Adults in Kidney identification of eggs in urine sediment Pyelonephritis Therapy: Renal atrophy surgically remove and/or chemotherapy with albendazole Renal fibrosis could not resist to treatment Hydronephrosis Renal insufficiency Skin: Parasites of PINNIPEDS Insecta: Echinophthirius horridus Anopluridosis in Pinnipeds Infestation: close body contact (only in terrestrial phase e.g. mating and birth time) Localization: * in the head area (lice breath as seal emerge) * particularly strong Tibiotarsal claw (do not slip off while swimming) IH for Dipetalonema spirocauda - Heartworm Pathogenesis and clinical signs: Skin excoriation, alopecia, urticaria-like lesions Pruritus, severe agitation, secondary infections (purulent dermatitis) Anorexia and anemia Chemotherapy: Macrocyclic lactone (Repeat treatment necessary, NO effect on Nits) Pyrethroid, phosphoric acid and carbamate preparations Nose / Pharynx : Acarida: Orthohalarachne letalis Parasites of PINNIPEDS Mites of the respiratory tract Life cycle: viviparous (Larve-Protonymph-Teleonymphe-Adultus) 2-3 weeks Localization: Nasopharynx, Trachea, Bronchien Mites are viviparus!!! Pathology: Inflammation of the conchial mucosa: local haemorrhages Epithelial desquamation Intrapulmonary haemorrhage Chronic rhinitis Bronchopneumonia Mucous stays inside: rhinitis Clinical signs: Tachypnea, lung sounds Infection: Naso-nasal contact and sneeze Sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge  Parasites of SEA OTTERS Gastrointestinal tract: Stomach Nematoda: Anisakis spp Intestine Acanthocephala: Corynosoma spp Obligate heteroxen: 1st IH (Crustacea) 2nd IH (Fish)