Marine Mammals Parasites PDF

© https://wildanimalhealthfund.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Zoo-Animals-Banner.jpeg PARASITIC DISEASES OF EXOTIC, WILD AND ZOO ANIMALS 2. Marine Mammals – Parasit...

© https://wildanimalhealthfund.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Zoo-Animals-Banner.jpeg PARASITIC DISEASES OF EXOTIC, WILD AND ZOO ANIMALS 2. Marine Mammals – Parasites Liliana Silva, DVM, MSc, PhD, DipEVPC [email protected]  L. Silva, 2024 Marine mammals www.egasmoniz.com/pt Degree in -Veterinary Medicine Whales, Dolphins (Cetacea) Medicine Master Master Degree in Veterinary Seals (Pinnipedea) Manatees (Sirenia) Sea Otter (Mustelidae) Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  L. Silva, 2024 Parasites: Parasites of WHALES - Zoonotic www.egasmoniz.com/pt - TO KNOW - TO KNOW - Gastrointestinal tract - Medicine (Protozoa) Balantidium spp., Giardia spp., Entamoeba spp. (Nematoda) Pseudoterranova spp., Contracaecum spp., Anisakis spp. Degree in -Veterinary (Cestoda) Diphyllobothrium spp., Diplogonoporus balaenoptera, Tetragonoporus (Acanthocephala) Bolbosoma spp. - Skin - Medicine Master (Crustacea) Penella balaenopterae (whale lice) (Agnatha) Lampetra fluvialis, L. planeri, Entosphenus tridentatus (Lampreys) Master Degree in Veterinary - Urogenital tract - (Nematoda) Placentonema gigantissima (9 m lang), Crassicauda grampicola, C. magna - Sinus Frontalis / CNS - (Trematoda) Nasitrema spp. Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen “Water-borne” Parasitic Zoonosis Giardia § Single-celled small intestinal parasites § Different species and genotypes with different pathogenicity and Zoonotic Potential § In 2 stages: in the body as trophozoite, in the environment as a resistant cyst § = Diarrhea pathogens § Risk groups particularly at risk “Water-borne” Parasitic Zoonosis Blue Whale, the biggest creature to have ever lived on our planet! https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-16/blue-whale-worlds-largest-animal-caught-on-camera-having-a-poo/11708368  L. Silva, 2024 Lampetrose in WHALES and DOLPHINS www.egasmoniz.com/pt Parasite: (Agnatha) Lampetra fluvialis, L. planeri, Entosphenus tridentatus, Petromyzon marinus Medicine Infection: Attachment of adult Lampetra spp. to the skin Master Master Degree in Veterinary Degree in -Veterinary Medicine Lampetra fluvialis-Head large mouth capsule with spikes Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  L. Silva, 2024 www.egasmoniz.com/pt Adults attach to the skin of different hosts. Adults return to rivers to spawn and then die. Degree in -Veterinary Medicine Larvae metamorphosis Medicine into the adult form and Master migrate to sea. Master Degree in Veterinary Eggs hatch into larvae. Life cycle of lampreys Larvae live in river mud. They filter feed organic (Agnatha) detritus.  Master Master Degree in Veterinary Medicine Degree in -Veterinary Medicine www.egasmoniz.com/pt https://www.nwcouncil.org/sites/default/files/LampreyHosts.jpg L. Silva, 2024  L. Silva, 2024 Lampetrose in www.egasmoniz.com/pt WHALES and DOLPHINS Degree in -Veterinary Medicine PATHOLOGY Medicine Destruction of the epidermis Master Haemorrhages (Anaemia) Master Degree in Veterinary Ulcers and necrosis on the skin Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  L. Silva, 2024 Medicine Master Master Degree in Veterinary www.egasmoniz.com/pt Degree in -Veterinary Medicine Lampetrose Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  L. Silva, 2024 www.egasmoniz.com/pt Degree in -Veterinary Medicine Medicine Lampretosebefall bei einem Delfin Attached Adults Master Master Degree in Veterinary Dolphin Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  Master Master Degree in Veterinary Medicine Degree in -Veterinary Medicine www.egasmoniz.com/pt dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) Parasitoses in © Kleinertz et al., 2014 Non-invasive methods 2014 faeces  L. Silva, 2024 Parasites: Parasites of DOLPHINS - Zoonotic www.egasmoniz.com/pt - TO KNOW - TO KNOW - Gastrointestinal tract - Medicine (Protozoa) Cystoisospora delphini (Small intestine) (Nematoda) Pseudoterranova spp., Contracaecum spp., Anisakis spp. (Stomach) Degree in -Veterinary (Cestoda) Diphyllobothrium spp., Diplogonoporus spp. (Small intestine) (Trematoda) Braunina cordiformis, Pholeter gastrophilus (Stomach) (Acanthocephala) Bolbosoma spp., Corynosoma spp. (Small intestine) Medicine - Skin - - Sinus Frontalis / CNS - Master (Agnatha) Lampetra fluvialis, L. planeri, (Trematoda) Nasitrema spp. Master Degree in Veterinary Enosphenus tridentatus (Lampreys), Petromyzon marinus Hunterotremos spp. (freshwater dolphins) - Liver / Pancreas - (Trematoda) Campula spp., Zalophotrema spp., Oschmarinella spp. - Lungs - (Nematoda) Pseudalius inflexus, Stenurus minor, Torynurus convolutus, Halocercus invaginatus Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  Master Master Degree in Veterinary Medicine Degree in -Veterinary Medicine www.egasmoniz.com/pt  L. Silva, 2024 Anisakidae www.egasmoniz.com/pt Life cycle Medicine heteroxen obligatory Master Master Degree in Veterinary Degree in -Veterinary Medicine DH: Marine mammals IH: Crustaceans PH: Fish and cephalopods AH: Humans  Master Master Degree in Veterinary Medicine Degree in -Veterinary Medicine www.egasmoniz.com/pt M. Grilo, 2024 “Food-borne” Parasitic Zoonosis Roundworms of the family Anisakidae § of several genera that live in the gastrointestinal tract of marine mammals § wih zoonotic Potential § Humans become infected through oral ingestion of larvae-containing meat Klimpel et al. 2009  Master Master Degree in Veterinary Medicine Degree in -Veterinary Medicine www.egasmoniz.com/pt M. Grilo, 2024  L. Silva, 2024 www.egasmoniz.com/pt Parasites of DOLPHINS Degree in -Veterinary Medicine Anisakis simplex, Pseudoterranova decipiens, Contracaecum osculatum Occurrence Medicine worldwide distribution Master Parasitized the stomach Master Degree in Veterinary Seagulls, dolphins, whales and seals ZOONOSE Epidemiologie > People fall ill in countries where raw fish consumption is very popular (Japan, Spain, Netherlands, Peru, USA) Anisakis-Larvae survive smoking, curling and salting Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen L. Silva, 2024 Anterior end o fAnisakis spp. www.egasmoniz.com/pt Parasites of DOLPHINS Degree in -Veterinary Medicine Anisakis simplex, Pseudoterranova decipiens, Contracaecum osculatum Pathogenese Medicine Larvae and adults attached deep in the gastric mucosa Anisakis-L3 in the gastric mucosa Master Ulcers with haemorrhagia, cellular infiltration (PMN) Master Degree in Veterinary Gastritis and pyloric stenosis Symptoms Nausea, Vomitus, haemorrhagische Diarrhoe Eosinophilia in the blood, anorexia Therapy (Pro)-benzimodazole, macrocyclic lactones  L. Silva, 2024 Medicine Master Master Degree in Veterinary www.egasmoniz.com/pt Degree in -Veterinary Medicine © https://res.cloudinary.com/hz3gmuqw6/image/upload/c_fill,q_auto,w_750/f_auto/best-sushi-vancouver-phpqS0JqQ  M. Grilo, 2024 Medicine Master Master Degree in Veterinary www.egasmoniz.com/pt Degree in -Veterinary Medicine NOTE !!! Anaphylaxis (with pruritus and urticaria) in sensitized people (also dead Anisakis-L3, e. g. frozen or cooked larvae à Type I hypersensitivity response)  L. Silva, 2024 Nasitrema spp. in WHALES and DOLPHINS www.egasmoniz.com/pt Localisation: Medicine Adults in the sinus nasalis and in the sinus frontalis Master Master Degree in Veterinary Degree in -Veterinary Medicine Family: Nasitrematidae air spaces of the upper respiratory tract; digestive system; cartilages and bones of the skull; Occurrence: fat bodies worldwide distribution East Asian finless porpoise head anatomy as Fish-eating Cetacea schematic sagittal reconstruction showing the nasal structures and microhabitat Nasitrema N. attenuata N. lanceolata N. delphini N. stenosoma of Nasitrema spp. in the air spaces of the globocephalae upper respiratory tract. © Kim et al., 2023, Front. Mar. Sci. Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  L. Silva, 2024 Nasitrema spp. in WHALES and DOLPHINS www.egasmoniz.com/pt Life cycle: obligate heteroxenic development Medicine Adults in sinus nasalis Eggs with Degree in -Veterinary and sinus miracidium frontalis Medicine Master 1st IH juvenil (gastropods – snails) excystation Master Degree in Veterinary (release cercaria) https://www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org/article/vol-43-iss-5-phillips/ 2nd IH per os infection (fish) (infected 2nd IH) (with metacercaria) Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  This trematode may cause different type of www.egasmoniz.com/pt lesions, ranging from mild to severe saculitis, neuritis, otitis, and/or meningoencephalitis that may Medicine impede cetaceans to survive in the wild, resulting in incoordination, loss of equilibrium, and echolocation dysfunction Degree in -Veterinary ending in a stranding event. The presence of Nasitrema sp. was found in an adult female Blainville beaked whale stranded death in Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, on November 2016. Medicine Master Master Degree in Veterinary https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034528823000814  Master Master Degree in Veterinary Medicine Degree in -Veterinary Medicine www.egasmoniz.com/pt https://www.nantucketmman.org/when-parasites-misbehave  https://www.nantucketmman.org/when-parasites-misbehave In the spring of 2021, the Marine Mammal Alliance Nantucket The internal exam was unremarkable until an examination of the www.egasmoniz.com/pt hotline received a telephone call from a concerned citizen about brain was begun. External examination of the brain revealed an a dolphin floundering in the surf near Nobadeer Beach. When indented lesion in the left cerebral hemisphere. On cut section of the the rescue team arrived they found a Short Beaked Common brain there was an obvious cavitated area underneath this lesion Medicine Atlantic Dolphin, disorientated and struggling in the wash. The and in other areas of the brain that should not have been there. dolphin was alone and seemed to be in good body condition Microscopically, the pathologist examined these lesions and found with no external injuries or signs of what was causing his associated with them the eggs of an air sinus parasite called Degree in -Veterinary distress. A decision was made to relocate him to calmer waters. Nasitrema. From there he was taken to Jetties beach and released, only to make a feeble attempt to swim away, then quickly reversing Normally, the Nasitrema parasite might cause a mild inflammation course back toward shore where he died. of the nasal air sinuses where it normally resides, but when it gets. into an abnormal location like the brain, serious damage can occur. Medicine Our stranding permit legally allows us to deal with marine Master mammals in distress and to investigate the possible reasons for So how did this parasite egg find its way into the dolphin’s a dolphin’s stranding. The best way to proceed in this sad case brain? In order for the egg to be found there, the adult trematode Master Degree in Veterinary was to perform a necropsy (an animal autopsy) looking for the (fluke) that lays the egg had to migrate from its normal air sinus cause of this animal’s demise. location into the brain. In medicine this is called aberrant (abnormal) migration and the damage caused was the reason for the During a necropsy, the dolphin’s body was examined both stranding and the dolphin’s death. By misbehaving, this parasite externally and internally for diagnostic clues. Our external exam killed its host. showed a dolphin in good physical condition with no reasons as to why he stranded. Internal organs were then examined with Nasitrema eggs deposited in the air sinuses prior to the aberrant the naked eye and tissue samples were collected for a migration were also aspirated into the lungs causing a mild pathologist to examine under a microscope. pneumonia, but the neurological damage was the main cause of death.  Master Master Degree in Veterinary Medicine Degree in -Veterinary Medicine www.egasmoniz.com/pt https://www.nantucketmman.org/when-parasites-misbehave  L. Silva, 2024 Nasitrema spp. in WHALES and DOLPHINS www.egasmoniz.com/pt Medicine The cerebral form is directly related to the "stranding" of dolphins and whales. Degree in -Veterinary Pathology and Symptoms: Medicine ü Adult stages are also localized in the CNS (necrosis in the CNS) Master ü Principle problem: a significant proportion of the eggs are Master Degree in Veterinary carried into the CNS (encephalitis) ü Coordination disorder, decreased echolocation, disorientation ü chronic pneumonia (Carry-over of eggs) Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  L. Silva, 2024 Nasitrema spp. in WHALES and DOLPHINS www.egasmoniz.com/pt Medicine Diagnosis Detection of trematode eggs in feces or Degree in -Veterinary Nasal secretions (Sedimentation) Therapy Medicine Praziquantel??? Master Master Degree in Veterinary © Kim et al., 2023, Front. Mar. Sci. Anthropogenic threat from neozoa Toxoplasma gondii Neospora caninum Adapted from Dubey et al., 2017 Lafferty, Int J Parasitol Parasite Wildl (2015)  Master Master Degree in Veterinary Medicine Degree in -Veterinary Medicine www.egasmoniz.com/pt  L. Silva, 2024 Parasites: Parasites of PINNIPEDS - Zoonotic www.egasmoniz.com/pt - TO KNOW - TO KNOW - Gastrointestinal tract - Medicine Stomach (Nematoda) Pseudoterranova decipiens, Contracaecum osculatum, Anisakis simplex (NEGLECTED) Degree in -Veterinary Intestine (Protozoa) Eimeria phocae, Eimeria isreali (Nematoda) Uncinaria lucasi (HOOKWORM) Medicine (Acanthocephala) Corynosoma strumusom, C. semerme Master (Cestoda) Diphyllobothrium hians, D. elegans, D. cordatum, Diplogonoporus tetrapterus Master Degree in Veterinary (Trematoda) Cryptocotyle lingua, Pseudamphistomum truncatum, Echinostoma acanthoides - Liver / Pancreas - (Trematoda) Campula spp., Zalophotrema spp., Oschmarinella spp. - Kidney - (Nematoda) Dyoctophyma renale Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen https://www.marinemammalcenter.org/storage/app/uploads/public/53a/a6d/0b5/thumb__3200_0_0_0_crop.jpg  L. Silva, 2024 Parasites: Parasites of PINNIPEDS - Zoonotic www.egasmoniz.com/pt - TO KNOW - Heart - - TO KNOW Medicine (Nematoda) Dipetalonema spirocauda, Dirofilaria immitis à (ZOO > free animals à city mosquitos) - Lungs - Degree in -Veterinary (Nematoda) Otostrongylus circumlitus, Parafilaroides gymnurus, P. decorus (Intermediate hosts: Fish) - Nose / Pharynx - Medicine (Acarida) (Nose mites) Orthohalarachne letalis, Halarachne spp. Master - Musculatur - Master Degree in Veterinary (Protozoa) Sarcocystis spp. (Nematoda) Trichinella spiralis (Arctic à people eat seals) - Skin - (Acarida) Demodex spp. (Insecta) (Lice) Echinophthirius horridus, Antarctophthirus trichechi Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen https://www.marinemammalcenter.org/storage/app/uploads/public/53a/a6d/0b5/thumb__3200_0_0_0_crop.jpg  Seal sanctuary (Zeehodencreche, Pieterburen, NL) North Sea Medicine Master Master Degree in Veterinary www.egasmoniz.com/pt Degree in -Veterinary Medicine Recovering groups Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen L. Silva, 2024  Seal sanctuary (Zeehodencreche, Pieterburen, NL) North Sea Medicine Master Master Degree in Veterinary www.egasmoniz.com/pt Degree in -Veterinary Medicine Isolation boxes à e.g. Giardia Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen L. Silva, 2024  Seal sanctuary (Zeehodencreche, Pieterburen, NL) North Sea www.egasmoniz.com/pt Degree in -Veterinary Medicine bronchiolitics bronchodilators Medicine Master Master Degree in Veterinary Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen L. Silva, 2024  L. Silva, 2024 Parasites of PINNIPEDS www.egasmoniz.com/pt Verminous Myocarditis Medicine Dipetalonema spirocauda Dirofilaria immitis Degree in -Veterinary syn. Acanthocheilonema spirocauda neozoa - lethal IH: seal lice IH: mosquitoes (+++ city zoos) (Culicidae) Medicine Master DH: sea lions Master Degree in Veterinary seals DH: canids elephant seals felids mustelids pinnipeds Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  L. Silva, 2024 Parasites of PINNIPEDS www.egasmoniz.com/pt Dipetalonema spirocauda syn. Acanthocheilonema spirocauda Medicine Adult Degree in -Veterinary Pre-adults L1 = L4 Microfilaria (in blood) Medicine DH: Pinnipeds Master feeding Master Degree in Veterinary IH: lice L3 = infektiös L2 Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  L. Silva, 2024 Parasites of PINNIPEDS www.egasmoniz.com/pt Dirofilaria immitis Medicine Adult Degree in -Veterinary Pre-adults L1 = L4 Microfilaria (in blood) Medicine DH: Pinnipeds Master feeding Master Degree in Veterinary IH: mosquitoes (Culicidae) L3 = infektiös L2 Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen © https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5394.1.1  L. Silva, 2024 www.egasmoniz.com/pt Blood-feeding patterns and parasite Medicine infection rates in pools of thoraces and heads of the black salt marsh mosquito (Aedes taeniorhynchus) in Galapagos Degree in -Veterinary (Bataille et al. 2012) Medicine Master Master Degree in Veterinary  L. Silva, 2024 Parasites of PINNIPEDS www.egasmoniz.com/pt Verminous Myocarditis Medicine pulmonary arteries right ventricle / atrium Master Master Degree in Veterinary Degree in -Veterinary Medicine LP, linke Pulmonalarterie RP, rechte Pulmonalarterie TP, Truncus pulmonalis ** Calvert & Rawlings,1993; Rawlings & Calvert, 1995 Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  L. Silva, 2024 Parasites of PINNIPEDS www.egasmoniz.com/pt Verminous Pneumony Medicine Parasites: Otostrongylus circumlitus (Protostrongylidae) Degree in -Veterinary Parafilaroides gymnurus, P. decorus (Pseudallidae) Infection: p. o. à IH (Fish with L3) Medicine Master Localisation: Trachea and bronchi (Arteria Master Degree in Veterinary pulmonalis, right Heart) Diagnosis: Detection of L1 in sputum or faeces (Baermann technique) Otostrongylus circumlitus (Trachea and Bonchi, Sea lion) Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen L. Silva, 2024 Otostrongylus Larvae in the fish Life cycle Larvae ingested with heteroxen obligatory fish DH: Pinnipeds IH: fish Adults in lungs Eggs are coughed up and swallowed Eggs in the water © https://www.zeehondencentrum.nl/en/knowledge-repository/information-about-seals/lungworms/  L. Silva, 2024 Parasites of PINNIPEDS www.egasmoniz.com/pt Verminous Pneumony Otostrongylus circumlitus (Protostrongylidae) Medicine Pathogenesis Degree in -Veterinary 1) Penetration phase [approx. 1 week p.i. p.o. IH (L3)] 2) Prepatency lung phase (7 - 25 days p.i.) Medicine clinical signs by alteration of the bronchial epithelium (diminished cillia) Master Master Degree in Veterinary 3) Patent phase (25 - 60 daysp. i.) Enhancement of changes in the bronchi (mucociliary clearance diminished, bacterial infection, thickening of the alveolar wall) 4) Postpatent phase (> 60 - 100 days p. I.) partial regression of lesions © Geerinckx et al., 2021 Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  L. Silva, 2024 Verminous Pneumony www.egasmoniz.com/pt Otostrongylus circumlitus (Protostrongylidae) Degree in -Veterinary Medicine heavy breathing with aggravated bronchial signs Coughing, tachypnea purulent nasal discharg Obstruction, hypoxia (à pulmonary emphysema) Medicine Master Master Degree in Veterinary benzimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  L. Silva, 2024 Parasites of PINNIPEDS Only 1 kidney à keep host alive www.egasmoniz.com/pt Medicine Dioctophyma renale Degree in -Veterinary Occurance: Parasite of the renal pelvis seals and mustelids also felids and canids Medicine ZOONOSE Master Master Degree in Veterinary à very large, blood-red nematode Females: 20-100 cm !!! Males: 14-45 cm Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  www.egasmoniz.com/pt Life cycle: obligatory two intermediate hosts Medicine Definitive host migration à per os uptake IH (L3) or paratenic Degree in -Veterinary host (L3) Paratenic hosts à Gastrointestinal tract à peritoneal cavity Medicine à Liver Master à peritoneal cavity Master Degree in Veterinary à Kidney capsule and parenchyma Intermediate hosts à renal pelvis – ONE KIDNEY Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen L. Silva, 2024  L. Silva, 2024 Parasites of PINNIPEDS www.egasmoniz.com/pt Pathogenesis: Medicine Migration (Larvae): - Peritonitis - Hepatitis Degree in -Veterinary - Ascite Adults in Kidney: - Pyelonephritis - Renal atrophy - Renal fibrosis - Hydronephrosis Medicine - Renal insufficiency Master Master Degree in Veterinary Clinical signs: - renal colic Therapy: surgically remove (++ like Dirofilaria) - hematuria and/or chemotherapy with albendazole - uremia could not resist to treatment Diagnosis: Identification of eggs in urine sediment Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen L. Silva, 2024 Anopluridosis in Pinnipeds www.egasmoniz.com/pt Pathogens: Echinophthirius horridus, Antarctophthirus trichechi Medicine Infestation: close body contact Degree in -Veterinary (only in terrestrial phase e.g. mating and birth time) Localization: * in the head area (lice breath as seal emerge) Medicine * particularly strong Tibiotarsal claw Master (do not slip off while swimming) Master Degree in Veterinary Dent of the tibiotarsus (lock principle) © https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-023-05722-0/figures/1 How Did Seal Lice Turn into the Only Truly Marine Insects? North American river otter Nothern fur seal Southern sea lion Weddell seal Southern elephant seal © Leonardi et al., 2022  Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen L. Silva, 2024 Anopluridosis in Pinnipeds www.egasmoniz.com/pt Pathogens: Echinophthirius horridus, Antarctophthirus trichechi Degree in -Veterinary Medicine Permanent parasites Nit Medicine Master Master Degree in Veterinary Larve 1 Larve 2 Larve 3 © https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-023-05722-0/figures/1  L. Silva, 2024 Anopluridosis in Pinnipeds www.egasmoniz.com/pt Medicine IH for Dipetalonema spirocauda - Heartworm Degree in -Veterinary Pathogenesis and clinical signs: Skin excoriation, alopecia, urticaria-like lesions Pruritus, severe agitation, secondary infections (purulent dermatitis) Medicine Anorexia and anemia Master Master Degree in Veterinary Chemotherapy: Macrocyclic lactone (Repeat treatment necessary, NO effect on Nits) Pyrethroid, phosphoric acid and carbamate preparations Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen Echinophthirius horridus  Non-invasive methods 2019 hair stripping discs  L. Silva, 2024 Anopluridosis in Pinnipeds www.egasmoniz.com/pt Degree in -Veterinary Medicine (c) 20 µm. Abbreviations: a = nematode alimentary tract, ca = capsule, cu = nematode cuticle, fb = fat body, lc = nematode lateral chords, lfb = larvae contorted in the fat body, m = nematode musculature. Medicine Master IH for Dipetalonema spirocauda - Heartworm Master Degree in Veterinary thirius horridus https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-18418-y Orthohalarachne spp. 2023 blowhole exhalation  Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen L. Silva, 2024 Mites of the respiratory tract www.egasmoniz.com/pt Life cycle: viviparous Medicine (Larve à Protonymph à Teleonymphe à Adultus) 2-3 weeks Degree in -Veterinary Orthohalarachne letalis O. attenuata O. diminuta Halarachne spp. Medicine Master Master Degree in Veterinary Fast ß long legs Orthohalarachne spp. Larva with pretarsus  L. Silva, 2024 Orthohalarachne letalis Mites of the respiratory tract O. attenuata www.egasmoniz.com/pt O. diminuta Halarachne spp. Medicine Localization: Nasopharynx, Trachea, Bronchien Degree in -Veterinary Orthohalarachne letalis Medicine Master Master Degree in Veterinary © Seguel et al., 2022 (B) Numerous mites attached to the mucosa of a main bronchus. Inset: Cleared adult female specimen of Mites are viviparus!!! O. diminuata. Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen L. Silva, 2024 Orthohalarachne letalis Mites of the respiratory tract O. attenuata www.egasmoniz.com/pt O. diminuta Halarachne spp. Medicine Pathology: ü Inflammation of the conchial mucosa Degree in -Veterinary àlocal haemorrhages ü Epithelial desquamation ü Intrapulmonary haemorrhage Medicine ü Chronic rhinitis Master ü Bronchopneumonia Master Degree in Veterinary © Seguel et al., 2022 ü Mucous stays inside à rhinitis An adult mite obstructs the lumen and compresses the epithelium of a bronchiolus. Moderate amounts of degenerate leukocytes and mucus surround the mite (asterisk). Clinical signs: H&E. Scale bar¼100 lm. Ø Tachypnea, lung sounds Ø Sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge Infection: Naso-nasal contact and sneeze  Parasitoses of Pinnipids in Zoos www.egasmoniz.com/pt Possible introduction at any time Lungworms Medicine Cestodes Degree in -Veterinary Trematodes Roundworms Medicine Master Master Degree in Veterinary Fish as source of infection (Intermediate host) Freeze fish -20 ºC for 2 weeks © https://newsdeeply-app.s3.amazonaws.com/20180227072716/586530821.jpg?w=640&fit=max&q=60&dpr=2  Parasites: Parasites of SEA OTTERS (Enhydra lutris) - Zoonotic www.egasmoniz.com/pt - TO KNOW - TO KNOW - Gastrointestinal tract - Medicine Stomach (Nematoda) Pseudoterranova decipiens, Contracaecum osculatum, Anisakis spp. Degree in -Veterinary