Introduction to Animal Science 2024-2025 PDF

HELWAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY & GENETIC ENGINEERING PROGRAM Introduction to animal science First year students 2024-2025  PARASITOLOGY What is parasitology ? Branch of biology concer...

HELWAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY & GENETIC ENGINEERING PROGRAM Introduction to animal science First year students 2024-2025  PARASITOLOGY What is parasitology ? Branch of biology concerned with parasites, hosts and the relationship between them. What is parasite ? Organism lives in (endo-parasite) or on (ecto-parasite) another organism which called host (parasite can feed, grow, multiply and causes a disease).  It is an organism which infected What is host ? with parasite and supports the parasite Types of hosts Definitive host (final host) Intermediate host Host harbors parasite in adult stage Host harbors parasite in (whole parasite in this host) which larval stage which parasite undergoes a sexual parasite undergoes an reproduction asexual reproduction  Binomial nomenclature Carl Linnaeus put the rules of the nomenclature of living organisms Rules of binomial Example nomenclature First name (generic name) starts with capital letter Second name (specific name) starts Schistosoma haematobium with small letter 1- Schistosoma → generic name Names must be underlined or write in 2- haematobium → specific name italic case 3- May be Schistosoma haematobium (or) Schistosoma haematobium Only generic name can be shortened 4- Abbreviation: S. haematobium (or) (first letter) S. haematobium  Different taxonomic ranks in the biological classification system OUR STUDY Kingdom: Animalia Sub-kingdom (1): Protozoa Sub-kingdom (2): Metazoa Phylum (A): Sarcomastigophora Phylum: Platyhelminthes Phylum (B): Apicomplexa Phylum (C): Ciliophora  parasites Unicellular parasites (protozoa) Multicellular parasites (metazoa) Phylum: Phylum: Phylum: Phylum: Sarcomastigophora Apicomplexa Ciliophora Platyhelminthes Trypanosoma Balantidium plasmodium Fasciola coli Entamoeba histolytica Schistosoma Acanthamoeba Taenia  Kingdom: Animalia Sub-kingdom: Protozoa Most of these species are microscopic (2-25µm) All organisms are unicellular (single cell) Some members are free living and others are parasites Study of 3 phyla (according to locomoter organelle) Phylum 1: Phylum 2: Phylum 3: Sarcomastigophora Apicomplexa ciliophora  Phylum (1) Sarcomastigophora Living organisms can locomote by using flagella or pseudopodium Trypanosoma Classified according to locomoter Sub-phylum (A): Moves by flagella only organelle Mastigophora Phylum: Sarcomastigophora Sub-phylum (B): Sarcodina Moves by pseudopoda only Entamoeba Acanthamoeba histolytica  Trypanosoma species Structure of Trypanosoma It is a fusiform structure in the shape The flagellum is the locomoter organ The body has a central round nucleus Habit: endoparasite Habitat: intercellular (between cells) in human blood plasma Life cycle of Trypanosoma  Life cycle of Trypanosoma vertebrate host: human Invertebrate host: tsetse fly (Glossina species) Infective stage: metacyclic trypomastigote Mode of infection: infected tsetse fly bits human leaving metacyclic trypomastigotes with its saliva Disease: African sleeping sickness  Entamoeba histolytica Structure of E. histolytica It found in 2 forms; cyst and trophozoite Cyst has 4 nuclei, trophozoite has 1 nucleus only The pseudopodium is the locomoter organ in trophozoite only Habit: endoparasite Habitat: upper part of large intestine of human Life cycle of E. histolytica  Life cycle of E. histolytica Host: human (fecal-oral life cycle) Infective stage: cyst with 4 nuclei Diagnostic stage: cyst and trophozoite in feces Mode of infection: eating food or drinking water contaminated with cyst with 4 nuclei Disease: entamoebiasis or entamoebic dysentary  Acanthamoeba species Structure of Acanthamoeba Live in 2 forms; cyst and trophozoite Trophozoite has some spines in its structure It is amphizoic may be free living (soil, water, air) or endoparasite when getting into the host Habit: amphizoic Habitat: in brain of human when it becomes endoparasite Life cycle of Acanthamoeba  Life cycle of Acanthamoeba Host: human (when Acanthamoeba becomes endoparasite) Infective stage: cyst and trophozoite Diagnostic stage: cyst and trophozoite Mode of infection: cyst and trophozoite enter human (ingestion, inhalation, eyes, wounds) Disease: granulomatous amoebic encephalitis  Phylum (2) Apicomplexa They are endoparasites have an apical complex to penetrate the host cells They don’t have locomoter organelle and moves by gliding plasmodium  Plasmodium species Habit: intracellular (inside cells of host) Habitat: blood and other tissue in human We can see the ring stage in blood of man (diagnostic stage) Ring stage Female. of Plasmodium. Anopheles mosquito Life cycle of Plasmodium  Life cycle of Plasmodium Final host: female Anopheles mosquito Intermediate host: Human Infective stage: sporozoites Mode of infection: bitting female Anopheles to human which carrying sporozoites in saliva Disease: malariasis Phylum (3) They are organisms which move by cilia at Ciliophora least at some stage of development Most organisms in this phylum are free living Presence of macronucleus and micronucleus Balantidium coli  Balantidium coli Habit: endoparasite Habitat: in the large intestine of human Balantidium coli has 2 forms; trophozoite and cyst Trophozoite of Cyst of. Balantidium coli. Balantidium coli Life cycle of B. coli  Life cycle of B. coli Host: human Infective stage: cyst of Balantidium Mode of infection: ingestion of food or drinking of water contaminated with B. coli cyst Diagnostic stage: cyst an trophozoite in feces This parasite causes some abdominal pains