Other-Race Effect: Psychology Lecture Notes PDF

The Other-Race EffectBiological Basis of BehaviourPSY2304 3The Other Race Effect (ORE)•Using a face recognition task, Malpassand Kravitz (1969) reported the first empirical demonstration that observers perform significantly better at recognising their own-race as compared to other-race faces. This...

The Other-Race EffectBiological Basis of BehaviourPSY2304 3The Other Race Effect (ORE)•Using a face recognition task, Malpassand Kravitz (1969) reported the first empirical demonstration that observers perform significantly better at recognising their own-race as compared to other-race faces. This has been named the Other-Race Effect (ORE) and is one of the best-replicated phenomena in the literature as established by several meta-analyses that have considered 50+years of research.•Since this first demonstration, the ORE has been replicated in numerous studies, with different racial groups. The ORE is classically reflected by a crossover interaction between the race of participants and the race of faces in discrimination accuracy. 4The Other Race Effect (ORE)•Studies of real-world impact have focussed on failures of eyewitness testimony, and the severe consequences of false convictions and prison sentences for innocent people incorrectly identified by an eyewitness of a different race (e.g., in the US Innocence Project or the infamous Ronald Cotton case; Scheck et al., 2003)•There has been investigation of the effects of the ORE in security settings, such as failures of face matching by police or in passport control (e.g., Bate et al., 2019)•Studies showed how the ORE can impact social interactions, revealing difficulties for both a person who has failed to be recognized by an other-race person –whom we will label the ‘victim’ of the ORE –and a person who has failed to recognize an other-race person, who we will label the ‘perpetrator’ of the ORE (McKoneet al., 2021) 5Michel et al (2006a): Method and ResultsRecognition TaskStudy Phase3s20 Caucasian & 20 Asian faces1s40 faces (20 old, 20 new)OldNew3s2s1sP<.001Interaction 6Main Debate about the ORE •Social Motivation: Observers, particularly those with more prejudiced racial attitudes, would not be motivated to differentiate members of another race, which would result in a weaker memory for other race faces (e.g., Berger, 1969; Galper, 1973)•The ORE as a measure of the tendency that individuals have to think categorically about outgroup racial members, leading them to process facial features differently from own-race faces (Levin, 2000). •Essentially, there are different facial features used within own and other-race faces that are guided by social categorisation based on group membership, in this case race, but the same analysis could apply to sex and age (Young et al., 2012) 7•Perceptual Expertise: A lack of contact or visual experience with other race faces which results in a difficulty in processing other race faces configurally. Thus, other race faces would be treated using a more featural processing (Rhodes et al., 1989)•Evidence was provided that the size of the ORE would vary with the amount of interracial experience that individuals have in their everyday life (Wan et al., 2015)•A recent study proposed that there would be a specific developmental window (approximately until 12 years of age) where acquisition of other-race faces is facilitated and would have effects in the reducing the ORE (McKoneet al., 2019) Main Debate about the ORE 8The Neurocognitive basis of the ORE•The FFA (fMRI) and the ORE (Golby et al., 2001)•The N170 (EEG/ERPs) and the ORE (Vizioliet al., 2010)•tDCSto modulate the ORE (Civile & McLaren 2022) 9The Neurocognitive basis of the ORE•The FFA (fMRI) and the ORE (Golby et al., 2001)•The N170 (EEG/ERPs) and the ORE (Vizioliet al., 2010)•tDCSto modulate the ORE (Civile & McLaren 2022) LECTURE 2 REMINDER: The Face Fusiform Area (FFA)•The FFAis a cortical region in the fusiform gyrus that is found to be more highly activated when participants are presented with faces than when they viewed sets of non-face stimuli (Kanwisher, McDermott, & Chun, 1997)10Face Fusiform Area (FFA) 11LECTURE 2 REMINDER: Main Findings on the FFA •Kanwisher et al (1997):higher activation for faces than other sets of stimuli on a cortical region then named the Face Fusiform Area (FFA), supporting the specificity account of face recognition mechanisms•Gauthier et al (1999): Similar FFA activation for faces and Greebles for Greeble experts supporting the expertise account of face recognition mechanisms•Golby et al (2001)investigated the neural substrates underlying the differences in memory for same-race and other-race faces. 12Golby et al (2001): The ORE on the FFA3.5s3.5s3.5sStudy Phase (Learning Phase)Recognition Task3.5s3.5s3.5s3.5sOldNew 13Golby et al (2001): Behavioural Results00.250.50.7511.251.5Radio (EA)Radio (AA)EA f ac es ( EA )AA f ac e ( EA)EA f ac e ( AA )AA f ac e ( AA)00.250.50.7511.251.5Sa m e R ac e f ac eOth er Ra ce fa ceEuropeanAmericanSubjectsAfricanAmericanSubjectsEuropean AmericanSubjectsAfrican AmericanSubjectsOwn-Race FacesOther-Race Facesd’ sensitivity (d’ of 0 = 50% Accuracy)a)b) 14Golby et al (2001): fMRI FFA ResultsStringent threshold (p<.0001)Less Stringent thresholdStringent threshold (p<.0001)Less Stringent threshold 15Golby et al (2001): Discussion•The behavioural results are in accord with many other studies showing superior recognition memory for same-race compared to other-race faces. •The fMRI results revealed that compared to other-race faces, same-race faces were associated with greater activation in the FFApreviously identified as areas of initial specialization for the perception of faces. Regardless of the method used the FFAwas more active for same-race than for other-race faces in at least 84% of participants. •Differential recruitment of the FFA by faces of different races may be due to differences in perceptual expertise derived from long-term differences in exposure to same-race and other-race faces. 16The Neurocognitive basis of the ORE•The FFA (fMRI) and the ORE (Golby et al., 2001)•The N170 (EEG/ERPs) and the ORE(Vizioliet al., 2010)•tDCSto modulate the ORE (Civile & McLaren 2022) 17Vizioli et al (2010): Stimuli & ProcedureAfrican American 18Vizioli et al (2010): Behavioural Results LECTURE 2 REMINDER: Face Inversion Effect & N17019Itier& Taylor (2004): N170 to upright and inverted faces and seven object categories recorded at temporal parietal sites P7/P8.Notethe delayed and larger N170 to inverted than upright faces. -2.4 -2.2 -2.0 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 1. 2 1. 4 1. 6 1. 8 2. 0 2. 2 [µV] 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 [ms] PO8 Grand Av erage Grand Av erage Grand Av erage Familiar InvertedFamiliar UprightNovel InvertedNovel UprightN1701.0100200300-1.0PO8[µV]Face Inversion Effect on the N170Checkerboard Inversion Effect on the N170Notethe larger N170 to inverted than upright familiar checkerboards. 20Vizioli et al (2010): N170 at P08 Channel Resultsa)b) 21Vizioli et al (2010): Discussion•Behavioural Results: Western Caucasian and East Asian observers were more accurate at recognizing same-race compared to other-race faces. This was indexed by the larger inversion effect recorded for same vs other race faces.•N170 Amplitude:The amplitude of the face inversion effect was largest for own-race vs other-race faces.•The reduce behavioural and N170 inversion effect for other-race faces could be due to reduce expertise at scrutinizing configural information.Padlet Wallpaper QR-Code 22The Neurocognitive basis of the ORE•The FFA (fMRI) and the ORE (Golby et al., 2001)•The N170 (EEG/ERPs) and the ORE (Vizioliet al., 2010)•tDCSto eliminate the ORE (Civile & McLaren 2022) 2.12.32.52.72.93.13.3AnodalUprightAnodalInvert edShamUprightShamInvert edd’ sensitivity (d’ of 0 = 50% Accuracy)InteractionP=.006Exp 1a) Matching Task with Faces2.12.32.52.72.93.13.3AnodalUprightAnodalInvert edShamUprightShamInvert edInteractionP=.010N=48Exp 1b) Matching Task with CheckerboardsAnodal Face vs Checkerboard Inversion Effect p=.00823Civile, Quaglia, Waguri, Ward, McLaren and McLaren (2021) Scientific ReportsLECTURE 2 REMINDER: Face Inversion Effect & N170 Civile and McLaren (2022): TDCS and the ORE24•Perceptual Expertise Hypothesis: If a component of the ORE is the reduced perceptual expertise for other-race faces, the tDCSprocedure should alter this by disrupting the perceptual expertise component for own-race faces (i.e., they are more familiar). Little or no effect of the should be expected for other-race faces (i.e., they are not as familiar)•Social Motivation Hypothesis: if we assume that individuals have visual expertise for both own and other-race faces (they are all faces) and the ORE is specifically based on a lack of social motivation the tDCSprocedure would reduce the FIE for both own and other-race faces, and the ORE would still be found to be significant 25Civile and McLaren (2022): Stimuli and Procedure a) tDCS Fp3 montage czAnodal1.5mA10 min-AnodalReferenceSham1.5mA30 secFp3+b) Study Phase+3s1s3s+1s3s80 facesOld/new recognition task+3s1s3s+1s3s160 facesoldnew Civile and McLaren (2022): Results 26Civile and McLaren (2022): Results 0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.6Sh am C auca sia n Upr igh tSh am C auca sia n In ver tedSh am E as t A s ian Up rig htSh am E as t A s ian In ver te dAnod al Caucasian UprightAnod al Caucasian Inve rtedAnod al Ea st Asia n Uprigh tAnod al Ea st Asia n In vertedShamAnodalc) Results: Anodal tDCS eliminates the ORE P=.0243-Way Interaction (FIE x Race x tDCS) P=.003P<.001OREP=.003FIE Sham vs Anodal d’ sensitivity 0 = 50% AccuracyN= 96 27Civile and McLaren (2022): Discussion•The FIE for own-race faces has been significantly reduced by anodal tDCS(compared to sham) then the cross-race interaction used as an index of the ORE is no longer significant. •Perceptual expertise, manifesting through perceptual learning, for upright faces taken from a familiar (i.e., own-race) category contributes to the ORE. •A specific tDCSprocedure developed in the perceptual learning literature can modulate the FIE for own-race faces leading to a full reduction of the ORE. Main References (suggested readings inbold)Civile, C., and McLaren, I.P.L. (2022). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) eliminates the other-race effect (ORE) indexed by the face inversion effect for own versus other-race faces. Scientific Reports, 12, 12958, 1-10.Malpass, R.S. and Kravitz, J. (1969). Recognition for faces of own and other race. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 330–334.GolbyA.J.,GabrieliJ.D.,ChiaoJ.Y.,EberhardtJ.L. (2001). Differential responses in the fusiform region to same-race and other-race facesNature Neuroscience,4, 845-850Maurer, D., Le Grand, R., and Mondloch, C.J. (2002). The many faces of configural processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 255–260.Michel C., Rossion, B., Han, J., Chung, C.H. and Caldara, R. (2006). Holistic processing is finely tuned for faces of one’s own race. Psychological Science, 17, 608–615.Rhodes, G., Tan, S., Brake, S., and Taylor, K. (1989). Expertise and configural coding in face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 80, 313–331.Stahl, J., Wiese, H., & Schweinberger, S. R. (2008). Expertise and own-race bias in face processing: An event-related potential study. Neuroreport, 19, 583–587. Vizioli, L., Foreman, K., Rousselet, G. A., & Caldara, R. (2010). Inverting faces elicits sensitivity to race on the N170 component: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Vision, 10(1), 11–23, 15.Walker, P. M., Silvert, L., Hewstone, M., & Nobre, A. C. (2008). Social contact and other-race face processing in the human brain. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3, 16–25. Wiese, H., Stahl, J., & Schweinberger, S. R. (2009). Configural processing of other-race faces is delayed but not decreased. Biological Psychology, 81, 103–109.