Oral Communication Reviewer (1st Quarter) PDF

ORAL COM REVIEWER (1st Quarter) COMMUNICATION - the exchange of information between or among two or more people within the same or of different contexts. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION: 1. Speaker - the source of information/message. 2. Message - the information, idea, or thought. 3. Encodi...

ORAL COM REVIEWER (1st Quarter) COMMUNICATION - the exchange of information between or among two or more people within the same or of different contexts. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION: 1. Speaker - the source of information/message. 2. Message - the information, idea, or thought. 3. Encoding - the process of converting the message into words/actions. 4. Channel - the medium or the means such as personal or non-personal, verbal or nonverbal in which the encoded message is conveyed. 5. Decoding - the process of interpreting the encoded message. 6. Receiver - the recipient of the message/someone who decodes the message. 7. Feedback - the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver. 8. Context - the environment where communication takes place. 9. Barriers - the factors that affect the flow of communication. PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION: - The speaker generates an idea - The speaker encodes the idea (inisip kung paano sasabihin) - The speaker transmits the message (sinabi na) - The receiver gets the message - The receiver decodes the message - The receiver provides the feedback MODELS OF COMMUNICATION: 1. Shannon-Weaver Model - linear or one-way process also known as the mother of all communication. 2. Transaction Model - two-way process FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION: 1. Control - manages behaviors. 2. Social Interaction - allows people to connect and interact with one another. 3. Motivation - aims to persuade others to change opinions or behaviors. 4. Emotional Expression - conveys feelings, moods, or emotions. 5. Information Dissemination - process of spreading knowledge, facts, or data to an audience. 7 C’s OF COMMUNICATION: 1. Completeness 2. Conciseness (the message is straight to the point) 3. Consideration 4. Concreteness (the message is supported by facts) 5. Courtesy (the message respects the receivers values) 6. Clearness 7. Correctness BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION: 1. Emotional Barrier - emotions interfere. 2. Use of Jargon - the use of specialized vocabulary in a certain field. 3. Lack of Confidence - self-doubt or uncertainty about one’s worth. 4. Noisy Environment - setting where loud sounds make it difficult to communicate effectively. VERBAL COMMUNICATION - words are used to relay a message. Consider: 1. Appropriateness - the language should be appropriate to the occasion. 2. Brevity - directness with words. 3. Clarity - clearly stating the message. 4. Ethics - carefulness with words. 5. Vividness - use of vivid words. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION - behavior is used to convey and represent meanings. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION - when individuals interact, negotiate, and create meanings while bringing in their varied cultural backgrounds. THE DEVELOPMENT MODEL OF INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY (DMIS) - structure that explores how people experience cultural differences. 1. Denial - the individual does not recognize cultural differences. 2. Defense - the individual starts to recognize cultural differences but is intimidated by them. 3. Minimization - the individual bank more on the universality of ideas rather than on cultural differences. 4. Acceptance - the individual begins to appreciate important cultural differences. 5. Adaptation - the individual is very open to world views when accepting new perspectives. 6. Integration - the individual goes beyond their own culture. TRAITS THAT DEFINE A COMPETENT INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATOR 1. Flexibility and the ability to tolerate high levels of uncertainty. 2. Reflectiveness or mindfulness. 3. Open-mindedness. 4. Sensitivity. 5. Adaptability. 6. Ability to engage in divergent thinking and system level thinking. 7. Politeness. TIPS TO REFRAIN FROM SHOWING BIAS 1. Avoid stereotypes. 2. Challenge gender norms. (avoid using “he” and “man” to refer to a general group) 3. Do not talk down to younger/older people. 4. Be sensitive to the religious practices of others. 5. Be polite at all times; do not belittle people. SPEECH CONTEXT - the environment in which the speech takes place. TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT 1. Intrapersonal - centers on one person where the speaker acts both as the sender and the receiver of the message. 2. Interpersonal - communication between and among people. TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL CONTEXT 1. Dyad Communication - refers to communication that occurs between two people. 2. Small Group - refers to communication that involves at least three but not more than 10 people. 3. Public - Refers to the communication that requires you to deliver or send the message in front of a group. 4. Mass Communication - this refers to communication that takes place through types of media. TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE 1. Intimate - occurs between intimate close family members/individuals (may not be shared in public). 2. Casual - common among peers and friends (jargon, slang, street language, or vulgar words). 3. Consultative - standard style (teacher and student, employers and employees, doctor and patient, etc..) 4. Formal - used in formal settings and is one way (formal speeches). 5. Frozen - frozen in time and remains unchanged (Lord’s prayer, allegiance to the flag, preamble). SPEECH ACT - utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect. THREE TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS 1. Locutionary act - conveys a literal meaning. (ex. Do the dishes) 2. Illocutionary act - conveys the speaker's intended meaning or purpose behind a statement. (ex. Please do the dishes) 3. Perlocutionary act - the resulting act of what is said. (ex. The person will do the dishes) PERFORMATIVES - statements which enable the speaker to perform something just by stating it. (basta pag sinabi ng tamang tao yung statement) SEARLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH ACTS 1. Assertive - suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting, and concluding. 2. Directive - asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging. 3. Commissive - promising, planning, vowing, and betting. 4. Expressive - thanking, apologizing, welcoming, and deploring. 5. Declaration - blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing sentence, and excommunicating.