Module 5 Part 1_ The Skeleton.docx

**[Introduction to Skeleton: ]** The skeleton is made of bone, cartilage, and ligaments - There are 206 bones in the human body - - **[\ Functions of the Skeleton: ]** - - - - - - - - - - **[Tissues of the Skeleton: ]** Cartilage is attached to many parts of...

**[Introduction to Skeleton: ]** The skeleton is made of bone, cartilage, and ligaments - There are 206 bones in the human body - - **[\ Functions of the Skeleton: ]** - - - - - - - - - - **[Tissues of the Skeleton: ]** Cartilage is attached to many parts of the skeleton ***Hyaline cartilage*** is found in joints, attached to ribs, and in the respiratory tract (nose & trachea) ***Elastic cartilage*** is found in the external ear & epiglottis ***Fibrocartilage*** is found in between the vertebrae (intervertebral discs) & the halves of the pelvis (pubic symphysis) **[Bone Types (Shapes):]** \- ***Long bones*** are longer than they are wide & have a lot of compact bone \- ***Short bones*** are cube-shaped & are mostly spongy (trabecular) bone \- ***Flat bones*** are thin and often curved - \- ***Irregular bones*** have parts of more than one shape \- **Example**: vertebrae \- ***Sesamoid bones*** are found inside tendons **[Bone Types (Shapes) ]** **[Axial Skeleton:]** *Long Bones:* ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- *Short Bones:* ---\-\-\-\-\-\-- *Sesamoid Bones*: ---\-\-- *Flat Bones:* Ribs, Sternum, Skull *Irregular Bones*: Vertebrae, some cranial & facial bones **[Appendicular Skeleton: ]** *Long Bones:* Humerus, Ulnas, Radiuses, Femurs, Tibias, Fibulas, Metacarpals, Metatarsals, Phalanges *Short Bones:* Carpals, Tarsals *Sesamoid Bones*: Patella *Flat Bones:* Scapulae, Clavicles *Irregular Bones*: Pelvic Girdle **[The Skull: (The Axial Skeleton)]** The skull is made of cranial bones & facial bones **Cranial bones** protect the brain - - **Facial bones** give structure to the face - - The **paranasal sinuses** are open spaces inside four skull bones - The sinuses are lined with mucosa **[Functions of sinuses:]** - - - **[Cranial bones:]** - - - - - - **[Facial bones:]** - - - - - - - - \*\*\* LOOK OVER THE LOCATIONS IN POWERPOINT \*\*\* **[The Hyoid Bone: The Axial Skeleton ]** The hyoid bone is "hiding" below the mandible Ligaments (the stylohyoid & thyrohyoid ligaments) muscles hold the hyoid bone in place Neck muscles used for swallowing & speaking attach to the hyoid bone **[Bones of the Vertebral Column ]** There are 24 vertebrae in the adult vertebral column - - - The sacrum & the coccyx are found at the end of the vertebral column **[Function:]** - - - **[The Vertebrae (C1 & C2): The Axial Skeleton ]** **Superior articular facet** → where occipital bone sits **Dens** → allows rotation of the skull **Transverse foramen** → blood vessels **Vertebral foramen** → spinal cord **[The Vertebrae (C3 - C7): The Axial Skeleton ]** **[Cervical-specific markings]** **Bifid spinous process** → **** branches **Transverse foramen** → hole for blood vessels **Vertebral body** → smaller resting point for weight of the skull **[The Vertebrae (T1 - T12): The Axial Skeleton ]** **[Thoracic-specific markings]** **Superior costal facet** → vertebral attachment **Inferior costal facet** → **rib** attachment Sharply-angled, long **spinous process →** back muscle attachment **[The Vertebrae (L1 - L5): The Axial Skeleton ]** **[Lumbar-specific markings]** Large **vertebral body** → weight of the upper body Smaller **vertebral foramen** → spinal nerves Short **spinous process →** back / leg muscle attachment **[The Sacrum & Coccyx: The Axial Skeleton ]** - - - **[Curvatures of the Vertebral Column: The Axial Skeleton ]** - - - **[The Thoracic Cage: The Axial Skeleton]** **True ribs** are ribs that are directly attached to the sternum (through their costal cartilage) **False ribs** are ribs that are indirectly attached to the sternum - - **[The Pectoral Girdle: (The Appendicular Skeleton)]** **The pectoral girdle** (*the shoulder girdle*) includes the scapula & the clavicle This girdle is highly mobile - - High mobility = decreased stability **[The Pelvic Girdle: The Appendicular Skeleton ]** **The pelvic girdle** (the hip) includes the os coxae & the sacrum and coccyx - This girdle is highly stable - - High stability = decreased mobility The **ilium** is the attachment site for many muscles The **ischium** is the inferior bone of the pelvic girdle The **pubis** varies the most between males & females