Bones & Skeleton PDF - Human Anatomy

Bones and the Skeleton Biol 201 – Human Anatomy Danny M. Pincivero, Ph.D. Department of Biology University of Waterloo  Functions of the skeletal system Support Axial skeleton, lower extremity. Protection Soft tissues….. Movement Bones serve as…... Electroly...

Bones and the Skeleton Biol 201 – Human Anatomy Danny M. Pincivero, Ph.D. Department of Biology University of Waterloo  Functions of the skeletal system Support Axial skeleton, lower extremity. Protection Soft tissues….. Movement Bones serve as…... Electrolyte balance Bones store and release….. Blood formation Bone marrow….. 2  Skeletal system Skeletal system: Composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments. Cartilage Shock absorption, smooth joint movement. Ligaments Connections between bones.. Tendons Connects muscle tissue to bone. Transfers muscle force to bone…... 3  Cartilage Fig. 6.1 Guiding skeletal movement. Energy absorption…forces. Locations External ear Nose Articular cartilage Costal cartilage Between vertebrae Pubic symphysis Articular discs 4  Cartilage Cartilage is a connective tissue…... Consists primarily of water….. Elastic property…….. Chondrocytes……. Lacuna……. Cartilage contains no nervous innervation or blood vessels. Fig. 6.2 5  3 Types of Cartilage 1. Flexible and resilient……. Found in articular cartilage, costal cartilage, respiratory cartilage. Fig. 6.1 6  3 Types of Cartilage 2. Very flexible……. Found in the epiglottis and the outer ear Fig. 6.1 7  3 Types of Cartilage 3. Resists compression and tension……f. Knee menisci and the annulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs. Fig. 6.1 8 Anatomy of a long bone FEMUR 9 Anatomy of a long bone 10  Anatomy of a flat bone Two layers of compact bone enclosing a middle layer of spongy bone (inner and outer tables) Both surfaces covered with periosteum. Diploe Spongy middle layer. Absorbs shock. Marrow spaces lined with endosteum…. 11  General bone features Short bones Approximately equal length and width lengths. Glides across other bones. Irregular bones Shapes that do not fit other categories. 12 Skeletal system overview Axial skeleton is colored beige. Forms central supporting axis of body. Skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, and hyoid. Appendicular skeleton is colored green. Pectoral girdle. Upper extremity. Pelvic girdle. Lower extremity. 13  Bones of the Skeletal System Number of bones: 206 in typical adult skeleton Varies with development of sesamoid bones Bones that form within tendons Extra bones that develop in skull suture lines 270 bones at birth….. 14  Vertebral Column Support and movement. Protects spinal cord. Attachment for thoracic muscles. Bone elements……. Shock absorption…... Vertebral regions 7 cervical vertebrae….. 12 thoracic vertebrae….. 5 lumbar vertebrae….. 5 vertebrae fuse to form triangular sacrum at base of spine 4 vertebrae fuse to form coccyx (tailbone) 15  Vertebral column Vertebral foramen Articular facets Body L2 16  Articulated vertebrae Processes (spinous and transverse) Intervertebral foramen 17  Vertebral column (ligaments) Ligament function Allow….BUT…... 18  Intervertebral discs Intervertebral discs…..23 Body weight support, shock absorption Inner gel… Outer concentric layers.. Herniated disc 19  Cervical vertebrae C1 to C7: smallest, lightest vertebrae. C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)……. Atlas (C1) No body or spinous process……. Allows sagittal plane movement……. Axis (C2) Dens projects superiorly into the anterior arch of the atlas…. Allows transverse plane movement…. 20 Cervical vertebrae Dens of axis Transverse ligament of atlas C1 (atlas) C2 (axis) C3 Transverse processes C7 (vertebra prominens) 21  Sacrum and coccyx Sacrum 5 fused vertebrae (S1–S5) Articulates with……. L5 superiorly. Medial surface... Coccyx Tailbone 3-5 fused vertebrae Articulates superiorly with sacrum Anterior view 22  The skull Cranial bones……. Cranial vault (calvaria)….. Cranial base: anterior (frontal lobe), middle (temporal lobe), and posterior (cerebellum) cranial fossae. Provide sites of attachment for head and neck muscles. Facial bones…... Cavities for special sense organs for vision, taste, and olfaction. Openings for air and food passage. Sites of attachment for teeth and muscles of facial expression. Lower jaw Largest, strongest bone of face. Temporomandibular joint:. 23  The skull Frontal bone Parietal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Optic canal Ethmoid bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mandible (a) Anterior view 24  Cranial bones Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Parietal bone (greater wing) Ethmoid bone Temporal bone Nasal bone Occipital bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mastoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mandible Mandibular notch Mandibular ramus External anatomy of the right side of the skull 25  The mandible Temporomandibular Mandibular fossa joint of temporal bone Mandibular notch Mandibular condyle Ramus of mandible Mandibular angle Body of mandible 26  The Thoracic Cage & Pectoral Girdle Thoracic cage…... Muscle attachment and protection…….. 27 Shoulder joint Clavicle 28  Scapula – anterior view Glenoid cavity 29 Scapula – posterior view 30  The Humerus UPPER LIMB……. Brachium….. Antebrachium…... Hand. Carpal region…. Palm…... Fingers…….. 31 Right radius and ulna 32 The Right Hand 33  The Pelvic Girdle Pubic symphysis—the interpubic disc (of fibrocartilage) joins pubic bones anteriorly 34 The Pelvic Girdle 35 LOWER LIMB……. Thigh (femoral region). Leg proper (crural region) Foot Tarsal region…. 36 37  Foot Phalanges 1 2 3 4 5 Metatarsals Tarsals (a) Superior view 38  Foot Calcaneus…... Attachment for Achilles tendon. Talus….. Proximal row of tarsal bones……. Distal row of tarsal bones…… 39  Joints and motion Based on amount of movement allowed by the joint Functional classifications: Synostosis….. Synarthroses……. Amphiarthroses……. Diarthroses…….. Structural classifications: Bony*…... Fibrous….. Cartilaginous……. Synovial 40  Fibrous joints Suture Syndesmoses Gomphosis 41  Cartilaginous joints Bones united by cartilage No joint cavity Two types: Synchondroses: Bones connected by hyaline cartilage. Symphyses: Hyaline cartilage covers articulating surfaces. 42  Synovial joints Distinguishing features: Articular cartilage…. Joint (synovial) cavity Articular (joint) capsule…. Synovial fluid…… Reinforcing ligaments. Nerve and blood supply. 43  Synovial joints Plane joint Nonaxial joints, flat articular surfaces…... Hinge joint Uniaxial joints, motion along a single plane….. Pivot joint Rounded end of one bone conforms to a “sleeve,” or ring of another bone. Condylar (Ellipsoidal) Joints Biaxial joints….. Saddle joint Biaxial, allow greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints. Each articular surface has both concave and convex areas. Multiaxial joints…..ball and socket. 44  Synovial joints Hinge joint (elbow joint) Plane joint (intercarpal joint) Condyloid joint (metacarpophalangeal joint) Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint) 45  Synovial joints Saddle joint (carpometacarpal joint of thumb) Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint) 46 Knee joint 47  Ankle sprain Talus 48