STS Midterms - Pat Version PDF

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY (STS) Midterms - Pat version :p 5.​ Watermills ​ Greeks WEEK 1: Historical Antecedents ​ Widely used in agriculture with need...

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY (STS) Midterms - Pat version :p 5.​ Watermills ​ Greeks WEEK 1: Historical Antecedents ​ Widely used in agriculture with need 🌍 to use flowing water STS Definition ​ greek-test contribution in ​ Examines and reflects on science & technology’s impact on culture, politics, and 6.​ Newspaper economy. ​ Romans ​ Opportunity to compare science, technology, ​ Gazette, first article published was 🌍 and society with each other about people of Roman Empire ​ Appreciate how science & technology ​ greatest contribution in the contribute to the latest knowledge ​ Risk assessment and promotion of 7.​ Shadoof research-based solutions ​ Egyptians 1.​ Tilapia Sex Reversal Technology by Dr. ​ Hand-operated device for lifting Rafael Guerrero water 2.​ RFID Tags on Lipstick Packaging by Kevin ​ Early tool invention Ashton 3.​ DENR release assessment on dolomite 8.​ Antikythera Mechanism beach by Scientists ​ Greeks ​ Predicts astronomical position and ANCIENT PERIOD ! eclipses for calendar & astrological ​ 3000 BC to AD 500 purposes ​ The start of early civilization that also gave rise to the major advancement of science 9.​ Aeolipile and technology. ​ Greek-Egyptian ​ Transportation, navigation, communication, ​ “Wind-ball” record-keeping, mass production, safety & ​ Steamed powered turbine which spun protection, architecture. when water container (center) was heated 1.​ Cuneiform ​ First rudimentary steam engine ​ Sumerians ​ First writing system invented MIDDLE PERIOD ! ​ A device that makes use of word ​ 476 AD onwards representations and triangular ​ The start of Middle Ages was marred by symbols. massive invasions and migrations; wars were prevalent during this period. 2.​ Ancient Wheel ​ Increase new inventions, introduction of ​ Sumerians innovations, emergence of scientific thinking ​ Used as carts & battle chariots, and method pottery, and in agriculture (animal traction, irrigation) 1.​ Printing Press ​ Johann Gutenberg 3.​ Hieroglyphics ​ More efficient method of printing ​ Egyptians using a cast ​ Writing system using symbols ​ after Chinese invented woodblock ​ Well-preserved, carved at pyramid printing walls and other structures of Egypt 2.​ Heavy Plough 4.​ Papyrus ​ Cuts a long soil slice and turns it ​ Egyptians upside down, burying the surface ​ Discovery of paper or papyrus 🍃 residue, conserving moisture, ​ Papyrus - plant that grew along river aerating soil, and killing weeds Nile in Egypt ​ Processed the plant into thin sheets ★ Patrish L. ☘︎  3.​ Microscope ​ Zacharias Janssen 5.​ Telephone ​ First compound microscope led by ​ Alexander Graham Bell principles used for eyeglasses. 6.​ Engine Powered Airplane 4.​ Telescope ​ Orville Wright & Wilbur Wright ​ An optical instrument that helps view ​ Marked an age of powered flights distant objects and modern aircraft technology ​ For navigators 7.​ Calculator 5.​ War Weapon & Gun Powder ​ For simpler arithmetical calculations ​ Chinese Alchemist (850 A.D) ​ Started creation of complicated ​ Allowed advanced warfare like fiery processing machines arrows, cannons, and grenades. 6.​ Mechanical Clock WEEK 2: Pre-Colonial Period ​ For accurately keeping track of time. In the Philippines: 7.​ Jiaozi ​ healing practices/rituals by Babaylans or ​ Chinese (17th century) Albularyos using medicinal plants ​ First paper money ​ Doctrina Christiana in Baybayin ​ Hanuno’o characters of Mangyans in MODERN AGE ! Mindoro ​ 19th century onwards ​ Manomnoman of Ifugao, the time-keeper ​ The demands of the booming world ​ “Buan” served as time markers, population Sunrise/Sunset for the start and end of day. ​ Faster production of goods, more efficient ​ Ancient Filipinos: farming, weaving, mining, means of transportation, easier means to engineering (banaue rice terraces), communicate and compute. agriculturing ​ Balangay and Karakoa: pre-colonial ships 1.​ Pasteurization ​ Louis Pasteur SPANISH OCCUPATION ERA ! ​ French biologist, microbiologist, 1.​ Parish Schools chemist ​ Colegio de San Ignacio - 1st boy ​ Heating dairy products to destroy school harmful bacteria causing spoilage ​ Colegio de Santa Potenciana - 1st girl school 2.​ Handwashing ​ Beaterio de Santa Catalina de Siena ​ Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis ​ Colegio de Santa Isabel ​ Hungarian gynecologist, pioneer of ​ Colegio de La Inmaculada antiseptic procedures ​ Concepción de La Concordia ​ Incidence of puerperal fever can be ​ Universidad de Santo Tomas stopped by hand disinfection in ​ Ateneo Municipal de Manila obstetrical clinics. ​ Ateneo in Padre Faura (Manila Observatory) 3.​ Vaccination 2.​ Galleon Trade ​ Edward Jenner 3.​ Polo Y Servicios ​ He gave James Phipps cowpox, a 4.​ Encomienda System virus similar to smallpox 5.​ Churches ​ Triggers immunity ​ Ex: Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte 6.​ Opening of Canal Suez - easier travel from 4.​ Petroleum Refinery the Philippines to Europe, allowing the entry ​ Animal oils alternative of scientific ideals through Ilustrados. ​ For powering automobiles, factories, 7.​ Ilustrados - Filipino educated class and power plants ★ Patrish L. ☘︎  ​ Invented: AMERICAN OCCUPATION ERA ! ○​ Banana Ketchup 1.​ Thomasites - 1st public school teachers ○​ Darak/Tikitiki Cookies 2.​ Philippine Normal School in 1901 ○​ Soyalac (powdered soybeans) 3.​ Bureau of Government Laboratories -> ○​ Pineapple Vinegar Laboratorio Municipal de Ciudad de Manila ○​ Fruit preserves, jams, jellies, ​ Bureau of Science juices (calamansi) ​ Institute of Science (IS) ​ Institute of Science & Tech (IST) 3.​ Gregorio Zara ​ National Science Board (NSB) ​ Aeronautical engineer, physicist, ​ National Science & Development inventor Board (NSDB) ​ Zara Effect - law of electrical kinetic ​ National Science & Technology resistance Authority (NSTA) ​ Father of Videoconferencing ​ Department of Science & Technology ​ Invented: (DOST) in 1987 ○​ 1st two–way videophone 4.​ National Research Council of PH (NRCP) ○​ Alcohol-fueled airplane engine POST-COMMONWEALTH ERA ! ○​ Solar-powered water heater ​ 1993 - Science & Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND) 4.​ Germiniano de Ocampo ○​ Coconut industry development ​ Father of Modern Ophthalmology in ○​ Support industries PH ○​ Domestic needs by President’s ​ Introduced corneal transplant in PH Council for Countryside Development and designed corneal dissector ○​ Exporting winners ​ Philippine Eye Bank (1950) ​ RA 8439 - DOST Magna Carta For Scientists, ​ De Ocampo Eye Hospital - 1st eye Engineers, Researchers, and other Science & hospital in PH (1952) Techn Personnel in Government ​ 1st President of Philippine ○​ Incentive system Ophthalmological Society (1958) ○​ For additional benefits to S&T employees in PH 5.​ Luz Oliveros - Belardo ​ RA 7687 - Science & Technology Scholarship ​ Pharmaceutical chemist, herbal Law of 1994 medicine and plant extracts ○​ Scholarships for talented and ​ 33 new essential oils deserving students with poor family ​ Found potassium citrate in status lemongrass can treat HPTN ​ Anti-cancer properties of periwinkle FILIPINO CONTRIBUTIONS TO S&T ! ​ Oleoresin from apitong as motor fuel 1.​ Dr. Fe Del Mundo ​ Pediatrician, scholar, humanitarian ​ 1st woman pediatrician in Harvard WEEK 3: Paradigm Shifts and Scientific Revolution Medical School ​ 1st woman awarded National Scientist Paradigm Shift - set of standards, directions, of the Philippines perspectives, or concepts. It significantly changes ​ Invented Bamboo Incubator the way the natural world is perceived -> scientific ​ Fe Del Mundo Medical Center or revolution. Children Medical Center - 1st pediatric hospital in PH. EXAMPLE of Beliefs: Old: “Ptolemaic Theory” or Geocentric Theory 2.​ Maria Orosa ​ Static Earth is at the center of universe ​ Chemist, pharmacist, food scientist, ​ Supported anthropocentrism, accepted by humanitarian, freedom fighter, war catholicism heroine New: “Copernican Theory” or Heliocentric Theory ​ from Batangas ​ Sun is the center of solar system ★ Patrish L. ☘︎  ​ Challenged bible, strengthened by telescope, 3.​ Model Crisis led to Copernican Revolution ​ Unexplainable results build-up ​ Ex: Mendel’s Experiment Old: “Aristotelian Physics” ​ Objects will come at rest ​ Heavenly bodies move in perfect circles ​ Objects need to be pushed/pulled to continue moving New: “Newtonian Physics” 4.​ Model Revolution ​ Objects have inertia ​ Proposal of new theory ​ Laws of Motion & Universal Law of Gravity ​ Ex: Mendel’s Law of Dominance apply on Earth or in space ​ Led to Newtonian Revolution Old: “Creationism” ​ God, an omniscient & omnipotent designer, created living things in their current form ​ Humans are designed in God’s own image 5.​ Paradigm Change and likeness ​ Acceptance and paradigm shift New: “Darwinian Theory” ​ Ex: Mendelian Genetics ​ Natural selection - process of organisms evolved to thrive in environment ​ Characteristics are inherited from parents ​ Humans evolved from a common ancestors shared with primates ​ Led to Darwinian Revolution THE KHUNIAN CYCLE ! 6.​ Return to Normal Science ​ Refining new framework ​ Ex: polygenic traits OTHER EXAMPLES IN CURRENT TIME: 1.​ Normal Science ​ working on established dominant theory ​ Ex: blending inheritance 2.​ Model Drift ​ Something doesn’t fit, but not really a problem Note: ang week 4 ay nawawala what da shiet ?! ​ Ex: the child gets his mom’s hair walang ppt xD ★ Patrish L. ☘︎ WEEK 5: Introduction to Systems Thinking ​ Points from the cause (input) to the effect (output) Components of a SYSTEM 1.​ Elements - parts of the system 2.​ Interconnections - elements are interdependent. They affect each other & system’s behavior 3.​ Purpose - function of the system Feedback Mechanism OTHER EXAMPLES: EVENT ORIENTED THINKING ! ​ Everything can be explained by causal chains of events ​ Root causes are the events starting the chains of cause and effect like A and B SYSTEMS THINKING ! Example pa rin ‘to: ​ Big picture thinking Cobra Effect - Fixes that fail ​ Holistic way of approaching problems or ​ Intention - reduce cobra population issues ​ Action - a bounty for dead cobras ​ Understanding the relationship of different ​ Effect - people start cobra farming systems elements rather than splitting them (analysis) BEHAVIOR OVER TIME GRAPHS ! ​ System’s behavior emerges from the ​ Behavior - events that change through time; structure of its feedback loops plotted in the Y axis ​ Root causes are not individual nodes but the ​ Time - units of time (years/hours/days); forces emerging from particular feedback plotted in the X axis loops Types of Systems Thinking: CAUSAL LOOP DIAGRAM ! ​ Elements or events that increase or decrease through time (quantifiable) ​ Naming should be neutral (no perceived direction) ★ Patrish L. ☘︎