Animal and Plant Cell Biology PDF

ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTION ANIMAL CELL  Eukaryotic cell that lacks a cell wall and has a true, membrane-bound organelles along with other cellular organelles.  PARTS AND FUNCTION OF ANIMAL CELL  CELL MEMBRANE- protects the cell from its surrounding. Controls...

ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTION ANIMAL CELL  Eukaryotic cell that lacks a cell wall and has a true, membrane-bound organelles along with other cellular organelles.  PARTS AND FUNCTION OF ANIMAL CELL  CELL MEMBRANE- protects the cell from its surrounding. Controls the entry and exit of nutrients.  NUCLEAR MEMBRANE- surrounds the nucleus.  CENTROSOME- small organelle found near the nucleus which has a thick center with radiating tubules  PARTS AND FUNCTION OF ANIMAL CELL  LYSOSOMES- comprising digestive enzymes which help in digestion, excretion and in cell renewal process.  CYTOPLASM- jelly-like material which contains all the cell organelles.  GOLGI APPARATUS- involved in manufacturing, storing, packing and transporting the particles throughout the cell.  PARTS AND FUNCTION OF ANIMAL CELL  MITOCHONDRIA- powerhouse of the cell.  RIBOSOMES- site of protein synthesis  ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM  Rough ER- protein synthesis  Smooth ER- lipid synthesis  8 Cell membrane Nucleus Endoplasmic Lysosome Reticulum Ribosomes Mitochond Cytoplasm ria Golgi Apparatus  Classifying Different Cell Types PLANT AND ANIMAL TISSUES Lesson 4 Cell Differentiation  A process by which cell changes from one cell type to another which allows cell to perform different functions from its previous state.  It is a complex process that involves large modifications in gene expression. PLANT TISSUE SYSTEM PLANT BODY ORGANIZATION  TYPES OF TISSUE  Dermal tissue- lies on the surface of plants and it’s made up of epidermal cells that protect the plants from losing water.  Ground tissue- makes the root vascular and epidermal system  Vascular tissue- is for transportation  DERMAL TISSUE  Dermal Tissue covers the plant body.  Consists of epidermis  Epidermis is made up of parenchyma cells in a single layer.  Epidermis on stem and leaves prevents water loss by transpiration  Produces a waxy material called cuticle.  STOMATA  Openings in the epidermis on the underside of a leaf is called stomata where gas exchange happen.  Sausage-shaped guard cells are found on each side of the stomata to help open and close the pore to prevent water loss. GROUND TISSUE  For storage, support, photosynthesis and the production of defensive and attractant substances. 3 TYPES OF GROUND TISSUE: 1. Parenchyma cells 2. Collenchyma cells 3. Schlerenchyma cell  PARENCHYMA CELLS Characteristics  Parenchyma cells are the typical cells of plants with large vacuoles and thin cell walls. These cells are alive even at maturity and are continuously dividing. Functions  Responsible for all metabolic processes and storage of organic products.  COLLENCHYMA Characteristics These are elongated cells with uneven thick walls found usually on green or growing parts of plants. Functions They provide structural support for growing parts due to lack of secondary hardened cell wall.  SCHLERENCHYMA Characteristics These are rigid cells with secondary cell walls made of lignin and cutin. Functions They provide structural support to plants and decrease chances of herbivory.  VASCULAR TISSUE XYLEM Water conducting cells of plants. At maturity, they become hollow cells, having only one cell walls Transport water and nutrients from the roots to different parts of the plants.  VASCULAR TISSUE Cell Types Found in Xylem  Tracheids  Elongated slender vessels that are lignified  Vessels that conduct water and minerals from the roots to the plant leaves  Vessel Elements  Hallow, shorter, wider than tracheids  Transport water  VASCULAR TISSUE Phloem  Reduced cell content. It is alive at maturity but has no nucleus,  Transport sugar that are produced by the leaves throughout the plant  VASCULAR TISSUE Sieve Cells- conduct sugars and other organic compounds and are arranged end-to-end with pores called sieve plates between them to allow movement between cells.  VASCULAR TISSUE Companion cells- lie adjacent to the sieve cells and provide metabolic support and regulation. ANIMAL TISSUE SYSTEM EPITHELIAL TISSUE Epithelium- covers the external and internal surface of the body. Includes: Skin Lining of cavities Sweat Glands EPITHELIAL TISSUE Function 1. Protecting underlying structures 2. Acting as barrier 3. Permitting the passage of substances 4. Secreting substances 5. Absorbing substances EPITHELIAL TISSUE Simple Epithelium- refers to a single layer of cells Stratified epithelium- two or more layers of cells.  EPITHELIAL TISSUE : Categories Based on Cell Shape  Simple Squamous  Single layer of thin flat cells  Capillaries and alveoli (in lungs)  One thick cell layer  For gas exchange and nutrient in blood vessel and air sacs of lungs  EPITHELIAL TISSUE Stratified Squamous  Thick layer of epithelium  Skin  Consist of many layers  For protection against abrasion and drying out.  EPITHELIAL TISSUE  Simple Cuboidal  Kidney tubules or glands  Single layer of cube-like cells  Carry out active transport, facilitated diffusion or secretion.  EPITHELIAL TISSUE  Stratified cuboidal  For secretion of water and ions and protects ducts of sweat glands  Found in sweat glands, ovarian Follicular cells and salivary glands.  EPITHELIAL TISSUE  Simple Columnar  Single layer of tall, thin cells.  Digestive tract and reproductive organs  For absorption  EPITHELIAL TISSUE  Stratified Columnar  One or more layer of epithelial cells  Mammary gland, larynx and portion of female urethra.  Carries out secretion, protection and some absorption MUSCLE TISSUE  A system that provides movement and generates heat for the organs of the body. 3 Types of Muscle Tissue 1. Skeletal 2. Smooth 3. Cardiac  MUSCLE TISSUE Skeletal Muscle  Voluntary and striated.  Used in skeletal muscle movement such as locomotion and maintain posture.  MUSCLE TISSUE  Smooth Muscle  Involuntary and non-striated muscle.  Found in hollow organs  For involuntary rhythmic, contractions of peristalsis, required moving food down the alimentary canal.  For dilation and construction of blood vessels to control blood pressure.  MUSCLE TISSUE Cardiac Muscle  Makes up the heart.  Involuntary muscle and is striated in appearance.  Connects at branching irregular angles. CONNECTIVE TISSUE  Most abundant tissue in an animal body that functions to support, anchor and connect various parts of the body.  CONNECTIVE TISSUE Different Types of Connective Tissue 1. Loose Connective Tissue Areolar Extracellular matrix consist of collagen fiber. Provides nourishment  CONNECTIVE TISSUE  Adipose Tissue  Made up of cell called adipocytes that collect and store fat in the form of triglycerides  For energy and metabolism.  Maintains body temperature  Reticular Tissue  Lymphatic tissue  CONNECTIVE TISSUE SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE  Cartilage  Rubbery matrix; flexible or rigid  Gives structure and shape and strength; reduces friction; provides support.  Joints, nose, sternum, trachea CONNECTIVE TISSUE  Bone Tissue  Made up of collagen fibers; mineralized with calcium and phosphates to make it solid  Provides support and strength; creates RBC and WBC  CONNECTIVE TISSUE FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE Blood  Produced by bone marrow  3 Major Types:  Red blood cells- transporting oxygen  White blood cells-immune system cells; destroy pathogens  Platelets- help clot blood to prevent excessive blood loss due to damaged blood vessels.  NERVOUS TISSUE NERVE CELLS  Cells making up the CNS and PNS  Transmit nerve impulses around the body  Consists of:  Cell body  Dendrites- receives impulse  Axons- sends impulse