Lecture 21 MED 308 Power Plant Engineering PDF

MED 308: Power Plant Engineering Dr. Visakh Vaikuntanathan Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence (deemed to be University). Lecture 21 18 November 2024 MED 308: Power Plant Engineeri...

MED 308: Power Plant Engineering Dr. Visakh Vaikuntanathan Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence (deemed to be University). Lecture 21 18 November 2024 MED 308: Power Plant Engineering Outline  Unit I: Steam/Vapor Power Plants.  Unit II: Nuclear and Hydro-electric Power Plants.  Unit III: Diesel Engine and Gas Turbine Power Plants.  Unit IV: Environmental and Economic Aspects of Power Plants: Environmental pollution due to power plants; greenhouse effect; acid rain; smog; nuclear radiation; load-duration curve; power plant economics; Indian energy scenario. MED 308: Power Plant Engineering | Lecture 21 | 18 November 2024 Dr. Visakh Vaikuntanathan 2 MED 308: Power Plant Engineering Outline  Unit II: Nuclear and Hydro-electric Power Plants.  Scientific basis of nuclear power generation.  Types of nuclear reactors.  Safety issues of nuclear power plants.  Introduction, advantages and disadvantages of hydel power plant.  Essential elements of a hydel power plant.  Classification of hydel power plants. MED 308: Power Plant Engineering | Lecture 21 | 18 November 2024 Dr. Visakh Vaikuntanathan 3 MED 308: Power Plant Engineering Unit II: Nuclear & Hydro-electric Power Plants  Hydel power plant | Introduction.  Hydro power: uses the energy stored as potential energy of a water reservoir.  Power available = ρQgH (ρ: density of water, Q: volumetric flow rate, H: height of water in the reservoir)  First hydel power plant in India: Darjeeling, 1897 (Sidrapong, 130 kW).  Prominent hydel power plants in India: Damodar valley, Hirakud, Bhakra-Nangal, Nagarjunasagar, Rihand, Tehri...  Hydel power plants are usually multi-purpose: electricity generation, flood control, irrigation, pisciculture.  Advantages:  no fuel is required,  no pollutants/harmful by-products (clean energy),  low operational cost, longer life (50-100 years; thermal/nuclear power plants: 30-50 years), lower rpm of rotors (300-400 rpm; steam power plants: 3000-4000 rpm).  Disadvantages: High capital cost, site selection, longer construction time, ecological impact, unsteadiness in the reservoir flow (summer/monsoon). MED 308: Power Plant Engineering | Lecture 21 | 18 November 2024 Dr. Visakh Vaikuntanathan 4 MED 308: Power Plant Engineering Unit II: Nuclear & Hydro-electric Power Plants  Hydel power plant | Essential elements.  Catchment area: characteristics such as size, shape, orientation, altitude, topography, geology are relevant. (bigger, steeper, higher leads to larger total runoff of water).  Reservoir: Storage when excess water is available. In addtion to electrical power generation, the reservoir supports in irrigation, flood control, water supply and navigation.  Dam: builds the reservoir capacity and head for power generation.  Large capacity, small head (156 billion m3, 111.5 m Aswan dam in Egypt).  Small capacity, large head (38 billion m3, 222 m Hoover dam in USA).  Classification of dam:  Based on function: storage dam, diversion dam, detention dam.  Based on shape: trapezoidal, arch.  Based on material of construction: rock, stone masonry, concrete, RCC. Source: P K Nag, Power Plant Engineering  Based on hydraulic design: non-overflow dam, overflow dam.  Based on structural design: gravity dam, arch dam, buttress dam. MED 308: Power Plant Engineering | Lecture 21 | 18 November 2024 Dr. Visakh Vaikuntanathan 5 MED 308: Power Plant Engineering Unit II: Nuclear & Hydro-electric Power Plants  Hydel power plant | Essential elements (contd.)  Classification of dam: Source: Wiki Source: Wiki Source: P K Nag, Power Plant Engineering Source: Wiki Gravity dam Buttress dam Arch dam MED 308: Power Plant Engineering | Lecture 21 | 18 November 2024 Dr. Visakh Vaikuntanathan 6 MED 308: Power Plant Engineering Unit II: Nuclear & Hydro-electric Power Plants  Hydel power plant | Essential elements (contd.)  Catchment area, Reservoir, Dam  Hydroturbine: Pelton, Francis, Kaplan.  Tailrace  Spillway: When the water level in the reservoir basin rises, structural stability of the dam is endangered. Excess water is relieved through spillways. Source: P K Nag, Power Plant Engineering Source: Wiki MED 308: Power Plant Engineering | Lecture 21 | 18 November 2024 Dr. Visakh Vaikuntanathan 7 MED 308: Power Plant Engineering Unit II: Nuclear & Hydro-electric Power Plants  Hydel power plant | Classification.  Based on the availability of head: high head (> 100 m, Pelton wheel), medium head (30-100 m, Francis turbine), low head (< 30 m, Kaplan turbine).  Based on the nature of load: base load (constant power), peak load (when load more than the average – hydro + thermal power plants used).  Based on the quantity of water available: run-of-river plant (with/without pondage), hydel plant with storage reservoir, pump storage plant, mini hydel plants (5-20 m head, 1-5 MW power), and micro hydel plants (head < 5 m, 0.1-1 MW power). MED 308: Power Plant Engineering | Lecture 21 | 18 November 2024 Dr. Visakh Vaikuntanathan 8 MED 308: Power Plant Engineering Outline  Unit II: Nuclear and Hydro-electric Power Plants  Scientific basis of nuclear power generation.  Types of nuclear reactors.  Safety issues of nuclear power plants.  Introduction, advantages and disadvantages of hydel power plant.  Essential elements of a hydel power plant.  Classification of hydel power plants. MED 308: Power Plant Engineering | Lecture 21 | 18 November 2024 Dr. Visakh Vaikuntanathan 9