Lecture 1: Introduction to Cartography PDF

Introduction to Cartography  WHAT IS A MAP? is a graphic representation of all or portion of the earth’s surface or other celestial body or a portion of the sky’s heavenly bodies of which signs and symbols at a given scale or projection for which signs and symbols are adde...

Introduction to Cartography  WHAT IS A MAP? is a graphic representation of all or portion of the earth’s surface or other celestial body or a portion of the sky’s heavenly bodies of which signs and symbols at a given scale or projection for which signs and symbols are added for identification or information.  WHAT IS A CARTOGRAPHY? is the science of map making. In plotting a map of a small area, the curvature of the earth need not be considered. A level surface on the earth is assumed to be a plane, and points are plotted on the map in terms of rectangular coordinates from two orthogonal axes, representing the east west and north south directions. A cartographer is a professional who specializes in the creation, study, and interpretation of maps. Their work involves a combination of art, science, and technology to accurately represent geographical information.  Gerardus Mercator was a Flemish geographer, cosmographer and cartographer. He is most renowned for creating the 1569 world map based on a new projection which represented sailing courses of constant bearing as straight lines— an innovation that is still employed in nautical charts.  On an ideal map without distortion: 1. shapes of land masses retain their true shapes-conformal 2. areas 3. all distances and areas on the map would have correct relative magnitude-equidistance 4. all azimuths and angles would be shown correctly on the map- azimuithality 5. all great circle on the earth would appear as straight lines on the map, and 6. geodetic latitudes and longitudes of all points would be shown correctly on the map.  ELEMENTS OF A MAP Main Map View Locator Map Title and Subtitles refers to the primary area of the A locator map is a small, often simplified Indicates the purpose or map that displays the map inset or placed alongside the main theme of the map. It provides geographical information and map to provide geographical context. It a succinct description of the features intended for the user. I helps users understand the location of the map's content. main map area within a larger region. Legends and symbols Scale Indicator Explains the symbols, colors, Shows the relationship between distances and lines used on the map. It on the map and actual distances on the helps users understand what ground. It can be represented as a ratio different markings represent. (e.g., 1:50,000), a graphic scale (a bar that shows distance), or a verbal scale (e.g., "1  ELEMENTS OF A MAP Orientation Indicator Graticule Explanatory Text It helps users quickly orient is a network of lines on a refers to written information themselves by providing a sense map that represents the provided on the map that of scale and location relative to meridians (lines of helps users understand the larger, well-known areas. longitude) and parallels content, purpose, and details (lines of latitude). of the map. Source Note Projection info provides information about provides details about the where the map data originated, specific map projection used to crediting the organizations, represent the three-dimensional researchers, or datasets that surface of the Earth on a two- were used to create the map. dimensional plane.  ELEMENTS OF A MAP Publisher, year, etc. Labels Charts, Tables, Photos & Graphs Thematic Map  1. Namria Maps In the Philippines the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) was established in 1987 by the government to undergo mapping, hydrographic, oceanographic and geodetic surveys, land classification, and information dissemination. 2. Topographic Maps  3. Planimetric Map -earth features without elevation. Scale 1:10,000 4. Land Use Map -existing land use such as commercial, industrial, agricultural, forest, etc. Scale 1:10,000 5. Land Condition Map -shows land form classifications such as mountain, hill, plateau, flood plain,alluvial, etc. Scale 1:10,000 6. Land Use and Forest Type Maps- shows type of forest , such as old growth, mossy, pine and mangrove, usage of land such as coconut, plantation, grass lands, agriculture, bare/rocky and built area. Scale 1:100,000. Coverage Luzon and Visayas. Based on LANDSAT TM data of 1993. 7. Land Cover Maps - gives emphasis are forest, intensive and extensive land use and coastal areas. Scale 1: 250,000. Based on SPOT satellite image taken 1087- 88.Covered the entire Philippines. 8. Administrative Maps- shows regional, provincial,of municipal boundaries with road networks and drainage system. 9. Nautical Charts 10. Digital Map 11. Aerial Photos  HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY From cave paintings to ancient maps of Babylon, Greece, and Asia, through the Age of Exploration, and on into the 21st century, people have created and used maps as the essential tools to help them define, explain, and navigate their way through the world. Mapping represented a significant step forward in the intellectual development of human beings and it serves as a record of the advancement of knowledge of the human race, which could be passed from members of one generation to those that follow in the development of culture. Maps began as two dimensional drawings. Although that remains the nature of most maps, modern graphics have enabled projections beyond that. Pre Historic (25,000 – 4100 B.C.E)  The earliest known maps are of the heavens, not the earth. Dots dating to 16,500 BCE found on the walls of the Lascaux caves map out part of the night sky, including the three bright stars Vega, Deneb, and Altair (the Summer Triangle asterism), as well as the Pleiades star cluster. Petroglyph – engraving or carving on rocks Pictograph – painting on rocks  Ancient History (4100 – 600 B.C.E)  Plan of Nippur, (14th -12th century centuries BCE) Babylon – An engraved map from the Kassite period of Babylonian history shows walls and buildings in the holy city of Nippur.  Babylonian World Map (600 B.C.E). – First Map of the world surrounded by seas and heavenly bodies the, the earliest surviving map of the world (c. 600 BCE), is a symbolic, not a literal representation. It deliberately omits peoples such as the Persians and Egyptians, who were well known to the Babylonians. The area shown is depicted as a circular shape surrounded by water, which fits the religious image of the world in which the Babylonians believed. Early Greek Maps The world according to Hekatæus, 500 BCE – Hecatæus's map describes the earth as a circular plate with an encircling Ocean and Greece in the centre of the world. This was a very popular contemporary Greek worldview, Also, similar to many other early maps in antiquity his map has no scale. As units of measurements, this map used "days of sailing" on the sea and "days of marching" on dry land (Goode, 2). The world according to Herodotus, 440 BCE In his work he describes the earth as an irregular shape with oceans surrounding only Asia and Africa. He introduces names such as the Atlantic Sea and the Erythrean Sea. He also divided the world into three continents: Europe, Asia, and Africa. H  Eratosthenes (275–195 BCE) Plato 400 B.C.E calculated the circumference of the Earth -first to put earth as within 0.5 percent accuracy His great sphere achievement in the field of cartography was the use of a new technique of charting with meridians, his imaginary north–south lines, and parallels, his imaginary west–east lines Aristotle (384–322 BCE) Claudius Ptolemy (90–168 CE) thought that, with the aid of astronomy is the one to be credited and mathematics, the earth could be with proving the Earth's mapped very accurately. Ptolemy sphericity. revolutionized the depiction of the spherical earth on a map by using perspective projection, and suggested precise methods for fixing the position of geographic features on its surface using a coordinate system with parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude  Ptolemy’s World Map. Image taken from [Map of the Ancient World] Lithographed from the atlas to Ptolemy’s Early Roman Maps Pomponius Melas worldview. Pomponius is unique among ancient geographers in that, after dividing the earth into five zones, of which two only were habitable, he asserts the existence of antichthones, inhabiting the southern temperate zone inaccessible to the folk of the northern temperate regions from the unbearable heat of the intervening torrid belt. On the divisions and boundaries of Europe, Asia and Africa, he repeats Eratosthenes; like all classical geographers from Alexander the Great (except Ptolemy) he regards the Caspian Sea as an inlet of the Northern Ocean, corresponding to the Persian and Arabian (Red Sea) gulfs on the south.  Middle Ages (400-1406 C.E.) Zonal map The first is the climatic or Zonal map, developed by Ambrosius Macrobius (ca. 395-436 CE). They divide the world in frigid, temperate and torrid zones. The torrid zone was considered uninhabitable until the fifteenth century when Portuguese explorers proved otherwise. "TO" map The second type of world map is the "TO" map from the Spanish encyclopedias Isidor of Seville (ca.560 - 636 CE.). The map shows the known world (the Okumene) in the form of an O. The land is divided through a T formed by the Mediterranean, and the Don and Nile rivers, into the three continents Asia, Europe and Africa. The surrounding ocean is formed by the O. Hereford Mappa Mundi The first is the climatic or Zonal map, developed by Ambrosius Macrobius (ca. 395-436 CE). They divide the world in frigid, temperate and torrid zones. The torrid zone was considered uninhabitable until the fifteenth century when Portuguese explorers  Renaissance (1406-1700) - Age of exploration A cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. In the Renaissance, with the renewed interest in classical works, maps became more like surveys once again, while the discovery of the Americas by Europeans and the subsequent effort to control and divide those lands revived interest in scientific mapping methods. Invention of the printing press(1445) -Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1445. The first printed maps were published in 1472 and 1475. From this point on we see an increasing number of printed maps. 1477 World Map –Fra Mauro ,Venice 1477 1st Atlas –‘Geography Bologna’ 1492 Columbus ‘discovers’ Americas – New World 1507 Martin Waldseemüller made the first true world map that includes the New World 1522 Magellan’s men circumnavigated the world In 1570 Abraham Ortelius created the "first modern atlas".  World map. Image taken from Gerardi Mercatoris Atlas, sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de fabrica Mundiet fabricati figura, 1633  During the 1900s, maps became more abundant due to improvements in printing and photography that made production cheaper and easier. Airplanes made it possible to photograph large areas at a time.