Unscientific & Scientific Knowledge Sources (LIB116)

Unscientific Sources of Knowledge 1- Empiricism Knowledge via empiricism involves gaining knowledge through objective observation and the experiences of your senses. An individual who says “I believe nothing until I see it with my own eyes” is an empiricist. The empiricist gains knowledge by seei...

Unscientific Sources of Knowledge 1- Empiricism Knowledge via empiricism involves gaining knowledge through objective observation and the experiences of your senses. An individual who says “I believe nothing until I see it with my own eyes” is an empiricist. The empiricist gains knowledge by seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, and touching. 1  Unscientific Sources of Knowledge 2- Trial and Error Trial and Error is one of the ways of acquiring new knowledge. Individual learn more things through trial and error Knowledge related to practical, professional. Skilled and semi skilled professions are largely depends on the source of knowledge. For example: use of computer, Smart phone, driving, etc. 2  Unscientific Sources of Knowledge 3- Tradition (local knowledge) Much social related are preserved and knowledge transmitted through traditions. Much information which is largely depends on traditions. Knowledge passed down through generations For example: - Tools and techniques for hunting or agriculture) - Traditional medicine. 3  Unscientific Sources of Knowledge 3- Tradition (local knowledge) 4  Unscientific Sources of Knowledge 4- Tenacity Gaining knowledge via tenacity involves hearing a piece of information so often that you begin to believe it is true, and then, despite evidence to the contrary, you cling stubbornly to the belief. Method is often used in political campaigns, where a particular slogan is repeated so often that we begin to believe it. Advertisers also use the method of tenacity by repeating their slogan for a certain product over and over until people begin to associate the slogan with the product and believe that the product meets its claims. 1 3 Unscientific Sources of Knowledge Tenacity is something, which psychologically force the people to accept it. 6  Unscientific Sources of Knowledge 5- Rationalism Knowledge gained through logical reasoning. With this approach, ideas are accurate stated and logical rules are applied to arrive at a logically sound conclusion. For example: All humans are mortal; I am a human; Therefore, I am mortal. Attractive people are good; Hafiz is attractive; Therefore, Hafiz is good. 7  Unscientific Sources of Knowledge 6- Authority knowledge via authority means Knowledge gained from those viewed as authority figures. When we accept what a respected or famous person tells us. For example: Parents as authority figures Teachers as authority figures 8  Scientific Sources of Knowledge Scientific knowledge is based on empirical evidence and is appropriate for understanding the natural world. Scientific knowledge is durable and strong but open to change. Because science is based on empirical evidence scientists strive for objectivity. 9  Scientific Sources of Knowledge Characteristics of Scientific Knowledge 1. Objectivity Scientific knowledge is objective. simple means the ability to see and accept facts as they are, not as Objectivity one might wish them to be. 2. Verifiability / Measureable Scientific knowledge is based on verifiable evidence so that other observers can observe, weigh or measure the same phenomena and check out observation for accuracy. 10 Scientific Sources of Knowledge 3. Ethical Neutrality Science is ethically neutral. How ethical issues can affect the study population and how ethical problems can be overcome should be thoroughly examined at the problem formulation stage. 4. Empirically proved/Observable This means that any conclusion drawn are based upon hard evidence gathered from information collected from real life experiences or observations. 11  Scientific Sources of Knowledge 5. Reliability A measure’s precision and stability- extent to which the same result would be obtained with repeated trials. 6. Accuracy 7. Abstractness 8.Predictability 9.Universal Application 10. Experimental 12 Divine Books The source of this Divine Knowledge is God. The Taurat /Musa (Peace be upon him) The Zabur//Dawud (Peace be upon him) The Injeel/ Esa(Peace be upon him) The Qur'an of Muhammad (Peace be upon him) 13  Basic Concept in Research 19/10/20 24  The meaning of Research Research is an investigation process to find reliable solutions to a problem for discovering new knowledge and information. The word RESEARCH is composed of two syllables, RE and SEARCH. RE meaning (again, a new, or over again). SEARCH meaning (to examine closely and carefully, to test and try, or to probe). Together they form a noun describing a careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or principles. 15  The types of Research Research can be classified into three classes: I. Application II. Objectives III. Enquiry mode 16  I. APPLICATION If you examine a research from the perspective of its application, there are two broad categories: A) Pure Research Basic research (also called pure research or fundamental research). It is a systematic study directed toward greater knowledge or understanding of the fundamental of phenomena without specific application or product. B) Applied Research This research type focuses on applying Pure Research outcomes (Theories) into the real world situations. 17 I. APPLICATION (Examples) 18 I. APPLICATION (Examples) 19  II. OBJECTIVES A research study can be carried out with four objectives: A) Exploratory Research (‫ال ثوحبال‬ ‫)ةيفاشكتس ا‬ In this research problem are not clear. It is done in search of new indicator. Exploratory researches are focused on the areas that is not well understood or sufficiently done research. If some researcher starting to do a research on an area that is not yet discovered properly or not understood yet, that research is called as an Exploratory Research. 20  II. OBJECTIVES For example, Even if there are some theories that says there is water on other planets, there are no much researches or proofs on that theory So, NASA has started a research on that topic for further proof and knowledge. Therefore, that research can be called as an Exploratory Research. 21 II. OBJECTIVES B) Descriptive Research (‫)ةيفصوال ثوحبال‬ Descriptive research, as the names indicate, describes the characteristics of the problem, phenomenon, situation, or group under investigation. It is undertaken to provide answers to questions of who, what, where, when, and how – but not why. 22  II. OBJECTIVES C) Correlational Research (‫ةيطابترالا‬ ‫)ثوحبال‬ Correlational researches can identify the relationship between two or more variables. Purpose - Determine relationships - Make predictions Example The relationship between T.V. and aggressive behavior The effect of the home environment on education 23  II. OBJECTIVES Importance Determine the strength of the relationship between two or more variables. Determine the direction of the relationship There are two types of Correlational Research Positive correlation A positive correlation exists when one variable decreases as the other variable decreases, or one variable increases while the other increases. 24  II. OBJECTIVES Negative correlation An negative correlation exists when one variable decreases as the other variable increases, and vice versa. 25 II. OBJECTIVES 26  II. OBJECTIVES D) Explanatory Research (‫)هيرسفتال ثوحبال‬ Explanatory research is a research method that explores why something occurs when limited information is available. Explanatory research can also be explained as a “cause and effect” model. Note: Be careful not to confuse explanatory research with exploratory research. 27  II. OBJECTIVES Explanatory research is conducted when the phenomenon is defined and the hypothesis is already established. This is the latter phase of the research. On the other hand, exploratory research is the initial phase where a new phenomenon is being observed and explored. 28  III. Enquiry mode (‫)راسفتسالا عضو‬ Modes of Enquiry refer to the ways in which people identify and explore questions of interest. They are the systems and methods by which humans create, and construe, and information. A) Qualitative Research Unstructured approach is called qualitative. It deals with soft data, in the form impressions, words, symbols etc. Ex: hardness, happiness, sadness, love, heat, etc. 29  III. Enquiry mode B) Quantative Research Structured approach to the inquiry. it deals with hard data which is in digit form. Ex: age, income, education, temperature, height, mass. 30