L3 Osteology PDF

Support and Movement 1: Osteology (Bone) HPHS4072 Anatomy and Physiology in Rehabilitation Chloe Mo 1 Osteology The study of bones Structure Name Location Periosteum Shape Functions 2 Content...

Support and Movement 1: Osteology (Bone) HPHS4072 Anatomy and Physiology in Rehabilitation Chloe Mo 1 Osteology The study of bones Structure Name Location Periosteum Shape Functions 2 Content Function and Structure of Bone and Skeletal System IStudy of cell) Histology of Bone Tissues Blood Supply to Bones Division of Skeleton System Types of Bone Factors Influencing Bone Growth Fracture and Repair Homeostatic Imbalance Disorders 3 Function of Bone and Skeletal System 1. Support Structural framework for the body 2. Protection Protects the most important internal organs from injury 3. Assistance in movement Lever for muscles Ca e g.. 4. Mineral homeostasis (Storage and release) 5. Blood cell production F * Red bone marrow produces rbc, wbc and platelets by hemopoiesis 6. Triglyceride storage * Yellow bone marrow stores triglycerides 4 Structure of Bone (R) 1. Diaphysis (Body/Shaft) 2. Epiphyses (proximal/distal ends) 3. Metaphysis A layer of cartilage of epiphyseal (growth) plate, replaced by bone at about age 14-24 4. Articular cartilage (between joint and nes) 5. Periosteum > Dense irregular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Blood supply · > supporting Medullary (marrow) cavity Bone - 6. Connective tissue Hollow space with bone marrow and blood vessels bone blood vessel Inside - bone - marrow 5  S Histology of Bone (Osseous) tissues Four types of bone cells R (generate) build up bone bone cell > - breakdown bone to Ca SY - > > - > - mature bone cell 6  A St , Fibrous layer Canaliculi Periosteum Cellular Osteocytes layer in lacunae Matrix Osteon Central canal Blood vessels Osteon LM × 375 ↓ Osteon 7 Histology of Bone (Osseous) tissues Compact (dense) bone tissues Strongest types of bones Found beneath the H periosteum of all bones Diaphyses of long bones thicker in ( 1) > - Vascle outside of periosteum 2) branche inside Protect and support Functions Resist strain 8 Histology of Bone (Osseous) tissues Spongy (trabecular) bone tissue Interior of a bone Consist of bone Goreal trabeculae Filled with both red down & reabsors bone and yellow bone marrow rb redbone > - produce marrow triglycoled. yellow bone + produce marrow 9 Trabeculae femur (A [ Gray’s Anatomy 10 Blood supply to bone Nourished through small blood vessels in the periosteum Large nutrient arteries narrow space in centre Enter the shaft of long bones through the nutrient foramen xi -> nutrient in bone cell through blood vessel through periosteum 11 Division of Skeletal System 206 in adult skeleton Axial skeleton - skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum Appendicular skeleton L shoulder girdle, UL, pelvic girdle and LL Axial Appendicular 12 Types of Bones 13  Long bone Long bones 90 - Tubular, found in limbs and serves as levers for muscles Has a shaft (body) and 2 expanded ends 2. g. F humerus , fingers , femur 14 Long bone line (growth) - = epiphyseal * diaphysis -metaphysis -  central region * metaphysis  recently developed end  adjacent to epiphyseal cartilage * epiphysis  bone ends - - 15 Long bone - structures * only found in long bone Periosteum Covers the outer surface of shaft (bone) (generate Inner layer is osteogenic, capable of differentiating into osteoblasts Richly furnished with capillaries and nerve A.D.A.M. Moore 16 Long bone End formed by spongy bone, covered with a thin layer of compact bone Concave or convex end- formed by spongy bone, covered with a thin layer of compact bone - concave or convex 17 Short bones - 28 Cubical Are Carpus and tarsus Cancellous bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone 18 Flat bones Like sandwiches 2 layers of compact bone, 5576 separated by a layer of cancellous bone 19 Irregular bones Irregular or mixed shape Cancallous bone, bone marrow, a thin layer of compact bone Some skull bones, vertebrae and hip bones 20 Pneumatic bones frontal sinus Cancellous tissues being absorbed and air sinus are present Certain skull bones sphenoidal sinus 21 Sesamoid bones Nodules of bone that develop in certain tendons Alter the direction of pull of a tendon e.g. patella nodules of bone that Y develop in certain tendons patella - patela 22 Factors Influencing Bone Growth E.g. Calcium and phosphorous Minerals Ca helpabsorb Aging Vitamins E.g. Vitamin D Growth hormones GH > - Exercise Hormones Sex hormones Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 23 Fracture and Repair Fracture any break in a bone Names of fracture according to severity, the shape or position of the fracture line, or even the physician who first described them 24  How long does it take for the bone to heal? 8 weeks 6 - Clinical Checkpoint What kind of rehabilitation is needed? a cast is applied to keep the bone fragments straight and together 25 Homeostatic Imbalance Disorders Herniated Osteoporosis Hip Fracture (Slipped) Disc 26  G discorder Osteoporosis > - Degenerative Bone resorption > bone deposition Bone resorption (breakdown) outpaces bone deposition (formation) Due to depletion of calcium than is absorbed from the diet Depletion leading to spontaneous bones fracture under the mechanical strains of everyday living affects middle-aged and elderly people, 80% of them ar women 1. women’s bones are less massive than men’s bones 2. estrogens in women declines dramatically at menopause F Saladin 27  a Herniated (Slipped) Disc Expegenerate Intervertebral discs as shock absorbers soft tissue Constantly being compressed Ligaments around discs become injured or weakened, pressure developed in the nucleus pulposus rupture the surrounding fibrous cartilage F Most often occur in lumbar area due to most flexing and bending at this part 28 Hip Fracture > - Injury Break of bone in the proximal end of the femur Occur in individuals older than 60 Frequency increases even more beyond age 60 Decreases in bone mass due to osteoporosis A fall is the most common cause of a hip fracture in the elderly Causes in younger people include automobile accidents, falls from significant heights, or severe trauma 29  How will you educate your patient to prevent osteoporosis? What are the signs and symptoms for people suffering from herniated disc? Clinical Checkpoint What rehabilitation is required for hip fracture? 30