Kinematics & Kinetics of Gait PDF

Summary: Kinematics & Kinetics of gait 1  Joints angles Hip Joint Hip joint ROM in sagittal plane There are two arcs of hip motion: There are one peak ROM of hip flexion and one peak of hip extension.  In stan...

Summary: Kinematics & Kinetics of gait 1  Joints angles Hip Joint Hip joint ROM in sagittal plane There are two arcs of hip motion: There are one peak ROM of hip flexion and one peak of hip extension.  In stance phase, there is continuous progressive hip extension starting with hip flexion and ending with maximum hyperextension.  In swing phase, there is a continuous hip flexion which reaches its maximum value in mid swing. Arc of hip extension (10-20° extension): Terminal stance Arc of hip flexion) 20-30° flexion): Mid swing Hip joint ROM in frontal plane  At initial contact, the hip is adducted about 10° in the frontal plane. Adduction occurs during loading response is 5°. This reverses to neutral position in mid and terminal stance.  Then in initial swing, relative hip abduction occurs (5°). Hip joint ROM in transverse plane  There are some degrees of external and internal rotation which are ranged from 8-15° in transverse plane.  Peak internal rotation occurs at the end of loading response, and maximum external rotation is found at the end of preswing. 2 Knee Joint Knee joint ROM in sagittal plane  In normal pattern of gait during each gait cycle, there are four arcs of motion in the knee joint,  Two arcs of knee flexion and two arcs of knee extension. 1st arc of flexion (Loading response): 15-20 ° 1st arc of extension (Terminal stance) 0° 2nd arc of flexion (Mid-swing): 60-65° 2nd arc of extension (Terminal swing): 0° Knee joint ROM in frontal plane  Within each gait cycle the knee moves into both abduction and adduction.  During stance the motion is abduction. Maximum knee abduction occurs at initial contact.  The knee joint abduction and adduction occurs passively by the body weight in the frontal plane. Knee joint ROM in transverse plane  External rotation occurs at the stance phase and internal rotation in the swing phase  The knee internally rotates as it is flexed and adducted.  The average degree of rotation is 9-13°. 3 Ankle Joint C: Ankle joint ROM in sagittal plane  There are four arcs of ankle motion.  Two arcs of ankle plantar-flexion and two arcs of dorsiflexion.  The first three arcs of motion occur in stance phase (first plantar-flexion, first dorsiflexion, and second plantar-flexion).  During swing phase there is only dorsiflexion of the ankle joint. 1st plantar-flexion arc (Loading response) 15° 1st Dorsiflexion arc (Terminal stance): 10° 2nd plantar-flexion arc (Pre swing): 20-30° 2nd Dorsiflexion arc (Mid-swing): 0° 4 Stance Phase Loading Terminal Joints Initial Contact Mid-stance Pre swing response stance ***10-20o Hip 30o flexion 25o flexion 0o hyper 0o extension ***15-20o Knee 5o flexion 5o flexion ***0o 35-40o flexion flexion 0o (neutral ***15o plantar 5-10o ***10o ***20-30o Ankle position flexion dorsiflexion dorsiflexion plantar flexion Swing Phase Joints Initial Swing Mid-swing Terminal swing o o Hip 25 flexion ***30 flexion 30o flexion ***60-65o flexion to Knee 40-60o flexion ***0o 30o Ankle 10o plantar flexion ***0o 0o 5  Ecc. cont. hip extensors (Glut. Max & Hams) Con. Cont. knee extensors (Quad) Con. Cont. DF Con. cont. hip extensors (Glut. Ecc. cont. hip flexors (Tensor Max & Hams) Fascia Late, Iliopsoas & Rectus femoris) Ecc. Cont. knee extensors (Quad) No Muscular activity (stability mechanisms) Ecc. Cont. DF Ecc. Cont. PF Con. cont. hip flexors (Tensor Ecc. cont. hip flexors (Tensor Fascia Late, Iliopsoas & Rectus Fascia Late, Iliopsoas & Rectus femoris) femoris) No Muscular activity (stability Ecc. Cont. Rectus.Femoris mechanisms) Ecc. Cont. PF Con. Cont. PF 6  Con. cont. iliopsoas, Gracilis and Sartorius Con cont. biceps femoris, gracilis, and sartorius Con. Cont. DF Con. cont. iliopsoas, Gracilis and Sartorius No Muscular activity Isometric Cont. DF Ecc. Cont. hip extensors (Glut. Max & Hams) Ecc. Cont. hamstring Con. Cont. quadriceps Con. Cont. DF 7  Hip (LR, MS, TS): Con. Cont. Hip (IC): Con. Cont. Gluteus med, upper gluteus maxi and tensor fascia latae Hip (PS): Ecc. Cont. Adductor magnus Adductors Ankle (LR & MS): GRFV passes lateral to ankle create eversion moment counterbalanced by invertors: TP, TA, FDL, FHL, and soleus eccentric Ankle (TS): GRFV passes medial to ankle create inversion moment counterbalanced by evertors: peroneus longus and brevis 8 9