IR places in NEWS + Misc. 2024 Prelims - Final PDF

Cities - Derna city(worst affected), Benghazi. 1. Earthquake hit countries and regions 2023 - Major dams- Al-Bilad and Abu Mansour -2024 - ravaged. Countries -...

Cities - Derna city(worst affected), Benghazi. 1. Earthquake hit countries and regions 2023 - Major dams- Al-Bilad and Abu Mansour -2024 - ravaged. Countries - E.Greece - Medicane Storm Daniel caused floods A.Japan - Wajima city- Noto peninsula F.Kenya - Mandera, Garissa, Tana River, Wajir, Isiolo, and Meru areas. B. China - Jishinashan region, Ginsu Region 3. Volcanic eruptions 2022 -2024 C.Turkey - Kaharamannas ,Gaziantep region,Hatay 1. Mt.Kilauea- Hawaii - Pacific OCean REgion 2. Mt.Etna - Sicily, Italy - MEditerranean sea 3. Mt.Raung - Indonesia - Pacific Ring of Fire D. MOROCCO - AL haouz region 4. Canary Islands - Atlantic ocean 5. Fuego Volcano - eruption - Guatemala E. Nepal - Jajarkot - Karnali Province 4..Refugee Camps F. Afghanistan - Faizabad region ,Badakhshan region,Herat A.Kutupalong refugee camp - COx Bazar region - G.Philippines - Soccsksargen region Bangladesh for Rohingyas(Myanmar ethnic) Largest refugee camp in the world. H.Taiwan -Hualien county. B.Kakuma REfugee camp, KEnya I- Syria - Damascus B.1 Turkana County- KEnya ; 2.Flood/ Cyclone hit countries 2023- 2024 Refugees of South Sudan and Somalia A.Russia -.Orenburg region and Orsk City - Russia - B.2 - Dadaab region - Kenya - Floods in Ural River and mt. Region Somalia refugees. B.Kazakhstan - Zarechny region (Ural River) C.Azraq REfugee Camp, Jordan Syrian Civil war refugees. C.Somalia (Mogadishu)- Flash Floods (Due To El Nino). D. Baqaa refugee camp - Jordan Districts - Baardheere, Beledweyne Palestinian Refugees ,Buloburto , Bailan, Jubba ,and Shabelle REgion E. Zaatari refugee camp - Jordan Suffered Drought and Famine from Largest Refugee camp for Syrian Refugees 2015-2024 5..Global Terrorist / REbel Groups D..Libya - Flash Floods due to “Omega Blocking” of Medicane Cyclone -Storm Daniel.(Worst flood in 1. Lebanon - Hezbollah (Iran Backed) decades) 2. Gaza(Palestine)- Hamas (Iran backed)  3. Democratic Republic of Congo - M 23 9. Vanadium -China -Panzhihua region in 4. Somalia- Al SAbab (Al -Qaeda affiliate) Sichuan a. recently Ores discover in Gujarat - 5. Burkina Faso - Jamaat Nusrat al-Islam wal Gulf Of Khambhat Muslimeen (JNIM) (Al -Qaeda assoc.) b. Titanomagnetite ore (Around 40% terrorist activities occur in c. Brazil is largest Exporter 10. Germanium - China Sahel Region Countries) 11. Gallium - China 6. Yemen - Houthis(Iran BAcked) 12. Tungsten - China 7. Afghanistan - Taliban 13. Titanium - China 14. Strontium - China 8. Myanmar -Kachin and Arakan Army 15. Graphite - China 9. Nigeria - Boko Haram 16. Silicon - China (India From #14 India is not 100% import dependent 6.. Critical Minerals (Min. of mines identified 30 ->Uranium,Thorium,Aluminium,Iron - not critical critical minerals for India 2023) minerals Defn -A mineral is critical when the risk of supply China> Vietnam - rare earth metals shortage and associated impact on the economy is Dong Pao mine - Vietnam, being reopened. (relatively) higher than other raw materials. India 100% import Dependent on some of them. 7. Israel and Misc. Largest Reserves(R) Largest Producer (P) A. Rafah Crossing - Gaza strip - Egypt (refugee crossing) 1. Lithium - R - Bolivia/Chile (Disputed among various sources) B.Erez crossing - North Gaza a. P - Australia(not Argentina)>Chile b. Lithium Triangle - C.Ain-el-Hilweh - largest Palestinian Refugee camp. Argentina,Bolivia,Chile(ABC) in Lebanon (Sidon City) 2. Copper - Chile -Escondida mine, Atacama Desert in Chile's Antofagasta Region D.REfugee camps in GAza strip - 3. Cobalt - R and P - DRC - Kivu and Kinshasa Jabalia(largest) 4. Nickel -R and P - Indonesia (Sulawesi, Rafah Halmahera,Verbeek Mountains and MAluku) Khan Younis 5. Niobium -R and P- Brazil - Seis Lagos and Deir al-Balah Minas Gerais( largest) Maghazi, Bureij 6. Rhenium - Chile Nuseirat 7. Beryllium - USA Shati (aka Beach Camp) 8. Tantalum - DRC D.Sea of Galilee / lake Tiberias - Lowest freshwater J. Neighboring Countries- lake on earth. E. Haifa Port /Oil refinery /Military base - Hezbollah attack (Part of India - Middle East - Europe Economic Corridor) F.Ashdod port - Largest port of ISrael by volume(Mediterranean Sea) (ISrael has 3 ports - Haifa,Ashdod and Eilat) F.Places Attacked By Hamas - 1.Sdot Micah Airbase 2.Negev Desert 3.Eilat Port - Gulf of Aqaba - Israel’s only port on RED SEA. 8.Africa G. West Bank - Borders Jordan and Dead Sea not Mediterranean Sea 1.Coup countries Landlocked Palestinian territory. Gabon, Sudan , Niger,Burkina Faso,Guinea ,Mali. H.Dead Sea - Jordan -West Bank and Israel - Landlocked Hyper Saline Sea 2. Tanzania- Zanzibar region - IIT Madras offshore campus I.Golan Heights Dispute - ISrael and Syria. Shares Borders with Lebanon ,Jordan and the 3.Nigeria - Terrorism/Insurgency by Boko haram + Sea of Galilee. Internal Conflicts since last decade.ethnic groups- Hausa, Yoruba,Igbo,Okuoma. I -Operation Ajay - India - Evacuation.Borno, Adamawa, Diffa and Yobe states.- Violence and terrorism + Poverty and J. Al -Aqsa mosque-Haram Al Sharif - Jerusalem FAmines. (israel) -Located in WEst Bank C. Biafra Region - south-eastern region - Civil war K.Abraham Accords - Brokered By USA and signed D.Lake Oguta (PYQ 2022) by UAE, Bahrain ,Sudan,Morocco with ISrael. E. Delta State - Civil Clashes Egypt - 1st Arabic State to establish Diplomatic relations with ISrael. 4. Sudan - Khartoum (capital) - Territorial Dispute Then jordan. with South Sudan and INternal REbellion L.Israel Air Defence, Anti - Missile systems - Iron A. Darfur region (west Sudan)- Water Crisis and Dome(short range), David’s Sling, Arrow 2 and 3 Violence in El-Fasher region of Darfur. systems, Iron Beam(Laser weapon system),Spyder. B. Abyei region - South Sudan- Sudan contested a. It is the northeastern most portion of region). - India deployed Largest contingent of the tropical Atlantic Ocean, located women peacekeepers here. off the western coast of the African C. Khartoum - Lies on Confluence of Blue Nile continent. (Lake Tana -Ethiopia) and White Nile (lake b. It is found at the junction of the Prime Victoria)rivers. Meridian and the Equator at 0°0’N and 0°0'E. 5. Ethiopia - Capital - Addis Ababa (HQ of African c..Its major tributaries are the Volta and Union) - Contested regions and Droughts. Niger rivers. A.Tigray region Conflict with Eritrea d..The Gulf of Guinea region accounts B.Droughts - Amhara region for more than 35% of the world’s total C.Internal Conflict - Amhara vs Oromia petroleum reserves. regions D.Ethnicity:Tigrayan, Irob, and Kunama 9.Liptako Gourma region peoples -borders of Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger -Affected E.The largest lake in Ethiopia is Lake Tana, by Jihadi activities which is the source of the Blue Nile river F.Danakil Depression - "Afar" Ethnic 10. Somalia - Hunger and Poverty ,FAmines;Piracy community resides here. ,Flash Floods due to El Nino.(Mogadishu - Capital) G.Two major salt lakes- Lake Afrera and Lake Karum (also known as Lake Asale) A.Puntland region(autonomous) - Las Anod city - "homeland" for the Harti community of 6.Senegal(Dakar) - Northern Somalia. B.Jubbaland autonomous region - in A.Lake Retba-Pink Color LAke - southern Somalia bordering Kenya and Ethiopia. proliferation of Dunaliella salina, a halophilic C.Ogaden REgion- Ethiopia - Somalia green algae Contesting Claims) B.Casamance region conflict -Separatist D. Flash Floods Districts - Baardheere, Movement. Beledweyne and Buloburto, Bailan REgion. Dakar Declaration - Climate Finance and operationalizing Loss and Damage Fund. 11. Chad and Chad Basin countries 7. Mozambique - A.Boko Haram Insurgency -Chad (Landlocked 1. Cabo Delgado REgion - Jihadists attack and Country) Insurgency 2. Limpopo River - Lies on the Cape of B. 90% drying up of Lake Chad -an endorheic Capricorn. freshwater lake 3. Zambezi River -Indian Ocean mouth (Victoria Falls and Chavuma Falls) C.Chad Basin Countries - Chad, Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon + basin - Sudan and the Central African 8. Gulf of Guinea: Sea Piracy and India Posted a Republic. Vessel - INS Sumedha to Keep watch (google the map for coastal countries) D.Chad’s Lac region - hosts thousands of Nigerian refugees and internally displaced people  A. Strait of Tiraan -Connects Gulf of Aqaba to 12. Angola - oil-rich enclave -” Cabinda” - REd sea and Separates Sinai Peninsula from Separatist movement and REfugee crisis Saudi Arabia. B. Combined Task Force 153 - Security in 13.Botswana (Land Locked country) - Elephants REd sea , Bab El MAndeb strait and Gulf of ADen. under threat H.Q - Bahrain A. Largest Elephant population in world (>1 lakh) 19.Democratic Republic oF congo (Brazzaville) - B. B.Chobe river and Zambezi river. Dispute with Rwanda C. Okavango delta - World Heritage Site A.Kivu Region - Largest Cobalt ores +Moremi Game reserve a. Humbukshu ethnic group B.DRC vs Rwanda M 23 REbels - Tutsi tribe b. Okavango river - Endorheic(No sea - Conflicts - Beni Region and Goma REgion and Outlet) Ituri Region. D. Kalahari desert - Includes Botswana , Namibia, South Africa C.The United Nations decided to end its 25-year peacekeeping mission (MONUSCO) in 14. Libya (Tripoli)- Zuwara Port - Capsizing of a eastern Congo by the end of 2024. refugee MIgrant Boat + Cyclone Storm Daniel(worst Mediterranean Storm ever / Medicane storm) D.Brazzaville Declaration of the Three Tropical Basins- A.REgions Affected - Major dams, including the Amazon,Congo and Mekong Delta Al-Bilad and Abu Mansour ; Cities - Derna city , Benghazi, Al Marj, Al Bayda, Shahat, Susah, and Al 20.Kenya - Lamu archipelago -(Indo- kenya Tamimi. Relations) 15. Gabon (Libreville) - Coup and Africa's First debt 21. UK -> Rwanda ASylum transfer plan for nature Swap of 500 million $. A. Belinga Iron deposits 22.Great Lakes (10) region Countries(10) -: B. Equator passes Burundi, the Democratic Republic C. Africa’s First Debt for nature swap with Bank of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, of America. Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. 16. Uganda - Kampala city North most - Lake Turkana African Great Lakes - Victoria, South most - Lake Malawi Albert,Edward,Kyoga Lay here. (Google the map for this) 17. Sierra Leone- National Emergency - ‘Zombie 23. African Cholera outbreak 2023 (in Great Lake Drug” Overdose region Countries- ) -DRC,Zimbabwe(not part of grea A.Largest Producer of Rutile (titanium) in lakes region) ,Zambia,Tanzania,Ethiopia, world. Mozambique. 18. Operation Prosperity Guardian(USA) 24. Burkina Faso - Internal Strife and Terrorist Red sea Area attacks in Djibo town and Natiaboani city.  By - Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal Muslimeen E.ECOWAS aka CEDEAO- Inter-Governmental - group. Grouping - Non military - Economic Association of Attack on Seytenga city - Burkina faso West African Countries. HQ- Abuja,Nigeria A. Sahel region North-Central Africa between the Sahara Desert and F.Suez Canal - The Isthmus of Suez in eastern Egypt savanna lands. connects the continents of Africa and Asia, and Countries - Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina separates the Mediterranean (Port Said) and Red Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Sudan, Eritrea, and Seas(Port Suez). southern Algeria. 9.North , South and Central America A.1 - G5 Sahel Grouping - (backed by France and Recently Dissolved- 1. Argentina - -(Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and a. Patagonia region - Southern end of Niger)) Argentina and Chile. 1. Includes Strait of Magellan, the A.2- Operation BArkhane - Against Islamist Beagle Channel, and the Drake Insurgent groups in Sahel region By French army Passage to the south and The archipelago of Tierra del Fuego B. Maghreb Region/ Barbary Coast -(aka Place of 2. Vaca Muerta(Argentina) in Neuquén Sunset) - Western half of Arab world Basin- worlds 2 largest Shale Gas reserves running out. Western and central North Africa, including a. (China - largest shale gas Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia + reserves, USA - largest Shale WEstern Sahara oil reserves) 3. Falkland Island Dispute - Argentina B.1.Mashriq Region (Aka Place of Sunrise) - Eastern and Great Britain half Of arab world a. Located on Atlantic OCean,(East OF Argentina). located in Western Asia and eastern North Africa countries located between the 2.Essequibo region (Guyana) - Venezuela and Mediterranean sea and Iran. Guyana Conflicted Area (region shares border with Brazil) Gulf of Sidra (Libya) Divides both Maghreb and Mashreq regions. Venezuela - Capital -Caracass and Guyana - Libya belongs to Both regions. GeorgeTown D. Horn of Africa: 3.Chetumal Bay - 2nd largest Blue Hole found 1.Food Crisis and Famine + Political Instability and Yucatan Peninsula - Mexico aka “Taam Ja’” State Violence +flash floods Caribbean sea (Atlantic OCean) 2.SEED ( Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti) countries. 4.Lake Titicaca - Drying up -of Highest navigable 3.Bounded by the Red Sea & Gulf of Aden. freshwater lake in the world. Located- Andes Mt. -Peru - Bolivia border 5. Baltimore port (USA) - Collapse of “Key Bridge” 4. Lampedusa Island - African Migrant Crisis By an Indian Crewed Cargo Ship Italy- Mediterranean Sea ( Sicily Region) - A.Location - Chesapeake Bay -Mid Atlantic Ridge 5. Canary Island - region ○ A. Morocco VS Spain Contesting Claims; Migrant Crisis; 2022 6.Panama Isthmus - Drought Drying up;Illegal Volcanic eruption. migration and human Trafficking. - currently autonomous , considered Spanish “Donkey route” to enter USA illegally - territory Darien Gap (Darien District - panama) ○ B.Location - Atlantic OCean - West of Morocco 8.Ecuador - 1st and Largest - DEbt for Nature Swap ○ C.Claimed by SAHARWIS ethnic signed. - “Blue Bond” for ocean conservation. group (NW Africa - Morocco ,Mauritiana ,ALgeria natives) 9.Amazon basin Countries - D.Roque De los Mountain. - Peak of TEid Except Argentina ,Chile ,Uruguay and Massif Paraguay all other S.American Countries. Its bound by the Guiana Highlands to the 6.Sicily Island (Italy-Mediterranean Sea) - state of north, the Andes Mountains to the west, the emergency as the region experiences its worst Brazilian central plateau to the south, and the drought. Atlantic Ocean to the east.(PYQ) B. Largest island of Mediterranean sea C. Mt. Etna -Volcano Erupted. 10.Europe 7. Lesbos Island aka Militani island - (Greece- 1. Catalonia (Spain)- Claims of Autonomy Mediterranean sea) - Violent clashes between refugee migrants and REfugee crisis. 2. Orkney Islands - Scottish Coast - Contested region b/w UK and Scotland 11.Russia and Ukraine 3.Kosovo -Serbia Conflict - (Capital.- Belgrade and A.Belgorod city(russia) - bombed by ukraine Pristina respectively) Both landlocked Countries in Western B. Bakhmut City (Ukraine) - Longest Battle - Balkans. Donbass region (easternmost Ukraine) Kosovo - Albanian ethnicity 90%. Kosovo - Partial State , not recognized by C. Nova Kakhovka Dam Destruction (ukraine) many(Including India). -Dnieper/Dnipro river Berlin Process - (for increased Cooperation -Zaporizhia (Oblast Region) of Western Balkan Six (WB6), consisting of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, D.Perekop Isthmus - Crimea Peninsula Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia. E.Avdiivka City(ukraine) - Captured by Russia 4.Albania (Tirana)- Human Rights Violation Kherson Oblast region Loc - Adriatic and Ionian sea F. Novorossiysk Port- Near Kerch Strait (Russia) - 1.Katchatheevu island (Sri Lanka) and Wadge Bank Attacked by Ukraine region (Indian Control)South of kanyakumari - India - Sl dispute G. Izmail Sea Commercial Port(Ukraine) - Black Sea - attacked by russian drones 2. Agalega islands ( dependency of Mauritius ) - airstrip and a jetty that India has built. H. Sulina channel (Romania) - Danube river - Black Sea grain trade discontinued and attacks by Russia. 3.Syria - Damascus attacked by Israel. + Earthquake 1. Constanta Port (On Sukina Channel) in Syria + Kurdish Ethnic Group. 2. Connects black Sea with the ports of ukraine. 3. Chilia Channel and St.George channel 4. Kra Isthmus - Modi Proposed building it recently I.Orenburg region and Orsk City - Russia - Floods in Malay Peninsula in Thailand,44 km wide at Ural mt. Region its narrowest point. Connects Andaman Sea to its west and the 2.St. Fergus Project - North Sea Gulf of Thailand to its east. Scotland’s first CCUS facility 5. Malacca Strait - Between Malaysia(west) and 10. North Sea Route (Arctic Amplification - Positive Sumantra and Thailand (east) Effect) A.Connects Andaman Sea (Indian OCean) to South China Sea - Pacific Ocean. The Northern Sea Route (NSR), the shortest shipping route for freight transportation 6. Yemen - Houthi Rebels ; UAE conflict over between Europe and countries of the Socotra islands ; Sea Piracy Asia-Pacific region, straddles four seas of A. Socotra islands (yemen) - Arabian Sea - the Arctic Ocean. ○ Indian Navy Vs Pirates Running to 5,600 km, the Route begins at the B. UAE claim Socotra boundary between the Barents and the Kara seas (Kara Strait) and ends in the Bering 7.Myanmar (capital - NAypyidaw) - Army Coup and Strait (Provideniya Bay). Junta Rule vs Rebellion by Arakan Army The Bering Strait - ○ is a strait between the Pacific and A. Shan State - Displacement of refugees. Arctic oceans, separating the Chukchi B. Rikhadwar town - Under Control of REbels. Peninsula of the Russian Far East C. Khampat and Sai Gong region from the Seward Peninsula of Alaska D. Operation 1027 - military offensive Kara Strait - conducted by the Three Brotherhood ○ This strait connects the Kara Sea and Alliance, a military coalition composed of the Barents Sea in northern Russia three ethnic armed organizations :the Arakan Army (AA), Myanmar National Democratic 11.Batagaika Crater -Russian Far east Alliance Army (MNDAA), and Ta'ang Thawing OF the Largest permafrost Crater National Liberation Army (TNLA). E. Chin Shwe Haw Town - Myanmar -China 12.Indian OCean REgion Border (rebels Controlled) F. Kachin Region (2023 pyq)  G. Paletwa province A. Afghanistan vs Iran over Sistan province H. Sittwe Port B. AlsoShares Border with Balochistan and Attack on Pakistan Golden Triangle Region(LMT) - Myanmar , C. Kurds - Iran ethnic Group Thailand , Laos D. Narigan Mine - Uranium ore - Illicit Opium production and trafficking. E. Golden Crescent REgion -(API) Pakistan, Afghanistan , Iran. 13.Asia a. Illegal Opium production. 1.Japan 5. Sawa lake - Iraq - Lake Dried Up - Connected to - Euphrates river - Endorheic lake. A.Kuril island Dispute - Russia vs Japan contesting claims 6. Levant region - Eastern Mediterranean sea region B. Tatar Strait - Connects - Sea Of countries Okhstok to Sea of Japan. Israel , Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria Separates Russia and Japan(Sakhalin island) Turkey (Hatay Province) C. Kuril islands - Etrofu ,Kunashiri can also include Egypt, Cyprus. ,Shikotan ,Matua ,Habomai islands. 1.Located Between Hokkaido (South, 7. Turkey - Greece - Aegean sea islands dispute- Japan) and Kamchatka Peninsula ,Russia(North) Lausanne treaty D.Separates Sea of Okhotsk West) B.Cyprus island Occupation issue and PAcific ocean (East) C.. Greece - largest Coastline on (Have a look in MAp once) Mediterranean. 8. China and MEkong River Crisis - Drying up of 2.Azerbaijan and Armenia MEkong river (lowest lvl in 100 yrs) Lachin Corridor - Azerbaijan - Nagorno - Karabakh region(recog. As A. Mekong River - Origin - Tibet Plateau Azerbaijan’s territory) Basin Countries - Nakhchivan Autonomous region - Myanmar,Laos,Vietnam,Thailand and Cambodia Azerbaijan’s exclave. Mouth - South China Sea (Mekong Delta - Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam) 3. Pakistan - Iran issue - Sistan - Balochistan Insurgency A. Mianwali air base and Chashma nuclear plant - Pakistan air base attacked by Iran. B. Balochistan - Pakistan >Iran>Afghanistan - Area wise C. Iran attacked “Panjgur” in Balochistan Torkham Crossing - Connects Afghanistan and Pakistan 4. Iran - Sistan insurgency with Afghanistan (south east Iran) B.Bhutan territorial Dispute with China The East Corridor – connecting India to Pasamlung and Jakarlung Valleys,Yak the Arabian Gulf, Chu,Sinchulungpa , Langmarpo Valleys, The Northern Corridor – connecting the Doklam valley. Gulf to Europe. Military Strategies of China - Wolf warrior Signatories - India, the US, Saudi Arabia, diplomacy , Salami slicing,String of UAE, the European Union, Italy, France, and pearls,Anti Access area Denial. Germany. ○ The IMEC corridor will also include 14. India related an electricity cable, a hydrogen pipeline and a high-speed data A.Aves island - Plastic Rocks formed naturally - cable. Andaman Nicobar region. Kandla and Mundra Port - India (Gujarat) Fujairah port Jebel port, Abu DHAbi- UAE - B.Pandu Port - Assam- Riverine port - brahmaputra Gulf of Oman pORT OF CALL agreement with Bangladesh Railway line -Fujairah To Haifa(Israel) via Saudi(Ghuwaifat and Haradh) and Jordan C.Jakhau port - gulf of kutch Europe - Piraeus port(Greece) , Cyclone Biprajoy - Ravaged it Messina(Italy),Marseilles (France) Ras al khair and Dammam Port - Saudi D. Lhonak River - Sikkim Arabia - Persian Gulf GLOF disaster Haifa port - Israel - MEditerranean Sea Part of “Partnership for Global Infra. E.Siachen Glacier(Karokram Range) - Operation Investment” Meghdoot (40 years-2024) (G7 initiative to Counter China's BRI ) Conflicted region with Pakistan and China Located on Saltoro Ridge Nubra river(Tributary Of Shyok R. ) originates here 78 km long - Worlds 2nd Largest Non -Polar region Glacier. Army camp here -”Kumar Post” F.Nyoma Airfield (East Ladakh,near Aksai Chin) India’s Highest Fighter airfield South bank of Pangang Tso BRO constructed it f.Silkyara tunnel rescue - Uttarakhand -Char Dham G.Operation Polo - 75 years yatra route To integrate Princely state of Hyderabad Rat hole mining used in rescue op.(banned by SC in 2014) E.India - Middle East - Europe Economic 15. Intl agreements. And Groupings assoc. With Corridor (G20 under India’s Presidentship India proposed) 1.CC and L and D funds - Timeline 1.Warsaw mechanism -UNFCCC (COP 19) in 2013.  Countries agreed to formally establish the F.. Bengaluru - Kempegowda international L&D fund. But no action was taken. Airport (KIA) Declared Best regional airport of 2.The Santiago network, established in December South Asia. 2019 at COP 25. UNESCO Prix Versailles -World's UNFCCC plays a crucial role in addressing Most Beautiful airport Award climate change impacts in developing countries. Loss and damage Mechanism for climate change G.G20 (Estb.1999) Secretariat - UNOPS (United Nations Office for Origin - Financial Crisis in 1997-98 of the Asian Project Services) and UNDRR(United Nations Tigers Office for Disaster Risk Reduction) After the 2008 global financial crisis, it was upgraded to the level of Heads of State or 3.Loss & Damage (L&D) Fund: Government First announced in 2022 at the conclusion of COP-27 The G20 consists of two parallel tracks called the in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt 2022. Finance Track and the Sherpa Track. 1. Sherpa Track -They concentrate on 4. Cop 28 - UAE 2023 socio-economic issues. Estb. Of L and D funds. 1. Sherpas - personal emissaries of leaders. 2.Finance Track - It is headed by the Finance B.BRICS alliance(Estb. In 2009 as BRIC) Ministers and Central Bank Governors, who 11 members now(2024) generally meet four times a year. Headquarters: Shanghai, China, 15th BRICS Summit 2023 -Johannesburg , Troika: The G20 does not have a charter or a South Africa. secretariat. The Presidency is supported by the New members (2024) - Egypt, UAE, Saudi Troika, which includes the previous, current, and Arabia,Iran,Ethiopia,Argentina. incoming presidencies. New Development Bank (NDB - Shanghai, (Current - Indonesia,India, Brazil) China) (Fortaleza declaration)(PYQ) Voting Rights - China>India 18th G20 - 2023 - India is hosting the G20 2009: The first BRIC held in Yekaterinburg, Leaders' Summit 2023 for the first time in history Russia(Without South Africa) (2014 PYQ) Theme of India’s G20 presidency: C.Gujarat Declaration - Traditional MEdicine “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” or “One Earth - WHO Traditional Medicine Global Summit 2023 One Family - One Future” (- Maha Upanishad and Hitopadesha) D.17. L69 Group of Developing Countries African Union Became a permanent For reforms in UN Security Council Member(India proposed it) E.C.75 YEARS OF THE UNIVERSAL G20 Common Framework (2022 PYQ) DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 2023 1. It is an initiative endorsed by the G20 Theme: Dignity, Freedom, and Justice for All together with the Paris Club.  2. It is an initiative to support Low Income Countries with unsustainable debt. G20 TechSprint 2023 to promote innovative solutions for improving cross-border payments joint initiative of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) G20 Member Countries :(PYQ 2020) Also Includes African Union.(2023) 16. Art and culture A. Bactria region - Afghanistan , Tajikistan, Uzbekistan B. Parthian region - iran, Afghanistan , Turkmenistan C. Mesopotamia - Iraq