Important Questions & Answers PDF

UNIT 1: 1. Differentiate between PLA and PHA 2. Explain the RNA vaccine for COVID-19 highlighting its importance. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Messenger RNA, or mRNA technology, instructs cells to make a protein that...

UNIT 1: 1. Differentiate between PLA and PHA 2. Explain the RNA vaccine for COVID-19 highlighting its importance. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Messenger RNA, or mRNA technology, instructs cells to make a protein that generates an immune response in the body, thus producing the antibodies that protect against a disease. It is the basis for the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines used by governments worldwide and in the UN-supported COVAX global vaccine solidarity initiative. mRNA is a molecule that provides cells with instructions for making proteins. mRNA vaccines contain the instructions for making the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which is found on the surface of the virus that causes COVID-19. The mRNA molecule is essentially a recipe, telling the cells of the body how to make the spike protein.COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are given by injection, usually into the muscle of the upper arm. After the protein piece is made, the cell breaks down the instructions and removes them. The mRNA never enters the central part (nucleus) of the cell, which is where our DNA (genetic material) is found. Your DNA can't be altered by mRNA vaccines. The cell then displays the protein piece on its surface. Our immune system recognizes that the protein doesn't belong there and begins building an immune response and making antibodies. 3. Define lipids. Explain the process of obtaining biodiesel using lipids. Mention its advantages and disadvantages. Lipids are a broad group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others. Biodiesel is an animal fat-based or vegetable oil diesel fuel, including long-chain alkyl (methyl, ethyl, or propyl) esters. Biodiesel is generally made by esterifying lipids (e.g., soybean oil, vegetable oil, and animal fat (tallow)) with an alcohol-generating fatty acid esters. Biodiesel is suggested to be utilized in standard diesel engines and is thus well-defined from the vegetable and waste oils used to fuel converted diesel engines. Biodiesel can be used singly or blended with gasoline in any proportions. Biodiesel blends can also be utilized as heating oil. A schematic diagram of Biodiesel production is depicted below 4. Define Protein, Explain protein as food, plant based protein Proteins are macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Protein as Food: Whey is a form of Protein Food which is consumed by Human beings. Here are the steps involving on how Whey is made Milk Collection: Cow's milk is collected from dairy farms. Transport: The milk arrives at the processing plant in tanker trucks. Cheesemaking Process: Enzymes are added to separate the curd (for cheese), leaving liquid whey as a byproduct.  Pasteurization: The liquid whey is pasteurized to make it safe. Concentration and Purification: The whey is concentrated and purified using special filters or ion exchange. Drying: The final whey protein is dried into a powder, which usually contains 80-95% protein Protien and Plant Food: Plant protein is simply a meaningful food source of protein which is from plants. This group can include pulses, tofu, soya, tempeh, seitan, nuts, seeds, certain grains and even peas. Pulses are a large group of plants, which include chickpeas, lentils, beans (such as black, kidney and adzuki beans) and split peas. Plant proteins are highly nutritious – not only as good sources of protein, but also because they provide other nutrients such as fibre, vitamins and minerals. Our intake of fibre tends to be too low, however by incorporating certain plant proteins into your diet, such as pulses, peas and nuts, you can easily boost your fibre intake 5. Explain the use of lingolytic enzyme in bio bleaching. Ligninolytic enzymes play a key role in degradation and detoxification of lignocellulosic waste in environment. ligninolytic enzymes are laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and versatile peroxidase. White-rot fungi are the main producers of lignin-oxidizing enzymes. These fungi secrete a number of oxidative enzymes and some hitherto unknown substances (mediators) into their environment together effecting a slow but continuous degradation. The most important lignin-oxidizing enzymes are lignin peroxidases, manganese peroxidases and laccases. Lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase appear to constitute a major component of the ligninolytic system. Ligninolytic fungi and their enzymes (i.e., laccase, manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase) have been applied in the production of second-generation biofuelsApplication of enzymes in Bio. -bleaching UNIT 2 1. Brain functions as a CPU System. Justify 2. Explain the engineering solutions which are there for Parkinson’s disease. Robotic prosthetic limb is a well-established research area that integrates advanced mechatronics, intelligent sensing, and control for achieving higher order lost sensorimotor functions while maintaining the physical appearance of amputated limb. Robotic prosthetic limbs are expected to replace the missing limbs of an amputee restoring the lost functions and providing aesthetic appearance. The main aspects are enhanced social interaction, comfortable amputee’s life, and productive amputee to the society. With the advancement of sensor technology, in the last few decades significant contributions have been made in this area.Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) involves surgically implanting a neurotransmitter that sends electrical impulses to specific areas of your brain. This procedure has helped many people with Parkinson's reduce symptoms such as tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. 3. Explain making of stents and pacemakers. Briefly Illustrate about defibrillators  Stent : A stent is a tiny tube that can play a big role in treating your heart disease. It helps keep your arteries -- the blood vessels that carry blood from your heart to other parts of your body, including the heart muscle itself -- open. Pacemakers: A pacemaker is a small device that's placed (implanted) in the chest to help control the heartbeat. It's used to prevent the heart from beating too slowly. Implanting a pacemaker in the chest requires a surgical procedure. A pacemaker is also called a cardiac pacing device. Defibrillators: Defibrillators are devices that send an electric pulse or shock to the heart to restore a normal heartbeat. They are used to prevent or correct an arrhythmia, an uneven heartbeat that is too slow or too fast. If the heart suddenly stops, defibrillators can also help it beat again. Different types of defibrillators work in different ways. Automated external defibrillators (AEDs), which are now found in many public spaces, are used to save the lives of people experiencing cardiac arrest. Even untrained bystanders can use these devices in an emergency. There are three types of defibrillators: AEDs, ICDs, and WCDs. - An AED is a lightweight, battery-operated, portable device that checks the heart’s rhythm and sends a shock to the heart to restore normal rhythm.The device is used to help people having cardiac arrest. - ICDs are placed through surgery in the chest or stomach area, where the device can check for arrhythmias. Arrhythmias can interrupt the flow of blood from your heart to the rest of your body or cause your heart to stop.The ICD sends a shock to restore a normal heart rhythm. - WCDs have sensors that attach to the skin. They are connected by wires to a unit that checks your heart’s rhythm and delivers shocks when needed. Like an ICD, theWCD can deliver low- and high-energy shocks.The device has a belt attached to a vest that is worn under your clothes 4. Define EEG. Write the applications of EEG. An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test that measures electrical activity in the brain using small, metal discs (electrodes) attached to the scalp. Here are six applications of EEG with brief explanations:  1. Sleep Studies: EEG is used to monitor brain wave patterns during sleep, helping to diagnose sleep disorders like insomnia, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy by analyzing stages of sleep. 2. Neuroscience Research: EEG helps in studying brain activity and understanding neural processes, making it essential for exploring cognitive functions, brain disorders, and the effects of brain stimulation. 3. Epilepsy Diagnosis: EEG is a key tool in detecting abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and determining seizure types. 4. Cognitive State Monitoring: EEG is used in research to measure brain activity during tasks like attention, memory, or problem-solving, which can help assess cognitive performance. 5. Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI): EEG is employed in BCIs to allow communication or control of devices through thought, helping individuals with severe disabilities interact with technology. 6. Mental Health Monitoring: EEG is applied to assess brain activity in patients with psychiatric disorders like depression or schizophrenia, aiding in diagnosis and treatment monitoring. 5. Explain ECG with its applications ECG monitoring systems have been developed and widely used in the healthcare sector for the past few decades and have significantly evolved over time due to the emergence of smart enabling technologies. Nowadays, ECG monitoring systems are used in hospitals, homes, outpatient ambulatory settings, and in remote contexts. They also employ a wide range of technologies such as IoT , edge computing, and mobile computing. In addition, they implement various computational settings in terms of processing frequencies, as well as monitoring schemes. They have also evolved to serve purposes and targets other than disease diagnosis and control, including daily activities, sports, and even mode-related purposes. Here are six applications of ECG, with brief explanations: 1. Heart Disease Diagnosis: ECG is commonly used in hospitals to diagnose cardiovascular diseases, detecting abnormalities in heart rhythms, arrhythmias, and signs of heart attacks. 2. Remote Monitoring: With IoT integration, ECG systems now allow continuous heart monitoring in remote settings, providing real-time data to healthcare providers, especially for patients with chronic heart conditions. 3. Sports and Fitness: ECG is used to monitor the heart health of athletes during training or competitions, ensuring optimal heart function and detecting overexertion or arrhythmias. 4. Daily Health Monitoring: Wearable ECG devices help individuals track their heart health regularly, alerting them to irregularities or abnormalities in their heart rhythm, thus promoting proactive health management. 5. Edge Computing for Real-Time Analysis: In advanced ECG systems, edge computing allows for processing of heart data close to the source, providing faster feedback for critical situations and reducing latency in diagnosis. 6. Mode-Related Monitoring: Modern ECG systems can assess the heart's response to different activities or emotional states, such as stress or relaxation, offering insights into the effects of lifestyle factors on heart health.  UNIT 3 1. Explain function of lungs highlighting the gas exchange mechanism in lungs. The gas exchange mechanism in the lung involves the transfer of oxygen from the air in the alveoli to the bloodstream, and the transfer of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the air in the alveoli. This process is known as diffusion and occurs due to differences in partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen Diffusion: The partial pressure of oxygen in the air in the alveoli is higher than the partial pressure of oxygen in the bloodstream. This difference creates a gradient that causes oxygen to diffuse from the alveoli into the bloodstream, where it binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells to form oxyhemoglobin. Carbon Dioxide Diffusion: The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream is higher than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the air in the alveoli. This difference creates a gradient that causes carbon dioxide to diffuse from the bloodstream into the alveoli, where it is exhaled. 2. Identify and illustrate the principle & working of medical device used to measure the flow rate of air exhaled by an individual Spirometry is a diagnostic test that measures the function of the lungs by measuring the amount and flow rate of air that can be exhaled. The test is commonly used to diagnose lung conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and interstitial lung disease. Principle: The principle behind spirometry is to measure the volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs in a given time period. By measuring the volume of air exhaled, spirometry can provide information about the functioning of the lungs and the ability of the lungs to move air in and out. Working: Spirometry is performed using a spirometer, a device that consists of a mouthpiece, a flow sensor, and a volume sensor. The patient is asked to exhale as much air as possible into the spirometer, and the spirometer measures the volume and flow rate of the exhaled air. The volume of air exhaled is displayed on a graph called a flow-volume loop, which provides information about the lung function. 3. Explain the working heart lung machine A heart-lung machine, also known as a cardiopulmonary bypass machine, is a device used in cardiovascular surgery to temporarily take over the functions of the heart and lungs. The heart-lung machine is used during open-heart surgery, such as coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and valve replacement surgery, to support the patient's circulatory and respiratory functions while the heart is stopped. The heart-lung machine works by circulating blood outside of the body through a series of tubes and pumps. Blood is taken from the body, oxygenated, and then returned to the body. This allows the heart to be stopped during the surgery without causing any harm to the patient. The use of a heart-lung machine during surgery carries some risks, including the potential for blood clots, bleeding, and infections. Additionally, there may be some long-term effects on the body, such as cognitive decline, that are not yet fully understood.However, the use of a heart-lung machine has revolutionized the field of cardiovascular surgery, allowing for more complex procedures to be performed and greatly improving patient outcomes.