Chapter 1 - Biotechnology PDF

Scientists at the biotechnology company Genentech created the first recombinant DNA product for use in humans. Approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1982, this product was \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer insulin human growth hormone erythropoietin chymosin a gene chip Which area of biotech...

Scientists at the biotechnology company Genentech created the first recombinant DNA product for use in humans. Approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1982, this product was \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer insulin human growth hormone erythropoietin chymosin a gene chip Which area of biotechnology primarily involves using living organisms to process, degrade, and clean up environmental pollution? Answer Marine biotechnology Genomics Bioremediation Agricultural biotechnology Bioinformatics The use of computer science to analyze biological data, such as DNA sequence comparison data, is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer bioremediation bioinformatics genomics recombinant DNA technology nanotechnology Studying the entire complement of DNA in an organism\'s cells is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer bioinformatics bioremediation recombinant DNA technology nanotechnology genomics Combining DNA from different sources is an example of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer nanotechnology bioinformatics bioremediation genomics recombinant DNA technology \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is customized medicine based on a person\'s genetics. Answer Recombinant DNA technology Bioinformatics Pharmacogenomics Bioremediation Genomics \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves farm-raising finfish, shellfish, algae, and other aquatic organisms. Answer Biopharming Pharmacogenomics Bioremediation Aquaculture Transgenic technology \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the use of normal genes or the replacement of diseased genes for treating human genetic disorders. Answer Recombinant DNA technology Pharmacogenomics Genetics Genomics Gene therapy Selective breeding involves \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer genetic engineering of animals and plants to improve growth characteristics the use of fermentation to produce biotechnology products mating organisms with desirable characteristics combining sperm and egg cells from different species to produce hybrid organisms none of these choices \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the use of living organisms or their products to clean up the environment, improve human health, and provide more nutritious and disease-free food. Answer Bioremediation Biodegradation Genetic engineering Biotechnology Bioprocessing Subtle differences in DNA sequences that vary from person to person are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer chromosomes single-nucleotide polymorphisms genomics DNA microarrays pharmacogenomics \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is an approach to genome editing that makes it possible to correct genetic diseases and create novel genetic modification of genomes. Answer Synthetic genomes Gene cloning Gene therapy High-throughput screening CRISPR-Cas As of 2016, which of the following was the top selling biotechnology drug? Answer Humira Avastin Herceptin Enbrel Rituxan Which of the following is the application of biotechnology to industrial processes? Answer Forensic biotechnology Microbial biotechnology Industrial biotechnology Animal biotechnology Medical biotechnology How can a physician use precision medicine to design a drug treatment strategy? Answer Based on the genes involved in the disease, design a drug treatment strategy that is non-specific and applicable to a small population. Based on the genes involved in the disease, design a drug treatment strategy that is specific and not based on the patient\'s genetic profile. Based on the genes involved in the disease, design a drug treatment strategy that is specific and somewhat effective. Based on the genes involved in the disease, design a drug treatment strategy that is non-specific and somewhat effective. Based on the genes involved in the disease, design a drug treatment strategy that is specific and most effective. What three locations account for approximately 95% of biotechnology countries? Answer Europe, Japan, and North America Europe, China, and Canada Europe, Japan, and South America China, Europe, and North America Canada, Japan, and South America The complementary base that hydrogen bonds with thymine in a DNA double helix is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer cytosine thymine guanine uracil adenine Which of the following is a structural feature of DNA but not RNA? Answer Containing deoxyribose sugars Single-stranded Containing phosphate groups Containing the nitrogenous base adenine Containing the nitrogenous base uracil Which type of base-pair substitution mutation has no effect on the amino acid sequence of a protein? Answer Missense mutation Silent mutation Nonsense mutation Frameshift mutation None of these choices Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) but not rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)? Answer Sending vesicles to the Golgi that contain proteins that are either secreted or become part of the plasma membrane Steroid synthesis Drug and alcohol detoxification Steroid synthesis *and* drug and alcohol detoxification Protein synthesis Which of the following enzymes is a component of the large ribosomal subunit and catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between an amino acid attached to a peptidyl-tRNA and an amino acid from an aminoacyl-tRNA? Answer Reverse transcriptase β-galactosidase DNA polymerase DNA ligase Peptidyl transferase Addition of a poly(A) tail to an mRNA molecule \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer results in removal of introns only occurs in bacteria is an important step in translation allows mRNA molecules to be more stable in the cytoplasm allows the mRNA to be recognized by ribosomes during translation What enzyme separates strands of DNA during DNA replication to make DNA single-stranded so it can be copied? Answer DNA polymerase Reverse transcriptase DNA ligase DNA primase DNA helicase \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bind to mRNA and tRNA during translation and allow for polypeptides to be synthesized. Answer RNA polymerases Nuclei Ribosomes Chloroplasts Chromosomes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the enzyme that copies DNA during DNA replication. Thermostabile forms of this enzyme are essential for PCR. Answer RNA primase RNA polymerase DNA ligase DNA polymerase DNA helicase Which of the following is the typical start codon in most mRNA molecules? Answer AAA UGA AUG CAG GAA Which type of point mutation creates a stop codon in a gene? Answer Frameshift Nonsense Missense Silent None of these choices Nonprotein coding pieces of pre-mRNA that are removed during RNA splicing are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer introns promoters exons SNPs poly(A) tails Which organelles form the site of ATP production by aerobic cellular respiration? Answer Mitochondria Golgi Lysosomes Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Which type of RNA molecules transport amino acids to the ribosome during translation? Answer siRNA mRNA tRNA rRNA miRNA Which type of RNA molecule contains the genetic code of a gene that is read by ribosomes during translation? Answer mRNA rRNA miRNA tRNA siRNA In a nucleotide of DNA, which carbon of the deoxyribose sugar binds to the base? Answer 1\' 2\' 3\' 4\' 5\' Which of the following sequences is most commonly found at eukaryotic promoters? Answer Poly(A) tail Shine-Dalgarno sequence 5\'-GU... AG-3\' 7-methyl G cap TATAAAA Which of the following is a commonly used stop codon in most mRNA molecules? Answer AUG AAA UGA GAA CAG What is synthesis of RNA from a DNA template called? Answer Translation Transformation Reverse transcription Transcription None of these choices Synthesis of a protein from an mRNA molecule is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer polymerization polyadenylation translation transformation transcription What is one role of the Golgi apparatus in cellular function? Answer mRNA synthesis Protecting the integrity of the cell\'s shape Filling the cell space with fluid Replication of DNA Protein packaging Which is NOT true of prokaryotes? Answer Their genes contain exons. They are single-celled organisms. Their cells contain a true nucleus. They contain ribosomes. They include bacteria. Which of the following is NOT a function performed in the nucleus? Answer Producing mRNA DNA replication Storing genes on chromosomes Producing regulatory factors Packaging proteins and transport them around the cell Which part of a gene codes for the protein? Answer Promoter Enhancer Intron Transcription factor Exon Another term for a triplet code is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer a promoter tRNA a codon a factor an enhancer What is a more modern definition of a gene? Answer Any DNA sequence that is used to produce RNA An element of DNA that controls the characteristics that an offspring will have by transmitting information in the sequence of nucleotides to expressed proteins A sequence of nucleotides that leads to the expression of a protein A unit of heredity that is voluntarily transferred from a parent to an offspring An element of DNA that binds to proteins to induce translation What is a technique that analyzes chromosome structure and abnormalities? Answer Cytogenetics High pressure liquid chromatography Flow cytometry Gel electrophoresis Southern blot Which of the following techniques uses DNA probes to analyze chromosome structure and abnormalities? Answer Northern blot PCR Flow cytometry Fluorescence in situ hybridization Southern blot Which of the following RNA molecules do NOT code for proteins? Answer ncRNA mRNA rRNA tRNA None of the above What is one RNA molecule that is associated with epigenetic and post-transcriptional gene expression regulation? Answer snRNA miRNA tRNA piRNA snoRNA Which of the following RNA molecules is an example of a small noncoding RNA? Answer mRNA rRNA snoRNA lncRNA tRNA What is a system that can be used to change or edit specific sequences in a genome? Answer Fluorescence in situ hybridization Gas phase chromatography Cytogenetics CRISPR-Cas Karyotyping The central dogma of molecular biology states that the information contained within genes flows in which direction? Answer DNA to protein to RNA RNA to DNA to protein DNA to RNA to protein protein to DNA to RNA protein to RNA to DNA The term semiconservative refers specifically to Answer DNA replication. translation. transcription. transformation. RNA processing. The three steps that are required for DNA replication are Answer unwinding, complementary base pairing, and joining. base doubling, unwinding, and joining. complementary base pairing, transcription, and translation. unwinding, transcription, and translation. unwinding, base doubling, and base pairing. If an organism\'s DNA contains 33% adenine nucleotides and 17% guanine nucleotides, what percentage of its DNA is composed of cytosine nucleotides? Answer 8.5% 17% 25% 33% 50% Heterochromatin differs from euchromatin in that heterochromatin Answer is transcriptionally active, whereas euchromatin is not. is not found in Barr bodies. is transcriptionally inactive. is the result of the unpacking of euchromatin. contains DNA with accessible promoters. The sequence of amino acids that would result from transcribing and translating a DNA template strand with the bases TACGCTAAT would be Answer Tyr-Ala-Asn. Ile-Ser-Val. no peptide would be made; the first codon means \"stop.\" Met-Arg-Leu. Tyr-Ser-Val. Failure to remove introns from a primary mRNA would most likely cause Answer irregularities in transcription. abnormal translation. DNA to mutate. DNA replication to fail. transcription to terminate early.