ILHBSS Final Approved PDF

 SCREENERS HANDOUT FOR PRE-CERTIFICATION COURSE (ILHBSS) THIS RESTRICTED DOCUMENT IS PUBLISHED BY BUREAU OF CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY (BCAS) ISSUED ON 30/04/2024 This handout shall be subjected for revision after three year of pub...

 SCREENERS HANDOUT FOR PRE-CERTIFICATION COURSE (ILHBSS) THIS RESTRICTED DOCUMENT IS PUBLISHED BY BUREAU OF CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY (BCAS) ISSUED ON 30/04/2024 This handout shall be subjected for revision after three year of publication or on directions of DG - BCAS. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 1 of 217  PREFACE Considering the threats posed to Civil Aviation all over the word, safeguarding of International Civil Aviation against the acts of unlawful interference has been a matter of great concern and challenge to the Government of India and International Civil Aviation Organization. Such acts continue to have serious worldwide ramification on the growth of Civil Aviation operation. Shortcomings in the security control measures applied at airports are often attributed to human factor and lack of training to the personnel working at airports. In recent years the aviation industry has seen the emergence of world-wide attacks against the safety and security of the travelling public, airports, aircraft and other persons working within the aviation industry on and off airport and air navigation facilities. In present scenario the expansion of business and an exceedingly competitive environment requires that action plan and individual efforts be aligned to ensure continuous growth. The centre piece of its commitment to excel is the employee development by providing them with the skill and knowledge to perform their duties effectively and efficiently. The countermeasures to these acts against civil aviation can be effective only as long as the people responsible for protecting civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference receive appropriate training to carry out their jobs efficiently and effectively. This Trainee Reference Book has been developed by The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS), to enable trainees to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to be better able to implement Aviation Security preventive measures. This is in accordance with the appropriate National Civil Aviation Security Programme, National Civil Aviation Security Training Programme, Airport / Airline Security Programs, Aviation Security Manual (DOC 8973) and Aviation Security Standards and Recommended Practices prescribed by ICAO as per Annexure 17. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 2 of 217  INDEX S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO Syllabus for Screeners Certification Test 4-5 (Theory/Practical) 1 TERMINOLOGIES 6-15 2 ABBREVIATIONS 16-24 3 THREAT TO CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY 25-35 4 X-BIS (THEORY, SPECIFICATIONS AND ITS USE) 36-61 EXPLOSIVES & RECOGNITION OF IMPROVISED 5 62-92 EXPLOSIVE DEVICES (IEDS) 6 SECURITY CONTROL MEASURES-REGISTERED BAG 93-111 BCAS SPECIFICATION ON IN-LINE HOLD BAGGAGE 7 112-133 SREENING SYSTEM 8 COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY X-RAY (CTX) 134-164 9 TESTING METHODOLOGY 165-174 10 TIP PRINCIPLE & ILHBSS LEVEL WISE PROCEDURE 175-177 11 BEHAVIOUR DETECTION 178-194 12 EXPLOSIVE DETECTORS 195-202 13 EMERGENCIES AND CONTINGENCIES. 203-214 14 AVSEC ORDERS/CIRCULARS 215-218 APPENDICES AVSEC ORDER 02/2022 PERMISSIBLE & PROHIBITED ITEMS APPENDIX A - TO BE CARRIAGE AVSEC CIRCULAR 06/2020 SECURITY PROCEDURE FOR APPENDIX B - LIQUIDS, AEROSOL AND GELS (LAGS) APPENDIX C- AVSEC ORDER 03/2022 CARRIAGE OF WEAPON. APPENDIX D- BOMB THREAT REPORT FORM APPENDIX E- AIRCRAFT(SECURITY) RULES, 2023 Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 3 of 217 CERTIFICATION AND TESTING TOTAL MARKS -100 THEORY-60 MARKS Minimum pass marks for online theory test will be 80%. (60 Questions- Objective Type in the online test, 45 mins) PRACTICAL-40 MARKS Minimum pass marks for practical test will be 80%. A candidate shall be declared pass only after securing passing marks in Theory and Practical separately. SYLLABUS FOR SCREENER CERTIFICATION TEST Theory Test (a) World overview, threat to civil aviation operation & measures to counter them (b) Role of BCAS/ICAO and National Civil Aviation Security Programme (NCASP). (c) Relevant BCAS Circulars and AVSEC Orders (d) Introduction / Definition of X-ray, theory, safety precautions, meaning of film safe (e) Dos & Don’ts for Inline screeners (f) Recognition of explosive devices, Dangerous goods. (g) Bomb Threat Contingency Plan (BTCP). (h) BCAS Specification on In-line X-ray BIS. (i ) Hold Baggage Handling System and Design (i) Analyst Work Stations and Image Keys (ii) CT-EDS, ETD system over view (iii) OOG System overview (j) Performance testing procedure of ILHBSS. (k) Threat Image Projection (TIP), Principle, operation, MIS. (l) X-ray BIS available at airports worldwide and in India, its brief characteristics & operations. (m) System specification Operations & analysis of X-ray images– theory ECIL Rapiscan. (n) System specification Operations & analysis of X-ray images & TIP – theory HI-SCAN X-ray inspection series (o) System specification Operations & analysis of In-line X-ray images Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 4 of 217 (p) System specification Operations & analysis of X-ray images & TIP (q) Contingency Plan and Fall Back Procedure of HBS (r) Explosive Detectors (EVD, ETD ) – Principle, operation of different models. (s ) Security control measures of AVI /DIP/ Sensitive Store/ PER/HUM etc. (t) Passenger Profiling/Questioning Technique (u) Factors influencing the X-ray screening process. (v) Different Types of Bomb Detection & Disposal Equipment (SLCV, TCV, EDSK, etc.) ILHBS Exam Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 5 of 217  CHAPTER - 1 TERMINOLOGIES Terminologies and definitions are drawn from several sources including Annex 17, the Aircraft Act 1934, the Aircraft (Security) Rules, 2023 and ICAO Doc 8973 (Aviation Security Manual). Terms that are defined in the International Civil Aviation Vocabulary (Doc 9713) and the Annexes are used in accordance with the meanings and usages given therein. A wide variety of terms are in use throughout the world to describe facilities, procedures and concepts for airport operations and planning. As far as possible, the terms used in this document are those which have the widest international use. The intention is to support the common use of terms and a common level of understanding in the interpretation and application. Acts of unlawful interference. These are acts or attempted acts such as to jeopardize the safety of civil aviation, i.e., including but not limited to: a. unlawful seizure of aircraft b. destruction of an aircraft in service, c. hostage-taking on board aircraft or on aerodromes, d. forcible intrusion on board an aircraft, at an airport or on the premises of an aeronautical facility, e. introduction on board an aircraft or at an airport of a weapon or hazardous device or material intended for criminal purposes, f. use of an aircraft in service for the purpose of causing death, serious bodily injury, or serious damage to property or the environment, g. communication of false information such as to jeopardize the safety of an aircraft in flight or on the ground, of passengers, crew, ground personnel or the general public, at an airport or on the premises of a civil aviation facility. Accompanied hold baggage. Baggage which is accepted for carriage in the hold of an aircraft and which is checked in by the passenger who is on board. Aerial work. An aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used for specialized services such as agriculture, construction, photography, surveying, observation and patrol, search and rescue, and aerial advertisement. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 6 of 217 Aerodrome. Any definite or limited ground or water area intended to be used, either wholly or in part, for the landing or departure of aircraft, and includes all buildings, sheds, vessels, piers and other structures thereon or appertaining thereto. Aerodrome Entry Permit (AEP). The identity card, issued by the Director General or any person authorised by the Central Government as per guidelines issued by the Central Government and used for entry into an aerodrome or any part of an aerodrome. Aerodrome Operator. A person, organisation or enterprise responsible for operation and management of an aerodrome. Aircraft. Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than the reactions of the air against the earth’s surface. Aircraft in flight. An aircraft from the moment when all its external doors are closed following embarkation until the moment when such doors are opened for disembarkation. Aircraft in service. A parked aircraft which is under surveillance sufficient to detect unauthorized access. Aircraft not in service. An aircraft that is either parked for a period of more than 12 hours or is not under surveillance sufficient to detect unauthorized access. Aircraft Operator. A person, organisation or enterprise engaged in or offering to engage in an aircraft operation. Aircraft security check. An inspection of the interior of an aircraft to which passengers may have had access and an inspection of the hold for the purposes of discovering suspicious objects, weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles, and substances. Aircraft security search. A thorough inspection of the interior and exterior of the aircraft for the purpose of discovering suspicious objects, weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles or substances. Airside. The movement area of an airport, adjacent terrain and buildings or portions thereof, access to which is controlled. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 7 of 217 Appropriate authority for aviation security. The authority designated by a State within its administration to be responsible for the development, implementation, and maintenance of the national civil aviation security programme. Apron. A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft for the purposes of loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking or maintenance. Aviation security. Safeguarding civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. This objective is achieved by a combination of measures and human and material resources. Aviation Security Group. A unit of specialized Government agency authorized by the Director General, BCAS to safeguard civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference and protection of property at the aerodrome handling civil aviation. (Also see rule 6 of the Aircraft (Security) Rules, 2023). Background check. A check of a person’s identity and previous experience, including any criminal history and any other relevant information, as part of the assessment of an individual’s suitability to implement security control or for unescorted access to the aerodrome. Baggage. Personal property of passengers or crew carried in the cabin or in the hold of an aircraft by agreement with the operator. Baggage Break-up Area - The area where all the arrival passengers’ baggage is delivered to them. Baggage sorting area/ Baggage Make up area. Space in which departure baggage is sorted into flight loads. Behaviour detection. Within an aviation security environment, the application of techniques involving the recognition of behavioural characteristics, including but not limited to physiological or gestural signs indicative of anomalous behaviour, to identify persons who may pose a threat to civil aviation. Bomb alert. A status of alert put in place by competent authorities to activate an intervention plan intended to counter the possible consequences arising from a communicated threat, anonymous or otherwise, or arising from the discovery of a suspect device or other suspect item on an aircraft, at an airport or in any civil aviation facilities. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 8 of 217 Bomb threat. A communicated threat, anonymous or otherwise, which suggests, or infers, whether true or false, that the safety of an aircraft in flight or on the ground, or any airport or civil aviation facility or any person may be in danger from an explosive or other item or device. Cabin baggage. Baggage intended for carriage in the cabin of an aircraft. Cargo. Any property carried on an aircraft other than mail, stores and accompanied or mishandled baggage. Cargo area. All the ground space and facilities provided for cargo handlings. It includes aprons, cargo buildings and warehouses, vehicle parks and roads associated therewith. Cargo building. A building through which cargo passes between air and ground transport and in which processing facilities are located, or in which cargo is stored pending transfer to air or ground transport. Catering stores. All items, other than catering supplies, associated with passenger in-flight services, for example newspapers, magazines, headphones, audio and video storage devices, pillows and blankets, and amenity kits. Catering supplies. Food, beverages, other dry stores and associated equipment used on board an aircraft. Courier service. An operation whereby shipments tendered by one or more consignors are transported as the baggage of a courier passenger on board a scheduled aircraft operator service under normal passenger hold baggage documentation. Certification. A formal evaluation and confirmation by or on behalf of the Director General for aviation security that a person possesses the necessary competencies to perform assigned functions to an acceptable level as defined by the Director General. Check-in. The process of reporting to an aircraft operator for acceptance on a particular flight. Check-in position. The location of facilities at which check-in is carried out. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 9 of 217 Commercial air transport operation. An aircraft operation involving the transport of passengers, cargo or mail for remuneration or hire. Corporate aviation. The non-commercial operation or use of aircraft by a company for the carriage of passengers or goods as an aid to the conduct of company business, flown by a professional pilot employed to fly the aircraft. (Note that corporate aviation is a subset of general aviation.) Contingency plan. A proactive plan to include measures and procedures addressing various threat levels, risk assessments and the associated security measures to be implemented, designed to anticipate, and mitigate events as well as prepare all concerned parties having roles and responsibilities in the event of an actual act of unlawful interference. A contingency plan sets forth incremental security measures that may be elevated as the threat increases. It may be a stand-alone plan or included as part of a Crisis Management Plan. Co-mail. Abbreviation of aircraft operator company mail, shipped within the company’s network of stations. Co-mat. Abbreviation of aircraft operator company materials, shipped within the company’s network of stations. Dangerous goods. Articles or substances which are capable of posing a risk to health, safety, property, or the environment and which are shown in the list of dangerous goods in the Technical Instructions, or which are classified according to those Instructions. Note — Dangerous goods are classified in Annex 18, Chapter 3. Diplomatic pouch/bag. A shipping container having diplomatic immunity from search or seizure when accompanied by the required official documentation. Deportee. A person who had legally been admitted to a State by its authorities or who had entered a State illegally, and who at some later time is formally ordered by the competent authorities to leave that State. Disruptive passenger. A passenger who fails to respect the rules of conduct at an airport or on board an aircraft or to follow the instructions of the airport staff or crew members and thereby disturbs the good order and discipline at an airport or on board the aircraft. Explosive Detection System (EDS). A technology system or combination of different technologies which has the ability to detect, and so to indicate by means of Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 10 of 217 an alarm, explosive material contained in baggage or other articles, irrespective of the material from which the bag is made. Explosive Device Detection System (EDDS). A technology system or combination of different technologies which has the ability to detect, and so to indicate by means of an alarm, an explosive device by detecting one or more components of such a device contained in baggage or other articles, irrespective of the material from which the bag or article is made. Explosive substance. A solid or liquid substance (or a mixture of substances) which is in itself capable, by chemical reaction, of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings. Included are pyrotechnic substances even when they do not evolve gases. A substance which is not itself an explosive, but which can form an explosive atmosphere of gas, vapour or dust is not included. General aviation operation. An aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport operation or an aerial work operation. Human Factors principles. Principles which apply to design, certification, training, operations and maintenance and which seek safe interface between the human and other system components by proper consideration to human performance. Human performance. Human capabilities and limitations which have an impact on the safety, security and efficiency of aeronautical operations. Improvised Explosive Device. Device designed fabricated placed and activated with an intention of causing injury/death or to create panic and chaos amongst the public or to cause intensive damage to property. Improvised Incendiary Device. Any device containing an inflammable substance for causing a fire. Inadmissible person. A person who is or will be refused admission to a State by its authorities. Note - Such a person normally must be transported back to their State of departure, or to any other State where the persons are admissible, by the aircraft operator on which they arrived. In-flight security officer. Government security personnel deployed on board an aircraft with the purpose of protecting that aircraft and its occupants against acts of unlawful interference. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 11 of 217 Interline baggage. Baggage of passenger’s subject to transfer from the aircraft of one operator to the aircraft of another operator in the course of the passenger’s journey. Landside. Those parts of an airport, adjacent terrain and buildings or portions thereof that are not airside, as identified by States and relevant entities in their security programmes. Mishandled baggage. Baggage involuntarily, or inadvertently, separated from passengers or crew. Movement area. That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the manoeuvring area and the apron(s). Need-to-know. An information / process / procedure that are only meant for specific use of individual/entity/organization for fulfilment of their legitimate functions/roles. Off-airport processing facilities. A passenger or cargo transport link terminal at an urban population centre at which processing facilities are provided. Permit system. A system consisting of cards or other documentation issued to individual persons employed at airports or who otherwise have a need for authorized access to an airport, airside or security restricted area. Its purpose is to identify the individuals and facilitate access. Vehicle permits are issued and used for similar purposes to allow vehicular access. Permits are sometimes referred to as airport identification cards or passes. Private Security Agency. An agency licensed under the Private Security Agencies (Regulation) Act, 2005 (29 of 2005) and whose security clearance has been issued by the Director General. Prohibited Items. An object which can be used to commit an act of unlawful interference, and which has not been properly declared. Restricted Articles. Articles which are, in the specific context of aviation security, defined as those articles, devices or substances which may be used to commit an act of unlawful interference against civil aviation or which may endanger the safety of the aircraft and its occupants, or installations or the public. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 12 of 217 Sabotage. An act or omission, intended to cause malicious or wanton destruction of property, endangering, or resulting in unlawful interference with international civil aviation and its facilities. Screening. The application of technical or other means which are intended to identify and/or detect weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles or substances which may be used to commit an act of unlawful interference. Aviation Security. Safeguarding civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. This objective is achieved by a combination of measures and human and material resources. Security audit. An in-depth compliance examination of all aspects of the implementation of the national civil aviation security programme. Security checks for LAGs and STEBs. Visual checks or security controls, performed by security staff, for signs of interference, in particular tampering with seals, theft and the introduction of potentially dangerous devices, articles, or substances. The checks should be made at the first point of entry on the airside and should be made on all supplies of LAGs and STEBs to establish that they have been protected, that there is no evidence or suspicion of tampering, and that the necessary documentation is in order. Security clearance. Status granted to a person or entity allowing them access to sensitive aviation security information, access to restricted areas or to become eligible to operate at airport or any facility related with civil aviation after successful completion of a background check. Security control. A means by which the introduction of weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles or substances which may be used to commit an act of unlawful interference can be prevented. Security culture. A set of security-related norms, values, attitudes and assumptions that are inherent in the daily operation of an organization and are reflected by the actions and behaviours of all entities and personnel within the organization. Security hold area. The area between passenger screening checkpoint and boarding gate, into which access is controlled and additional security measures are applied. Security inspection. An announced or unannounced examination of the effectiveness of the implementation of specific security measures. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 13 of 217 Security investigation. An inquiry into any security incident, act or attempted act of unlawful interference against civil aviation and/or any alleged or suspected instance of non-compliance with a State’s National Civil Aviation Security Programme or other legal and/or regulatory requirements pertaining to civil aviation security. Security programme. Written measures specified by the Director General to be undertaken and adopted by an entity to safeguard civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. Security restricted area. Those areas of the airside of an airport which are identified as priority risk areas where in addition to access control, other security controls are applied. Such areas will normally include, inter alia, all commercial aviation passenger departure areas between the screening checkpoint and the aircraft, Security Hold Area, the ramp, baggage make-up areas, including those where aircraft are being brought into service and screened baggage and cargo are present, cargo sheds, mail centres, airside catering and aircraft cleaning premises. Security test. A covert or overt trial of an aviation security measure which simulates an attempt to commit an unlawful act. Sensitive Aviation Security Information. Information which, if accessed by or disclosed to unauthorised persons, may create or may be used to exploit vulnerabilities or to commit an act of unlawful interference against civil aviation. Small arms. A general description applied to all hand-held firearms. Sterile area. That area between any passenger inspection or screening control point and aircraft into which access is strictly controlled. (See also security restricted area.) Threat Image Projection (TIP). A software programme approved by the appropriate authority which can be installed on certain X-ray machines. The programme projects virtual images of threat articles (e.g. guns, knives, improvised explosive devices) within the X-ray image of a real bag under examination or complete virtual images of bags containing threat articles, and provides immediate feedback to the X-ray machine operators of their ability to detect such images. Trace detection equipment. A technology system or combination of different technologies which has the ability to detect very small amounts of explosive materials, and so to indicate, by means of an alarm, any such materials contained in baggage or other articles subjected for analysis. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 14 of 217 Transfer passengers/baggage. Passengers/baggage making direct connections between two different flights. Unaccompanied baggage. Baggage that is transported as cargo and may or may not be carried on the same aircraft with the person to whom it belongs. Unclaimed baggage. Baggage that arrives at an airport and is not picked up or claimed by a passenger. Unidentified baggage. Baggage at an airport, with or without a baggage tag, which is not picked up by or identified with a passenger. Unpredictability. The implementation of security measures in order to increase their deterrent effect and their efficiency, by applying them at irregular frequencies, different locations and/or with varying means, in accordance with a defined framework. Unruly passengers. Persons who commit, on board a civil aircraft, from the moment when the aircraft door is closed prior to take-off to the moment when it is reopened after landing, an act of: a) assault, intimidation, menace or willful recklessness which endangers good order or the safety of property or persons; b) assault, intimidation, menace or interference with a crew member in the performance of duties or which lessens the ability to perform duties; c) willful recklessness or damage to an aircraft, its equipment, or attendant structures and equipment such as to endanger good order and the safety of the aircraft or its occupants; d) communication of information, which is known to be false, thereby endangering the safety of an aircraft in flight; and e) disobedience of lawful commands or instructions for safe, orderly or efficient operations. ********** Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 15 of 217  CHAPTER - 2 ABBREVIATIONS SL. ABBREVIATION EXPANSION No. 1. 2D TWO DIMENSIONAL 2. 3D THREE DIMENSIONAL 3. AAI AIRPORTS AUTHORITY OF INDIA 4. ABP ABLE-BODIED PASSENGER 5. AC AERODROME COMMITTEE 6. ACCR AERODROME COMMITTEE CONTROL ROOM 7. ACI AIRPORT COUNCIL INTERNATIONAL 8. ADP AIRSIDE DRIVING PERMIT 9. AEDS AUTOMATIC EXPLOSIVE DETECTION SYSTEM 10. AEP AERODROME ENTRY PASS/ PERMIT 11. AERA AIRPORTS ECONOMIC REGULATORY AUTHORITY 12. AERB ATOMIC ENERGY REGULATORY BOARD 13. AFC AIRPORT FACILITATION COMMITTEE ADVANCE IMAGE TECHNOLOGY / ARMED 14. AIT INTERVENTION TEAM 15. ALR ALARM 16. AMD ARCHWAY METAL DETECTOR 17. ANFO AMMONIUM NITRATE FUEL OIL 18. AOCC AIRPORT OPERATION CONTROL CENTRE 19. APSU AIRPORT SECURITY UNIT 20. ARC ARCHIVE IMAGE 21. ARFF AIRCRAFT RESCUE AND FIRE FIGHTING 22. ASC AIRPORT SECURITY COMMITTEE 23. ASCO AVIATION SECURITY COMPLIANCE OFFICER 24. ASG AVIATION SECURITY GROUP 25. ASP AIRPORT SECURITY PROGRAMME 26. ASTI AVIATION SECURITY TRAINING INSTITUTE 27. ASTP AVIATION SECURITY TRAINING PACKAGE 28. ATC AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL 29. ATS AIR TRAFFIC SERVICE Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 16 of 217  30. AVSEC AVIATION SECURITY 31. AW AERIAL WORK 32. AWB AIRWAY BILL 33. AWD ARCHWAY METAL DETECTOR 34. AWG AMERICAN WIRE GAUGE 35. AWO AIR WORTHINESS OFFICER 36. AWS ANALYST WORK STATION 37. B+W / BW BLACK AND WHITE 38. BBA BAGGAGE BREAKUP AREA 39. BCAS BUREAU OF CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY 40. BDDS BOMB DETECTION AND DISPOSAL SQUAD 41. BER BAGGAGE EVALUATION RESULT 42. BHS BAGGAGE HANDLING SYSTEM BIOMETRIC INTEGRATED PASSENGER PROFILING 43. BIPPS SYSTEM 44. BMA BAGGAGE MAKEUP AREA 45. BSA BAGGAGE SORTING AREA 46. BTAC BOMB THREAT ASSESSMENT COMMITTEE 47. BTCF BOMB THREAT COMMUNICATION FORM 48. BTCL BOMB THREAT CHECK LIST 49. BTCP BOMB THREAT CONTINGENCY PLAN 50. BTL BAGGAGE TALLY LIST 51. BTME BOMB THREAT MOCK EXERCISE 52. BTRC BOMB THREAT REVIEW COMMITTEE 53. BTRF BOMB THREAT REVIEW FORM 54. BWAF BOMB WARNING ASSESSMENT FORM 55. C-UAS COUNTER UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEM 56. CAA CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY 57. CAPPS COMPUTER AIDED PASSENGER PROFILING SYSTEM 58. CSO CHIEF SECURITY OFICER 59. CASO CHIEF AIRPORT SECURITY OFFICER 60. CAT COMPUTER AIDED TOMOGRAPHY 61. CBD CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL DEVICE CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOACTIVE & NUCLEAR 62. CBRN DEVICE 63. CBT COMPUTER-BASED TRAINING Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 17 of 217  64. CBW CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPON 65. CC CRYSTAL CLEAR 66. CC CENTRAL COMMITTEE 67. CCC COMMAND & CONTROL CENTRE 68. CCCR CENTRAL COMMITTEE CONTROL ROOM 69. CCS CABINET COMMITTEE ON SECURITY 70. CCTV CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION 71. CGO CARGO 72. CIDA CENTRAL IMAGE DATA ARCHIVE 73. CISF CENTRAL INDUSTRIAL SECURITY FORCE 74. CLIP CALLER LINE IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE 75. CLR CLEAR 76. CMG CRISIS MANAGEMENT GROUP 77. CMT CRISIS MANAGEMENT TEAM 78. COE CONTROLLER OF EXPLOSIVES COMMITTEE OF SECRETARIES ON AIRCRAFT 79. COSAH HIJACKING 80. CROT CAR REMOTE OPENING TOOL KIT 81. CRPF CENTRAL RESERVE POLICE FORCE 82. CTCP COUNTER TERRORIST CONTINGENCY PLAN COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY EXPLOSIVE DETECTION 83. CT-EDS SYSTEM 84. CTP COMBINED TEST PIECE 85. CTX COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY X-RAY 86. CUT COMMON USER TERMINAL 87. CVT CONSTANT VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION 88. CXS CONVENTIONAL -XRAY SYSTEM 89. DAE DEPARTMENT OF ATOMIC ENERGY 90. DAW DIRECTOR AIR WORTHINESS 91. DCAS DIRECTORATE OF CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY 92. DD DEPUTY DIRECTOR 93. DDG DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL 94. DFMD DOOR FRAME METAL DETECTOR 95. DG DANGEROUS GOODS DIRECTOR GENERAL BUREAU OF CIVIL AVIATION 96. DG, BCAS SECURITY Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 18 of 217  97. DGCA DIRECTOR GENERAL OF CIVIL AVIATION 98. DGR DANGEROUS GOODS REGULATION 99. DIP DIPLOMATIC 100. DISK/GANTRY ROTATING MOUNTED COMPONENTS 101. ECAC EUROPEAN CIVIL AVIATION CONFERENCE 102. EDAC EXPLSOIVE DETECTION ALGORITHM COMPUTER EXPLOSIVE DETECTION DEVICE/EXPOSIVE 103. EDD DETECTION DOG 104. EDDS EXPLOSIVE DEVICE DETECTION SYSTEM 105. EDS EXPLOSIVE DETECTION SYSTEM 106. EDTS EXPLOSIVE DETECTION TOMOGRAPHY SYSTEM 107. EDX EXPLOSIVR DETECTION X-RAY EXPLOSIVE DETECTION X-RAY SYSTEM WITH TWO 108. EDX2IS VIEWS 109. ENAC ITALIAN CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY 110. EOC EMERGENCY OPERATIONS CENTRE 111. EOD EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL 112. EPX ENHANCED PERFORMANCE X-RAY 113. ETD EXPLOSIVE TRACE DETECTION 114. ETDS EXPLOSIVE TRACE DETECTION SYSTEM 115. EVD EXPLOSIVE VAPOR DETECTOR 116. EVDS EXPLOSIVE VAPOUR DETECTION SYSTEM 117. FA FALSE ALARM 118. FAA FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION AVIATION 119. FAS FIRE ALARM SYSTEM 120. FAT FACTORY ACCEPTANCE TESTING 121. FBV FULL BAGGAGE VIEW 122. GA GENERAL AVIATION 123. HDA HIGH DENSITY ALERT 124. HBS HOLD BAGGAGE SYSTEM/SCREENING 125. HDB HIGH DENSITY BLINKING 126. HFE HUMAN FACTOR ENGINEERING 127. HHMD HAND-HELD METAL DETECTOR 128. HMC HEIMANN MANAGEMENT CONSOLE 129. HME HIGH MELTING EXPLOSIVE 130. HMI HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 19 of 217  131. HMS HEIMANN MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 132. HMTD HEXA METHYLENE TRIPEROXIDE DIAMINE 133. HMX HIGH MELTING EXPLOSIVES 134. HRCM HIGH RISK CARGO AND MAIL. 135. HUM HUMAN REMAINS 136. IAPP ISOLATED AIRCRAFT PARKING POSITION 137. IAS IMAGE ANALYSIS SYSTEM 138. IATA INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION 139. ICAO INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION 140. ICPO INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION 141. IED IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE 142. IEDS INTEGRATED EXPSOIVE DETECTION SYSTEM INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF AIRLINE PILOTS’ 143. IFALPA ASSOCIATIONS 144. IFSO IN-FLIGHT SECURITY OFFICER 145. IID IMPROVISED INCENDIARY DEVICE 146. ILHBSS IN-LINE HOLD BAGGAGE SCREENING SYSTEM 147. IM INORGANIC MATERIAL 148. IMS ION MOBILITY SPECTROMETRY 149. INTERPOL INTERNATIONAL POLICE ORGANIZATION. 150. INV INVERSE 151. IQTK IMAGE QUALITY TEST KIT 152. IR INFRA RED 153. ISIS INTELLIGENT SCREENERS IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR 154. ISO STANDARDIZATION 155. LAGS LIQUIDS, AEROSOLS AND GELS 156. LED LIGHT EMITTING DIODE 157. LEG LIQUIDS, EXPLOSIVE AND GELS 158. LFSM LIFESAVING MATERIAL 159. LPR LICENSE PLATE READER 160. LRF LASER RANGE FINDER 161. LRT LIMITED RELEASE TAG 162. LTPE LOW TEMPERATURE PLASTIC EXPLOSIVE 163. MANPADS MAN-PORTABLE AIR DEFENSE SYSTEMS 164. MCA/MoCA MINISTRY OF CIVIL AVIATION Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 20 of 217  165. MCP MAIN CONTROL PANEL 166. MDE METAL DETECTION EQUIPMENT 167. MECU MOBILE EXPLOSIVE CONTAINMENT UNIT 168. MECV MOBILE EXPLOSIVE CONTAINMENT VESSEL 169. MEX MARKING OF PLASTIC EXPLOSIVE 170. MHA MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS 171. MIS MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM 172. MOU MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING 173. MPPA MILLION PASSENGER PER ANNUM 174. MROV MINI REMOTELY OPERATED VEHICLE 175. MRPS MACHINE READABLE PASSPORTS 176. MRTD MACHINE READER TRAVEL DOCUMENT 177. MS MATRIX SERVER 178. MTBF MEAN TIME BETWEEN FAILURE 179. MTTR MEAN TIME TO REPAIR 180. MZDFMD MULTI ZONE DOOR FRAME METAL DETECTOR 181. NCASC NATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY COMMITTEE NATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY QUALITY 182. NCASQCP CONTROL PROGRAMME NATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY TRAINING 183. NCASTP PROGRAMME 184. NDA NON-DISCLOSURE AGREEMENT 185. NDRF NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE 186. NEDS NETWORK EXPLOSIVE DETECTION SYSTEM 187. NIA NATIONAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY 188. NQCP NATIONAL QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAMME 189. NSG NATIONAL SECURITY GUARD 190. NVIS NIGHT VISION IMAGING SYSTEMS 191. O2 ORGANIC ONLY 192. OEM ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER 193. OJT ON JOB TRAINING 194. OM ORGANIC MATERIAL 195. OOG OUT OF GAUGE 196. OS ORGANIC STRIPPING 197. OTC OPERATOR TEST CASE 198. OTP OPERATING TEST PIECE Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 21 of 217  199. OTS OPERATOR TESTING SYSTEM 200. PB IED PERSON BORNE IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE 201. PEC PHOTO ELECTRIC CELL 202. PED PORTABLE EXPLOSIVE DEVICE 203. PEK PLASTIC EXPLOSIVE KIRKEE 204. PER PERISHABLE 205. PESC PRE-EMBARKATION SECURITY CHECK 206. PETN PENTA ERYTHRITOL TETRA NITRATE 207. PFA PROBABILITY OF FALSE ALARM 208. PFNA PULSED FAST NEUTRON ANALYSES 209. PHG POWER HANG GLIDER. 210. PHS PHYSICAL INSPECTION AND /OR HAND SEARCH 211. PIC PARCEL IDENTIFICATION CODE 212. PIDS PERIMETER INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM 213. PIN PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION NUMBER 214. PLC PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER 215. POC POINT OF CONTACT 216. PPI PULSE POSITION INDICATOR 217. PRM PERSON WITH REDUCED MOBILITY 218. PSC PSEUDO COLOR 219. PSO PERSONAL SECURITY OFFICER 220. PTI POSITIVE TARGET IDENTIFICATION 221. PTSD POST TRAUMA STRESS DISORDER 222. QRT QUICK REACTION TEAM 223. RCB RESUME CURRENT BAG 224. RCP REMOTE CONTROL PANEL REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY SCHEME/ RISK CONTEXT 225. RCS STATEMENT. 226. RCS-AIRPORT REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY SCHEME AIRPORT 227. RD, BCAS REGIONAL DIRECTOR, BCAS 228. RDE RADIOLOGICAL DETECTION EQUIPMENT 229. REM ROENTGEN EQUIVALENT MAN 230. RFID RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION 231. RMC ROTATING MOUNTED COMPONENTS 232. ROI REGION OF INTEREST Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 22 of 217  233. RPAS REMOTELY PILOTED AIRCRAFT SYSTEM REQUIRED SURVEILLANCE PERFORMANCE/RENDER 234. RSP SAFE PROCEDURE 235. RTCA RADIO TECHNICAL COMMISSION FOR AERONAUTICS 236. RTVS REAL TIME VIEWING SYSTEM 237. SARP STANDARD & RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 238. SCADA SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION 239. SCP SCREENING CHECK POINT 240. SEMS SECURITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 241. SEN SUPER ENHANCEMENT 242. SIM SUBJECTED TO FLIGHT SIMULATION 243. SLCV SUSPECT LUGGAGE CONTAINMENT VESSEL 244. SLPC SECONDARY LADDER POINT CHECKS 245. SMS SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 246. SOCC SECURITY OPERATION CONTROL CENTRE 247. SOP STANDARDS OPERATING PROCEDURE 248. SPG SPECIAL PROTECTION GROUP 249. SRA SECURITY RESTRICTED AREA 250. SRCH SEARCH 251. STEB SECURITY TAMPER-EVIDENT BAG 252. STP STANDARDIZED TRAINING PACKAGE 253. SVGA SUPER VIDEO GRAPHIC ARREY 254. SWG STANDARD WIRE GAUGE 255. TATP TRI ACETONE TRI PEROXIDE 256. TCV THREAT CONTAINMENT VESSEL 257. TI THERMAL IMAGE 258. TIP THREAT IMAGE PROJECTION 259. TNA THERMAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION 260. TNT TRI NITRO TOLUENE 261. TSA TRANSPORT SECURITY ADMINISTRATION 262. UAS UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEM 263. UAV UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE 264. UDAN UDE DESH KA AAM NAGRIK 265. UN UNITED NATIONS 266. UPS UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 23 of 217  267. UPU UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION 268. USAP UNIVERSAL SECURITY AUDIT PROGRAMME 269. UVSM UNDER VEHICLE SEARCH MIRROR 270. UVSS UNDER VEHICLE SEARCH SYSTEM 271. VB IED VEHICLE BORNE IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE 272. VCS VARIABLE COLOR STRIPPING 273. VDU VISUAL DISPLAY UNIT 274. VDZ VARIABLE DENSITY ZOOM 275. VEH VARIABLE EDGE ENHANCEMENT 276. VG VARIABLE GAMMA 277. VIP VERY IMPORTANT PERSON 278. VMS VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM 279. VPB VIEW PREVIOUS BAG 280. VZM VARIABLE ZOOM MODE 281. WSO WATCH SUPERVISORY OFFICER 282. WTMD WALK-THROUGH METAL DETECTOR 283. X BIS X RAY BAGGAGE INSPECTION SYSTEM 284. XISST X-RAY INSPECTION SCREENERS SELECTION TEST ********* Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 24 of 217  CHAPTER - 3 WORLD OVERVIEW AND THREAT TO CIVIL AVIATION 3.1 WORLD OVERVIEW: 3.1.1 INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO) The ICAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations and is responsible to promote safe and orderly development of International Civil Aviation throughout the world. It sets standards and regulations necessary for Aviation safety, security, efficiency, and regularity as well as for Aviation environmental protection. The Chicago Convention of 1944 on International Civil Aviation was instrumental in the formation of International Civil Aviation Organization on 04th April 1947. The organization serves as a forum for cooperation in all fields of Civil Aviation among its member states. India became signatory to the Chicago Convention on 04th April 1947. ICAO has a headquarter, seven regional offices, and one regional sub- office: Headquarters – Montreal, Quebec, Canada There are seven Regional offices and India is part of Asia and Pacific (APAC) and its regional office is in Bangkok, Thailand. 3.1.1.2 ICAO Security Manual: The ICAO Security Manual for Safeguarding Civil Aviation against Acts of Unlawful Interference, (also known as Doc 8973) Restricted, is the principal guidance document developed by ICAO to assist States in the implementation of the SARPs contained in Annex 17. 3.1.2 EUROPEAN CIVIL AVIATION CONFERENCE (ECAC). ECAC founded in 1955 as an intergovernmental organization. ECAC's mission is the promotion of the continued development of a safe, efficient, and sustainable European air transport system. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 25 of 217  In so doing, it seeks to: a. Harmonise civil aviation policies and practices amongst its Member States, and b. Promote understanding on policy matters between its Member States and other regions of the world. 3.1.3 INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION (IATA). The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is a trade association of the world's airlines founded in 1945. IATA supports aviation with global standards for airline safety, security, efficiency, and sustainability. Role of IATA is mainly to – a. Cooperate with the International Civil Aviation Organization (and others) b. Represent an association of air carriers which is committed to the principle of competition and free trade. 3.1.4 AIRPORTS COUNCIL INTERNATIONAL (ACI): Airports Council International (ACI) is a global trade representative of the world's airport authorities. Established in 1991, ACI represents airports' interests with governments and international organizations, develops standards, policies and recommended practices for airports, and it provides information and training opportunities to raise the standards around the world. It aims to provide the public a safe, secure, efficient and an environmentally responsible air transport system. 3.2 Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA). Ministry of Civil Aviation exercises administrative control over attached and autonomous organizations like the Directorate General of Civil Aviation, Bureau of Civil Aviation Security, and Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Udan Academy and affiliated Public Sector Undertakings like National Aviation Company of India Limited, Airports Authority of India and Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 26 of 217  3.2.1 DIRECTOR GENERAL OF CIVIL AVIATION (DGCA) Directorate General of Civil Aviation is an attached office of the Ministry of Civil Aviation. The Directorate General of Civil Aviation is the regulatory body in the field of Civil Aviation primarily dealing with safety issues. It is responsible for regulation of air transport services to/from/within India and for enforcement of civil air regulations, air safety and airworthiness standards. It also co-ordinates all regulatory functions with International Civil Aviation Organisation. The headquarter is located in New Delhi with regional offices in the various parts of India. 3.2.2 BUREAU OF CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY (BCAS). The BCAS initially set up as Directorate of Civil Aviation Security (DCAS) on 18 Jan, 1978, as a cell under the DGCA. On the recommendation of the B. D. Pandey Committee, in the wake of the hijacking of Indian airlines aircraft Boeing 737 on the 10th Sept 1976. The BCAS was organised into an independent organisation on 01st April 1987 under the Ministry of Civil Aviation on the recommendation of Justice Kirpal Commission formed to investigate Kanishka tragedy (Air India Flight 182). BCAS is the regulatory authority for civil aviation security in India. It is headed by Director General – BCAS (DG- BCAS). DG-BCAS is the appropriate authority for implementation of Annexure-17 to Chicago convention of International Civil Aviation Organization 3. 3 Threat to Civil Aviation: 3.3.1 Conventional / Traditional threats to Civil Aviation a. Sabotage of Aircraft b. Sabotage of Airports c. Hijacking of aircraft on the ground or in flight; and d. Armed attacks on / off airport facilities. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 27 of 217  3.3.2 New/Emerging Threats a. Suicide attack on ground facilities b. Misuse of aircraft as a weapon of mass destruction c. Misuse of nuclear and other radioactive substances d. Threat from Chemical & biological weapons e. Air to air attack by aircraft or by missile f. Ground to air attack by missiles g. Cyber terrorism h. Attack through electronic systems to misguide the air traffic communications to the aircraft i. Attack by magnetic systems j. Off airport facility attack k. Unruly passengers l. Unauthorized transportation of dangerous goods m. Man-Portable Air Defence System (MANPADs) n. CBRN- chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear attack: o. Unmanned Aerial vehicle/Drone attack. 3.4 Security Measures at Airports/Physical Security Measures a. Anti-hijacking measures b. Anti-sabotage measures c. Anti-Terrorist measures d. Security of personnel Anti-Hijacking measures 100% screening of passengers and their hand baggage. Secondary ladder point Check. Security of catering Locking/Strengthening of cockpit. Deployment of IFSO on flights. Revised Anti-Hijacking Contingency Plan. Conduct periodical mock up exercise. Introduction of CISF as ASG. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 28 of 217  Anti-sabotage measures Screening of registered baggage. Identification/reconciliation of registered baggage. Supervision of registered baggage from check-in counter till loading into the aircraft by airline staff. Anti-sabotage check at originating station and guarding of aircraft until take off. Security of catering. Screening/escorting of other items such as cargo, postal mail up to aircraft. Guarding of Aircraft Perimeter of standard height. Access control to Airport Anti-Terrorist measures Guarding of aircraft and airport facilities. Apron/airport access control. Deployment of Quick reaction team (QRT). Perimeter wall of standard height. Perimeter lighting. Perimeter road for Patrolling. Watch towers/ Patrolling-Foot or mobile. Police station in close proximity of airport. Efficient communication system. Security of personnel Airport Entry Permit (AEP) issued after security vetting / Character & Antecedent verification. Co-operate with ASG while frisking of all AEP holders before entry to airside. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 29 of 217  Display your AEP at airport to detect misuse. Never leave your baggage unattended at Airport. Never lend your uniform to anyone. Never accept a packed gift from anyone. If you accept than open, check & confirm it. Never discuss the confidential matters relating to AVSEC Rules with unauthorized personnel. On the job supervision/surveillance. 3.5 Historical Review of the past incidents 1 First hijacking in the world The first recorded aircraft hijack took place on February 21, 1931 in Lima, (Peru). 2 1969 Year of maximum Hijackings First hijacking in India 30th Jan, 1971, Indian Airlines flight from Srinagar to Jammu taken to Lahore. 3 Outcome Rule 8 A of Aircraft Rule 1937 was being implemented. {superseded by Rule 32 of Aircraft (Security) Rules 2023} Second hijacking in India Indian Airlines Aircraft hijacked on 10th Sep, 1976, Mumbai to Delhi taken to Lahore. 4 Outcome Shri B.D. Pandey committee was formed in 1976 18th Jan, 1978 Formation of DCAS as a cell under DGCA on the recommendation of Shri B.D. Pandey Committee. Ramamitran Committee formed in 1979 which introduced Dummy Checks 2nd August, 1984 A Bomb Explosion at Chennai (Meenambakkam) airport. 5 Outcome Bomb Threat Contingency Plan was Implemented. 23rd Jun, 1985 Sabotage of Air India aircraft Kanishka Tragedy over Atlantic Ocean. Explosion at Narita airport (Japan) during transfer of baggage to Air India aircraft. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 30 of 217  Post Kanishka Tragedy Justice B.N Kirpal, Commission was setup. On 1st April 6 1987 BCAS was formed as a Regulatory Authority on Civil Aviation Security under MCA. Following security measures were introduced : Identification of baggage-Mandatory Reconciliation of baggage was introduced Re-identification of registered baggage on interline station by passenger. Checking of baggage manually even after X-ray screening Inspection of security arrangements of national air- carriers at foreign stations by BCAS officers 7 3rd May 1986 Sabotage of Air Lanka aircraft at Colombo airport. Explosives send through tea consignment in cargo. LTTE rebels bombed Air Lanka plane at Colombo airport, killing 16 people. 2nd April 1986 Bombing of TWA 840. 04 passengers died while 117 survived. The bomb contained one pound of plastic explosive. It is suspected it had been placed under the 8 seat cushion on a previous journey by a Lebanese woman Outcome Aircraft security check & security search were improved. 17th April 1986 Attempted sabotage of El Al Israeli Airlines flight 016 from London Heathrow to Tel Aviv. Anne Murphy who was used by her fiancé Nazer Hindawi of Abu Nidal Group. She was caught only on the basis of profiling. 9 Outcome Emphasis on Profiling. 29th Nov 1987 Korean Air Bombing resulted in death of 115 persons on board aircraft. A bomb was planted inside an overhead storage bin in the airplane’s passenger cabin by North 10 Korean agents. Outcome Transit Security checks were given high importance. 21st Dec 1988 Pan Am 103 incident resulted in death of 259 persons on board aircraft, as well as 11 persons on the ground at Lockerbie (Scotland). 11 Outcome Marking of Plastic Explosive for the purpose of detection. Golden principle adopted. No passenger no baggage and all bomb threat calls to be taken seriously. Procedure for carriage of mishandled baggage was introduced. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 31 of 217  12 24th Dec 1994 Air France aircraft seized at Algerian airport by four persons dressed as airline staff - three hostages killed. Aircraft flown to Marseilles (France) where four hijackers killed. 13 Nov 1996 ET 961 Ethiopian Airlines was hijacked by asylum seekers. Crashed in Comoros Island due to insufficient fuel. 24th Dec 1999 Hijack of Indian Airlines (IC-814) operating from Kathmandu (Nepal) to Delhi (India). Finally taken to Kandahar (Afghanistan) 14 Outcome 1. Introduction of CISF as ASG in Feb 2000 2. Secondary Ladder point checks (SLPC) introduced in January 2000 3. Introduction of Sky Marshals 4. Modernization / up gradation of electronic detection devices 5. Preventing a Hijacked aircraft to take off from Indian soil, once it lands. 6. Ban on visitor entry during high alert situations. 7. Review of contingency plans 24 July 2001 Colombo Airport (Bandaranaike Airport) attack by LTTE. 15 Outcome 1. Raising of Perimeter wall to the prescribed height 2. Access control system strengthened 3. Security of parked aircraft at night 4. Deployment of QRT 11th September 2001 Attack by Al Qaida using 04 Aircrafts as a weapon of Mass destruction in USA. Outcome 1. Strengthening of cockpit doors 16 2. Locking of cockpit doors 3. Implementation of strict pre-embarkation security Checks. 4. Deployment of sky marshals 5. Ban on steel / metallic cutlery with sharp edges. 22nd December 2001 Richard Reid (Shoe Bomber), a member of Al Qaeda, boarded American Airlines from Paris to Miami. Passenger was on Aerial suicide mission. 17 Outcome 1. Shoe Scanning through XBIS was introduced. 2. Carriage of Lighters & Matchbox in the aircraft is prohibited. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 32 of 217  18 28th November 2002 Arkia Airlines (Israel) shot at by shoulder launched surface-to-air missiles on departure from Mombasa, Kenya. August 2006 Heathrow Airport Attack: Attempt to blow up 11 aircraft 19 with the liquid explosive (TATP) Outcome Restrictions on carriage of more than 100ml of liquid in cabin baggage 30th June 2007 Glasgow Airport Attack. A dark green Jeep Cherokee loaded with propane canisters was driven into the glass doors of the Glasgow International 20 Airport terminal and set ablaze. A second bomb was later found in the car parking. Outcome Focus on Landside security. 25th December 2009 Northwest Airlines Flight 253 was attacked by a man using 21 a small explosive device hidden in his underwear, causing only a small fire inside the plane, which is extinguished by a flight attendant; the man was subdued by passengers and crew; there were 3 injuries. Outcome Introduction of Body Scanners 24th January 2011 Moscow Domodedovo International Airport bombing. A passenger Airport Attack exploded himself in the Moscow airport, International arrival hall, baggage claim area. 22 Outcome Random screening at the entry gate of the terminal building. Strengthening of security towards city side. Landside security was recommendation. 08th June 2014 Jinnah International Airport (Karachi) was attacked by 10 militants armed with automatic weapons, a rocket launcher, suicide vests and grenades carried out the attack. 36 people were killed, including all 10 attackers, and at least 18 were wounded. 23 Outcome Recommended Practices on landside security, security awareness training. Proper implementation of security measures aimed at preventing or minimizing the effect of ramming vehicle attacks should be incorporated, such as: physical barriers, for example bollards, crash-rated planters, speed breakers and chicane to be placed in curb side and other appropriate areas. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 33 of 217  17th July 2014 A Malaysian Airline flight MH 17 flying over Ukraine and Russia border was bought down by a Buck missile fired by the militant. Aircraft crashed near Gabrovo in the 24 Donetsk region. Total Passenger 280, crew 15, Total 295 Passengers. Outcome Annex 17 included provision on attacks against MANPADs 25 22nd March 2016 Three coordinated nail bombings occurred in Belgium two at Brussels Airport in Zaventem. Two suicide bombers, carrying explosives in large suitcases, attacked a departure hall. 12th June 2016 A man has set off a homemade explosive device at Shanghai international airport, injuring four people as well as himself at Pudong International Airport, Shanghai. The man then took out a knife and stabbed his own neck. 26 28th June 2016 The Atatürk Airport terrorist attack, consisting of shootings and suicide bombings. Gunmen armed with automatic weapons and explosive belts staged a simultaneous attack at the international terminal. Outcome Landside security became a standard. Case Studies/Prominent Incidents - 3rd May 1986: Air Lanka Bombing Flight UL 512 was supposed to fly from Colombo to Maldives, but the aircraft was blown at Colombo Airport. The explosive was infiltrated to Cargo Consignment Containing Tea. There were 128 Pax on Board but 17 were Killed & 41 Injured. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 34 of 217 17th April 1989, EIAI Airlines attempted act of sabotage: An Irish pregnant lady Ms Anne Murphy Marie on 17th April 1989 tried to board an Israeli aircraft with 1.48 Kg. of plastic explosive cleverly concealed at false bottom of her bag Detonator was placed in a commodore calculator with 58 gm of plastic explosive. 22nd December 2001: Shoe Bomber On December 22, 2001, passengers on American Airlines Flight 63 from Paris, France to Miami, Florida complained of a smoke smell in the cabin shortly after a meal service. One flight attendant, thinking she smelled a burnt match, walked the aisles of the plane, trying to assess the source. A passenger pointed to Richard Reid, who was sitting alone near a window and attempting to light a match. ********** Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 35 of 217  CHAPTER 4 X-Ray BIS (THEORY, SPECIFICATIONS, AND ITS USE) AVSEC Order / Circular Circular 11/2017 - Specification of X-ray BIS 4.1 Introduction X-ray Based Inspection Systems (X-BIS) play a pivotal role in modern aviation security, enabling the efficient and effective screening of hold baggage for prohibited items and threats. As an integral component of airport security infrastructure, X-BIS systems utilize advanced technology to provide detailed images of baggage contents, aiding screeners in identifying potential risks. This chapter focuses on equipping trainees with the necessary knowledge and skills to understand the theory, specifications, and practical use of X-BIS systems. By comprehensively covering these aspects, trainees will develop a solid foundation for utilizing X-BIS systems effectively and ensuring the safety and security of air travel. Precise utilization of Explosive Detection System (EDS) and Explosive Device Detection System (EDDS) is paramount for screeners. Throughout this chapter, trainees will explore the fundamental principles behind X-BIS technology, gain insights into the specifications and features of X-BIS systems, and learn how to interpret X-BIS images accurately. Additionally, trainees will discover best practices for operating X-BIS systems, including calibration, maintenance, and integration with other security screening processes. By mastering the content presented in this chapter, trainees will be well- equipped to navigate the complexities of X-BIS technology and contribute to the seamless operation of airport security systems. An X-Ray operator should be able to answer the following questions: 1. What is X-BIS and how does it work? 2. What are the main components of an X-BIS system? 3. What are the different types of X-BIS systems available in the market? 4. What are the specifications of the X-BIS system being used (e.g., tunnel size, conveyor speed, resolution)? 5. How is an X-BIS system calibrated and maintained? Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 36 of 217  6. What are the safety considerations when using an X-BIS system? 7. How does the X-BIS system integrate with other security screening processes? 8. What are the common challenges and limitations of X-BIS systems? 9. How can screeners effectively interpret X-BIS images to detect threats or anomalies? 10. What are the best practices for using X-BIS systems to ensure optimal performance and security? These questions cover the fundamental knowledge and skills required for screeners to understand and effectively use X-BIS systems in their work. 4.2 X-ray Theory X-ray technology is the cornerstone of X-ray Based Inspection Systems (X-BIS), providing the ability to see inside objects without physically opening them. Understanding the basic theory of X-rays is essential for screeners operating X- BIS systems. a) History of X-rays - X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen on 8th November 1895 while experimenting with cathode rays. - Roentgen noticed that a fluorescent screen in his lab began to glow when exposed to a mysterious, invisible form of radiation emitted by a cathode-ray tube. b) What are X-rays? -X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation of an extremely short wavelength that is able to penetrate various thickness of solids and to act on photographic film as light does. They can penetrate materials, including clothing and baggage, but are absorbed by denser materials. c) Properties of X-ray - They are invisible. - They move in straight lines, and at the speed of light. - They cannot be deflected by means of a lens or prism. - They pass through matter. The degree of penetration depends on the kind of matter, and the energy of the x-ray concerned. - They are ionizing radiation, they liberate electrons in matter. - They impair or destroy living cells. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 37 of 217  d) X-ray Generation - X-rays are generated when high-energy electrons strike a target material, such as tungsten, in an X-ray tube. - The interaction between the electrons and the target material causes the emission of X-rays. e) X-ray Penetration - X-rays travel in straight lines and can penetrate most materials to varying degrees. - The amount of penetration depends on the energy of the X-rays and the density of the material. f) X-ray Image Formation - When X-rays pass through an object, they are absorbed based on the material's density and thickness. - A detector on the opposite side of the object captures the remaining X- rays, creating an image based on the differences in X-ray intensity. g) X-ray Imaging Systems - X-ray imaging systems typically consist of an X-ray source (tube), a detector, and a conveyor system to move objects through the inspection area. - The detector converts X-rays into electrical signals, which are processed to create a visual representation of the object's interior. h) Standard Unit of Measurement - The standard unit for measuring the quantity of ionizing radiation is Roentgen denoted by – “R”. i) X-ray Safety - X-ray operators must follow safety protocols to minimize exposure to X-rays, including using shielding, maintaining safe distances from the X-ray source, and limiting exposure time. Understanding these basic principles of X-ray technology is crucial for screeners to interpret X-ray images accurately and identify potential threats or prohibited items during baggage screening. 4.3 SPECIFICATIONS FOR X-RAY BAGGAGE INSPECTION SYSTEM. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 38 of 217 Specifications Parameters Generator Type Dual View Dual View Single wire resolution Should be able to display un-insulated tinned copper wire of 40 SWG Penetration 30 mm steel or more Speed of belt Should be between 0.18 to 0.30 meter/sec Throughput rate minimum 400 bags/hr for Registered and Cabin X-ray BIS machine minimum 200 bags/hr for Cargo X-ray CIS machine Radiation Level Radiation level should not exceed, 0.1 mR/ hr at a distance of 5 cm from external housing Operating Temperature 0° C to 40° C Storage Temperature 20° C to 50° C Image resolution Minimum 1280 X 1024 pixels (Full HD) Zoom facility 16X or more VPB (View Previous Bag) 15 to 20 bags Archive Image 14 days TIP installed Mandatory Software Features All software features of machine should be activated, and password protected. Colour Mandatory Voltage Operating 230V AC, shall be able to withstand fluctuating range between 170 V to 260 V Frequency Fluctuations +/- 05% Food and Film Safe Food & Photographic Film safe. In other words, photographic films must not be damaged due to X-ray examination Lead Screens Lead impregnated safety screens should be available at either ends of the tunnel. Alarm If the machine fails to penetrate a particular item, then an alarm (visual and audio both) should be generated to notify the operator. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 39 of 217 Image Storage All models should have online recording facility. The recording should be retained for minimum 14 days. Certification The company manufacturing the equipment should have ISO certification. Safety The machine must comply with requirements of health and safety regulations with regard to mechanical, electrical and radiation hazards. Before installation of the machine, the supplier / manufacturers should furnish NOC from Atomic Energy Regulatory Board of India regarding radiation safety after every five years. 4.4 Detection Requirement a. X – ray-screening equipment is required for use in detecting both metallic and non-metallic objects. These items may be concealed in any form of luggage carried or placed on board an aircraft. The list of items to be identified includes: b. Firearms both metallic and non-metallic c. Firearms components d. Ammunition of all calibre e. Grenades and other fragmentation/ blast weapons f. Knives, batons, swords etc. g. Explosives, military and commercial h. Detonators and timing devices i. Electrical and electronic items j. Power sources 4.5 X-ray Baggage Inspection System 4.5.1. Differences between Single & Multi Energy System A. Single Energy X-ray System a) One Level of X-ray is used b) Monochrome Images (Black and White) c) Cannot distinguish materials according to atomic numbers d) Scans objects slice by slice B. Multi Energy X-ray System a) Two Levels of X-ray Energy used b) Distinguishes between materials according to Atomic Numbers Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 40 of 217  c) Displays Colour Images d) High level of penetration e) Materials are divided into groups – Organic Mixed / Inorganic 4.5.3 The technology used X-ray BIS / latest technologies worldwide are as under a) Single Energy b) Multi Energy c) Backscatter d) Computer Tomography e) Thermal Neutron Activation f) Pulsed Fast Neutron Analysis (PFNA) g) Nuclear Quadruple Response 4.6 X-ray BIS Inbuilt Protection The inbuilt safety measures in X-ray BIS are: - a. Low X - ray Dose “Radiation emitted from the cabinet x-ray system shall not exceed an exposure of 0.5mR/hr. at any point five cm outside the external surface. This specification limits exposure to a user in normal operation. b. Lead Curtains – Lead curtains at both entry and exit prevent scattered x rays that may occur from escaping whenever the inspected and items enter or leave the unit. c. Lead Shielding – Lead shielding in the unit prevents the emission of scattered x-rays independent of the covering panels. This ensures safe operation even with external panels removed. d. Interlocks – If an attempt is made to generate x-ray with a critical panel missing an interlock will sense this and prevent x-ray from being generated. 4.7 Film Safe X – Ray radiation does not affect all objects in a typical piece of luggage or attaché case, except for the film in photographic cameras. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 41 of 217 Films indeed will respond to x-rays but lesser than that of normal light owing to the much shorter wavelength. As the wavelength of X-ray is shorter, they are much less easily absorbed by the film components. Photographic films can fog to some minute degree Electronics and magnetic based items, such as floppy discs, are unaffected. While it was true that unprocessed photographic film is somewhat sensitive to X – ray damage from modern systems are quite rare. 4.7.1 Modern X-Ray machines are Film Safe due to the following reasons: a. Constant speed of conveyor belt b. Low X-ray dosage c. Fan Beam Geometry 4.8 Pre-Operative Check X Ray BIS Before operating the X-ray equipment: a. All service panels should be closed and locked. b. The lead curtains must all be hanging down, and in good condition. c. All emergency OFF switches must be in the released (out) position. d. There should be no objects in the inspection tunnel. e. Check that nothing is obstructing the conveyor belt. f. Small items with loose belts or loose packaging and items which cannot be placed firmly on the conveyors must be placed into appropriate plastic containers to avoid damages. g. Make sure there is a table available for physically searching baggage. h. Make sure that the conveyor belt and monitor screen are not dirty. i. Check the exterior of the x ray machine for loose wires disconnections. j. While the X-ray unit is activated ensure that nobody sits or stands on the conveyors or touches moving parts. k. One must not inspect human being and living animals. 4.9 Switching on the X-ray machine: a. Check that machine is plugged in. b. Insert key into control panel and switch machine on. c. Adjust brightness and contract controls. d. Test the forward, stop and reverse movement of the conveyor belt. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 42 of 217  e. Test the X ray monitor image definition by using the manufactures test piece (CTP) 4.10 (a) Components of X-ray Baggage Inspection System 4.10 (b) Standard XBIS Keyboard Switches and Its Functions Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 43 of 217  14 16 4 13 12 6 S 11 2 3 15 4 1 Image Display Keys Board i. B1 – Negative image or Inverse (INV / NEG) When this key is pressed the image is displayed in reverse i.e. black becomes white and vice versa. ii. B2 – Image display mode Organic Stripping (OS+) or Inorganic Material Key (IM): When this key is pressed all colours are removed expect for blue. This will highlight any inorganic materials. iii. B3 – Organic only plus (o2+) or Organic material Key (OM) When this key is pressed, all colours are removed except for orange. This will highlight any organic materials. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 44 of 217  iv. B4 – Black / White X – ray image (BW) or Black and White Key (B + W) When this key is pressed, all colour information from the image is removed and black and white image is displayed. v. B6 – Display mode super-enhancement (SEN) or Crystal Clear Key (CC) When this key is pressed, it brings out the details in both light and dark areas simultaneously. vi. B6 – Image display mode with higher penetration (HIGH) or High Density Key When this key is pressed, the presentation of high density objects is enhanced. vii. Variation Key: It varies the currently active image display mode viii. P1: Acknowledging message /entries Returning to parent menu Activating a function Accepting a proposed action ix. P2: Cancelling entries and Returning to parent menu x. P3: Marking the suspect bag. xi. Control Keys: Used for controlling the conveyor/ reviewing/ stop the conveyor. xii. Navigator: Used for selection of zoom function and for selection of functions in screen menus and windows xiii. Emergency Stop Button: To quickly switch off conveyor, X-ray Generators and Monitors xiv. Power on Indicator: Shows that x-ray unit is switched on xv. Wait Indicator: Shows that x-ray unit is not ready for operation Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 45 of 217  xvi. Radiation Indicator: Warns of the emission of x-rays 4.10 (c) ECIL – Rapiscan Keyboard. Standard XBIS Keyboard Switches and Its Functions ECIL I. Forward Key (FWD): When this key is pressed the conveyor belt will start. Any object on the belt will proceed to the inspection tunnel for scanning. II. Stop Key (STOP): When this key is pressed, the conveyor belt will halt. (Note: If this key is pressed during scanning of an object, the belt will stop then reverse a few centimetres. This is to ensure that when “Forward” is selected again, no part of the object is missing from the image.) III. Reverse Key (REV): When this key is pressed, the conveyor belt will travel in the reverse direction. IV. Zoom selection Keys (1 to9): The image on the screen is divided into nine segments, each corresponding to a position on the keypad. E.g. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 46 of 217  When key 1 is pressed the top left corner of the image is selected; this area is then expanded to full screen size. If the key held down then times four zoom mode is entered. The zoomed area is then divided into a further nine segments, any of which can be selected and zoomed up. V. Zoom Key (Zoom): This key pressed when it is required to return to a normal full size image. VI. Inorganic Material Key (IM): When this key is pressed all colours are removed expect for blue. This will highlight any inorganic materials. VII. Black and White Key (B + W): When this key is pressed, all colour information from the image is removed and black and white image is displayed. VIII. Inverse Key (INV): When this key is pressed the image is displayed in reverse i.e. black becomes white and vice versa. IX. Organic material Key (OM): When this key is pressed, all colours are removed except for orange. This will highlight any organic materials. X. Crystal Clear Key (CC): When this key is pressed, it brings out the details in both light and dark areas simultaneously. XI. High Density Key: When this key is pressed, the presentation of high density objects is enhanced. XII. Low density Key (LOW): When this key is pressed, the presentation of less dense objects in enhanced. XIII. EPX key (EPX): When this pressed, square box will appear on the screen using the tracker ball, move the box next to the object under suspension and clip the left button. The computer will analyse the image and the potential threat item will displayed in red, with a lightened square around it. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 47 of 217 XIV. Menu Key (MENU): This key gives a more through description of the functions available in the Image Processing Section of the keyboard. XV. Search Key (SRCH): If this key is pressed, when the bag exits the tunnel, the Search lamp will illuminate, and a buzzer will sound. This indicates to security personal that the bag at the exit of the tunnel needs to be searched. XVI. Mode key (MODE): This key enables access to some of the lesser-used image processing functions detailed below. 4.11 X-Ray Imaging / Interpretation When an item is X-rayed, some of the X-rays pass straight through and some are absorbed and do not come out the other side. It is the density (Atomic Weight) and thickness of materials that determine how easily X-rays pass through them. The lower the density of any material, the more transparent the material is to X- rays and the lighter the image will be on security X-ray equipment. The denser an item is, the darker the image will be. If no X-rays can penetrate an item, because of it extreme density or thickness, it will produce a totally black image (X-ray Opaque) The term “X-ray Signature” refers to the patterns an item produces on the X-ray machine monitor. An item’s X-ray signature differs in several important respects from an ordinary photographic (optical) image. The main difference is that the X-ray image is formed as a function of the x-rays’ absorption when passing through material, whereas a photographic image is formed by light reflecting from an object’s surface. So, a photographic image gives information about an object’s exterior, whereas X-ray supplies information about the composition, density and thickness of an object’s internal structure. That’s why many objects look so different under X- ray to how they look in reality. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 48 of 217 The x-ray screener is faced with identifying these silhouettes, artificially coloured to represent any of three main categories of materials: Atomic Colour Group Description Number Identification Mainly ORGANIC material containing elements like Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Many Group 01 – 10 ORANGE explosives (e.g. C3 15 (NO3)3 nitro- 1 glycerine, plastics such as acrylic material, paper, textile, food, wood, water. Mainly INORGANIC material like light / medium heavy metals like Aluminium, sodium, chlorine, Group cooking salt. 11 – 18 GREEN 2 NOTE: There is an overlapping of ORGANIC & INORGANIC substances This group is composed of Heavier Metal / INORGANIC substances Group like Steel, Tin, Titanium, Chromium, 19 – 75 BLUE Iron, Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Gold, 3 Silver etc. This group is of substances that Group cannot be penetrated by X-ray / >75 OPAQUE/BLACK 4 absorbed by the item like Lead, Platinum, Bismuth, and Uranium. Note: Low density organic materials, such as paper, wood, clothing, food stuffs and plastics will show up as various shades of orange. Explosives are organic materials, so will appear as an orange shadow - the darkness of the shadow will depend on the thickness of the explosive material. Explosives may not ALWAYS appear orange if they are masked by inorganic materials - then the colour shown will be a composite of the two materials. Denser, inorganic materials such as metals, glass, and chinaware will show as green or blue. Items with a mixture of both organic and inorganic materials will show up as green. Very high density materials, such as lead, will show up as black. Material Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 49 of 217  containing lead (e.g. lead crystal) will also appear black and will mask other material. The X-ray operator should take into account the shading of the various colours as, obviously, layers of a less dense material will show up as similar to a dense material - for example a box of photocopying paper will appear a very dark orange, in fact almost black. 4.11.1 Colours of items on X-Ray Monitor Colour Colour Colour Colour Commodity Display Commodity Display Commodity Display Commodity Display Power Wood Orange Salt Green Gold Opaque Source Blue Book Orange Glass Green Copper Blue Lead Opaque Explosive Orange Aluminum Green Tin Blue Paper Orange Silver Blue Detonator Clothes Orange Switch Gun Blue plastic Orange Plastic Orange Iron Blue Aluminum Green Sugar Orange Depend on metal Knife Blue Copper Blue Leather Orange used Zinc Blue Liquid Orange 4.12 Categorization of Contents I. SAFE Baggage / cargo under this category will be tagged as Security Checked and forwarded II. SUSPECT Baggage / cargo under this category will be segregated and subjected to Physical Checks through the searcher III.UNSAFE (THREAT) Baggage / cargo under this category will be held back in the tunnel and reported to higher authorities (Supervisor) and Police. Take other action in accordance with local standard operating procedures. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 50 of 217 4.14 BCAS Regulations: Minimum 20% of X-ray screened baggage should, at random, be marked for physical examination in normal conditions. In alert situation or vulnerable flights minimum 25% to 30% of X-ray screened baggage should, at random be marked for physical examination. 4.15 Screening Officer Requirements at Various Screening Check Points (SCP): Registered baggage PESC Cargo Screening AvSec Order: AvSec Order 05/2022 AvSec Circular 23/2005 05/2009 Total Manpower - 04 Total Manpower - 06 Total Manpower - 03 Load Officer - 01 Load Officer - 01 Screening Officer - 01 Screening Officer - 01 Screening Officer - 01 Physical Check/ETD check Physical Check/ETD Physical Check/ETD officer - 02 check officer - 02 check officer - 02 Frisking Officer - 02 At airports which have limited traffic, 1 officer may suffice for manual hand search / explosive detection test. Load Officer may also not be required and his duty may be performed by X-Ray Officer or the Manual Hand-Search/Explosive Detection Test Officer, as the case may be. The above officers shall be trained and certified screeners and shall be rotated after 20 minutes. a. Duties of Load Officer: I. The load officer must be positioned at the ‘input’ end of the X-Ray machine to enable him to observe and assist with the flow of persons proceeding through the screening process. II. The Officer will remain alert for any person who gives cause for concern. III. The Officer will take bags, packages and other articles from each person as they arrive for screening. IV. He will ensure that i. Bag is placed correctly into the tunnel of X-BIS. ii. Lift heavy baggage onto the idle rollers. Screeners Handout (ILHBSS)/BCAS/2024 Page 51 of 217