IE438 Lecture 1 PDF

12/13/22 Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now IE438. Industrial Safety and Health Lecture # 1 1 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now INTRODUCTION: Why? • Why study Safety and Health? Education is the foundation of Prevention…. … Donʼt let this be you! Occupational Safety a...

12/13/22 Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now IE438. Industrial Safety and Health Lecture # 1 1 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now INTRODUCTION: Why? • Why study Safety and Health? Education is the foundation of Prevention…. … Donʼt let this be you! Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 2 1 12/13/22 Safety is... • ...the minimization of risks while maximizing the quality of life • ...a Best Management Practice 3 Safety Requires... ...condition or changing set of circumstances that presents a potential for injury, illness, or property damage. The potential or inherent characteristics of an activity, condition, or circumstance which can produce adverse and harmful consequence. 4 2 12/13/22 Safety is All About... • Identifying problems • Developing solutions • Implementing interventions 5 Identifying Problems • Agent of injury (“item”) • Environment (physical and social) • Human (operator/worker) 6 3 12/13/22 Agent of Injury... What factors for the “agent of injury” will impact safety? 7 Agent of Injury... • What factors for the agent of injury will impact safety? Ø Examples: age, maintenance, safety features, risk for breaking down, ergonomics, shielding, guarding Ø Animals: temperament, familiarity with people, having just given birth 8 4 12/13/22 Human... What factors does the human bring to the workplace that will influence safety? 9 Human... • What factors does the human bring to the workplace that will influence safety? Ø Examples: age, attitude, training, experience, impairments, risk perception, size, skills 10 5 12/13/22 Environment... What factors does the environment bring to the workplace that will influence safety? 11 Environment... • What factors does the environment bring to the workplace that will influence safety? Ø Physical examples: weather, heat, cold, wet, windy, climate controlled, noise, site hazards Ø Social examples: peer, attitudes and support, “it’s just the cost of doing business” mentality 12 6 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now THE SAFETY AND HEALTH MOVEMENT • The safety movement in the United States has developed steadily since the early 1900s. – In 1907, more than 3,200 people were killed in mining accidents. • Legislation, precedent, and public opinion all favored management. – There were few protections for workersʼ safety. • Working conditions for industrial employees today have improved significantly. – Chance of worker death in an industrial accident is less than half of what it was 60 years ago. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 13 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now DEVELOPMENTS BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • Understanding the past can help safety & health professionals examine the present and future with a sense of perspective and continuity. • Modern developments in health & safety are part of the long continuum of developments. – Beginning in the days of the ancient Babylonians. • Circa 2000 BC, their ruler developed his Code of Hammurabi, which encompassed all the laws of the land at that time. – Showed Hammurabi to be a just ruler, and set a precedent followed by other Mesopotamian kings. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 14 7 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now DEVELOPMENTS BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • To ensure maintenance of a workforce to build a huge temple bearing his name, Rameses II created an industrial medical service to care for the workers. – They were required to bathe daily in the Nile and given regular medical examinations, & sick workers isolated. • The Romans were vitally concerned with safety & health, as seen from their construction projects. – Aqueducts, sewerage systems, public baths, latrines, and well-ventilated houses. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 15 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now DEVELOPMENTS BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • The changes of the Industrial Revolution necessitated a greater focusing of attention on the safety and health of workers. – Steam power increased markedly the potential for life-threatening injuries, as did machines. – The new methods used for converting raw materials also introduced new risks of injuries and diseases. – Specialization, by increasing the likelihood of boredom and inattentiveness, also made the workplace a more dangerous environment. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 16 8 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now MILESTONES IN THE SAFETY MOVEMENT • The safety movement traces its roots to England. • After an outbreak of fever among children working in their cotton mills, people of Manchester, England, demanded better factory working conditions. – In 1802 the Health & Morals of Apprentices Act passed. • Marked the beginning of governmental involvement in workplace safety. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 17 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now MILESTONES IN THE SAFETY MOVEMENT • When the industrial sector began to grow in the US, hazardous working conditions were commonplace. – In 1868, the first barrier safeguard was patented. – In 1869, the Pennsylvania legislature passed a mine safety law requiring two exits from all mines. – In 1877, the Massachusetts legislature passed a law requiring safeguards for hazardous machinery. – 1877 also saw passage of the Employerʼs Liability Law, establishing potential for employer liability in workplace accidents. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 18 9 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now MILESTONES IN THE SAFETY MOVEMENT • Around 1900, Frederick Taylor began studying efficiency in manufacturing, and drew a connection between lost personnel time & management policies and procedures. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 19 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now MILESTONES IN THE SAFETY MOVEMENT • Workersʼ compensation actually had its beginnings in Germany, and soon spread through Europe. • Workersʼ compensation made great strides in the US when Wisconsin passed the first effective workersʼ compensation law in 1911. – Today, all 50 states have some form of workersʼ compensation. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 20 10 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now TRAGEDIES THAT HAVE CHANGED THE SAFETY MOVEMENT • Hawkʼs Nest Tragedy (aka Gauley Bridge Disaster ) - solidified public opinion in favor of protecting workers from the debilitating disease silicosis. (1920s) • A company contracted to drill a passage through a mountain in the Hawkʼs Nest region of West Virginia. – Workers spent as many as 10 hours per day breathing dust created by drilling and blasting. • This mountain had an unusually high silica content. • Silicosis normally takes 10 to 30 years to show up. – Hawkʼs Nest workers began dying in as little as a year. • B y th e timforeTecthhnoelogp i stsr , Eongjienecerst,awndaMasnagceros mpleted©, 2h01u1,n200d8r , 2e00d5,2s002h,1a99d9 PdeariseondEd.ucation,Inc. Occupatio nal Saf ety a nd Hea lth By David L. Goetsch Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 21 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now TRAGEDIES THAT HAVE CHANGED THE SAFETY MOVEMENT • Asbestos Menace - in 1964, Dr. Irving J. Selikoff told a conference on biological effects of asbestos that the widely used material was killing workers. – Asbestos was once considered a “miracle” fiber. • At the time of Selikoffʼs findings, asbestos was one of the most widely used materials in the US. – Found in homes, schools, offices, factories, ships, and even in the filters of cigarettes. • This conference changed how Americans viewed not just asbestos, but workplace hazards in general. – Selikoff was the first to link asbestos to lung cancer and respiratory diseases. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 22 11 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now TRAGEDIES THAT HAVE CHANGED THE SAFETY MOVEMENT • Bhopal Tragedy - On Dec. 3, 1984, over 40 tons of methyl isocyanate (MIC) & other gases, including hydrogen cyanide, leaked into north Bhopal, India. – Killing more than 3,000 people in its aftermath. • It was discovered the protective equipment that could have halted impending disaster was not in full working order. • In February 1989, Indiaʼs Supreme Court ordered Union Carbide India Ltd., to pay $470 million in compensatory damages. – Funds were paid to the Indian government to be used to compensate the victims. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 23 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now TRAGEDIES THAT HAVE CHANGED THE SAFETY MOVEMENT • Bhopal Tragedy Factors leading to the magnitude o fthe gas leak include: •Storing MIC in large tanks and f illing beyond recommended levels •Poor maintenance after the plant ceased MIC production at the end of 1984 •Failure of several safety systems ( due to poor maintenance) •Safety systems being switched off to save money—including the MIC tank refrigeration system which could have mitigated the disaster severity Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 24 12 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now ROLE OF SPECIFIC HEALTH PROBLEMS • Lung disease in coal miners was a major problem in the 1800s, particularly in Great Britain, where much of the Western worldʼs coal was mined. • An West Virginia coal mine explosion that killed 78 miners focused attention on mining health & safety. – Congress passes Coal Mine Health & Safety Act, 1969. • Mercury poisoning was first noticed in a Japanese fishing village in the early 1930s. – A chemical plant near the village Minamata periodically dumped methyl mercury into the bay. Citizens ingested hazardous dosages of mercury every time they ate fish from the bay. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 25 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now ROLE OF SPECIFIC HEALTH PROBLEMS • Mercury poisoning became an issue in the US after a 1940s study on New Yorkʼs hat-making industry. (Phrase: Mad as a hatter?) • By the time it was determined that asbestos is a hazardous material, the fibers of which can cause asbestosis or lung cancer (mesothelioma), thousands of buildings contained the substance. • The fibers are so hazardous that removing asbestos from old buildings has become a highly specialized task requiring special equipment & training. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 26 13 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now DEVELOPMENT OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAMS • Individual components of broader safety programs have evolved since the late 1800s. – Early employers had little concern for worker safety. …and little incentive to be concerned. – Between World War I & World War II, industry discovered the connection between quality & safety. – World War II labor shortages created a greater openness toward giving safety the serious consideration it deserved. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 27 Now, What is the Case for Saudi Arabia? 1st Bounce Opportunity! 28 14 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now SAFETY AND HEALTH MOVEMENT TODAY • Today, there is widespread understanding of the importance of providing a safe & healthy workplace. – After World War II, practitioners of occupational health & safety began to see the need for cooperative efforts. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 29 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now DEVELOPMENT OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAMS • Early safety programs were based on the three Eʼsof safety: – Engineering. – Education. – Enforcement. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 30 15 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now DEVELOPMENT OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAMS • Engineering aspects of a safety program involve design improvements to both product & process. • Manufacturing processes can be engineered to decrease potential hazards associated with them. • Education ensures that employees know how to work safely, why it is important to do so, and that safety is expected by management. • Enforcement involves making sure employees abide by safety policies, rules, regulations, practices, and procedures. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 31 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now DEVELOPMENT OF SAFETY ORGANIZATIONS • The Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) is the governmentʼs administrative arm for the Occupational Safety & Health Act of 1970. • OSHA sets/revokes safety & health standards, conducts inspections, investigates problems… – – – – Issues citations & assesses penalties. Petitions courts to take action against unsafe employers. Provides safety training & injury prevention consultation. Maintains a database of health and safety statistics. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 32 16 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now DEVELOPMENT OF SAFETY ORGANIZATIONS • The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the Department of Health and Human Services. – NIOSH is required to publish annually a comprehensive list of all known toxic substances. – NIOSH will also provide on-site tests of potentially toxic substances so that companies know what they are handling and what precautions to take. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 33 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now INTEGRATED APPROACH TO SAFETY AND HEALTH • OSHA reinforces the integrated approach by requiring companies to have a plan for: – Providing appropriate medical treatment for injured or ill workers. – Regularly examining workers who are exposed to toxic substances. – Having a qualified first-aid person available during all working hours. • Larger companies often maintain a staff of safety & health professionals. – Smaller companies may contract out fulfillment of these requirements. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 34 17 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now INTEGRATED APPROACH TO SAFETY AND HEALTH • Health & safety staff in a modern industrial company may include the following positions: – Industrial hygiene chemist and/or engineer companies that use toxic substances may employ industrial hygiene chemists to test work environment & people working in it. – Radiation control specialist - monitor radiation levels to which workers may be exposed, test for levels of exposure, respond to radiation accidents, develop company-wide plans for handling radiation accidents. – Industrial safety engineer or manager - safety & health generalists with specialized education and training. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 35 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now END Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 36 18 12/13/22 Accidents and Their Effects IE438. Industrial Safety and Health Lecture # 1.1 37 Accidents… Can We Prevent Them? 38 19 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now ACCIDENTS AND THEIR EFFECTS • Accidents are the 4th leading cause of death in the USA after heart disease, cancer, and strokes. • There is a long history of debate on the effect of accidents on industry (workers and companies). – Historically, the prevailing view was that accident prevention programs were too costly. – The contemporary view is that accidents are too costly and accident prevention makes sense economically. • Accident prevention, which had been advocated on a moral basis, is now justified in economic terms. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 39 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now COSTS OF ACCIDENTS • Overall cost of accidents in the US is about $150 billion. Figure 2-1 Accident costs by accident type (in billions, in a typical year). Figure 2-2 Accident costs by categories (in billions, in a typical year). Accidents on and off the job cost US industry dearly. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 40 20 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now ACCIDENTAL VS OTHER CAUSES OF DEATH • There are more yearly deaths of heart disease, cancer & strokes than from accidents. – But concentrated among people at or near retirement age. Note that for persons from 25 to 44 years of age, the leading cause is accidents. Accidents are a serious detriment to productivity, quality & competitiveness in todayʼs workplace. Figure 2-3 Causes of accidents (ages 25 to 44 years, typical year). Accidents are one cause of death & injury that companies can most easily control. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 41 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now TIME LOST BECAUSE OF WORK INJURIES • An important effect of accidents on industry is the amount of lost time due to work injuries. – About 35 million hours are lost in a typical year. • Additional time is lost for medical checkups after the injured employee returns to work. – Accidents in previous years often continue to cause lost time in the current year. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 42 21 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now WORK INJURIES BY TYPE OF ACCIDENT • Work injuries can be classified by the type of accident from which they resulted: – Overexertion – Impact accidents – – – – Falls Compression Exposure to radiation/caustics Bodily reaction (to chemicals) – Rubbing or abrasions – Exposure to extreme temperatures – Motor vehicle accidents Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 43 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now WORK INJURIES BY TYPE OF ACCIDENT • Overexertion, the result of working beyond physical limits, is the leading cause, at 31% of work injuries. • Impact Accidents are the 2nd most common • The next most prominent cause of work injuries is falls. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 44 22 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now DEATHS IN WORK ACCIDENTS • Deaths on the job have decreased markedly. – But still occur, with causes that vary. Figure 2-4 Work deaths by cause for a typical year. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 45 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now DEATH RATES BY INDUSTRY • Variety of agencies & organizations collect & rank data on death rates within industrial categories. • Highest to lowest: – – – – – – – – Mining/quarrying - including oil & gas drilling/extraction. Agriculture - including farming, forestry, and fishing. Construction Transportation/public utilities. Federal, state, and local government Manufacturing. Services - including finance, insurance & real estate. Trade - both wholesale and retail. • Death rates are computed based of the number of deaths per 100,000 workers in a given year. – Rankings sometimes change slightly from year to year. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 46 23 12/13/22 47 SAFETY PRACTICE IN KSA 47 48 Table 1: Number and percentage of work injuries distributed by economic activities in Saudi Arabia 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 48 24 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now PARTS OF THE BODY INJURED ON THE JOB • To develop/maintain an effective safety & health program, it is also necessary to know the parts of the body most frequently injured. – Injuries to the back occurred most frequently. – Followed by thumb & finger injuries and leg injuries. • Frequent injury rankings show that a fundamental component of a safety & health program should be instruction on how to lift without hurting the back. • NOISH Lifting.. Later this semester Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 49 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now CHEMICAL BURN INJURIES • The greatest incidence of chemical burns, about one-third, occurs in manufacturing, with the rest in services, trade, and construction. – – – – – Acids & alkalis; soaps, detergents, cleaning compounds. Solvents and degreasers. Calcium hydroxide (used in cement & plaster). Potassium hydroxide (drain cleaners, etc.). Sulfuric acid (battery acid). • Many occur, in spite of personal protective equipment, safety instruction, and available treatment facilities. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 50 25 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now CHEMICAL BURN INJURIES • Strategies recommended for safety & health professionals, for preventing chemical burn injuries: – Familiarize yourself, workers & supervisors with the chemicals to be used and their inherent dangers. – Secure the proper personal protection equipment. – Provide instruction on proper use of equipment. • Supervisors confirm equipment is used properly every time. – Replace personal protection equipment when it begins to show wear. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 51 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now HEAT BURN INJURIES • Almost 40% of heat burn injuries occur in manufacturing every year. – Most frequent causes are flame (also smoke inhalation), molten metal, petroleum asphalts, steam & water. • Employees should be familiar with hazards, know the appropriate safety precautions, and have & use the proper personal protection equipment. • Safety professionals should monitor to ensure that safety rules are being followed, personal protection equipment is being used correctly, and that it is in good condition. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 52 26 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now REPETITIVE STRAIN/SOFT TISSUE INJURIES • Repetitive strain injury (RSI) are typically associated with soft tissues of hands, arms, neck & shoulders. • Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most widely known, but there are several other RSIs also. – CTS is typically caused by repeated and cumulative stress on the median nerve. – Symptoms of CTS include numbness, a tingling sensation, and pain in the fingers, hand, and/ or wrist. – Evidence suggests a higher incidence of CTS among women than men. – Overall incidence rate for CTS is increasing at a rate of more than 15% per year. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 53 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now ESTIMATING THE COST OF ACCIDENTS • Successful, safety & health professionals must show that accidents are more expensive than prevention. – They must be able to estimate the cost of accidents. The procedure for estimating costs set forth in this section was developed by Professor Rollin H. Simonds of Michigan State College working in conjunction with the Statistics Division of the NSC. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 54 27 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now Cost-Estimation Method • To have value, a cost estimate must relate directly to the specific company in question. – Applying broad industry cost factors will not suffice. • To arrive at company-specific figures, divide costs associated with an accident into insured & uninsured costs. – Determining insured costs of accidents is a matter of examining accounting records. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 55 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now Cost-Estimation Method • To calculate uninsured costs, divide accidents into the following four classes: – Class 1 accidents - lost workdays, permanent partial disabilities, and temporary total disabilities. – Class 2 accidents - treatment by a physician outside the companyʼs facility. – Class 3 accidents- locally provided first aid, property damage less than $100, or loss of less than eight hours of work time. – Class 4 accidents - injuries so minor they require no physician attention, property damage of $100 or less, or eight or fewer work hours lost. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 56 28 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now Cost-Estimation Method • Average uninsured costs for each class of accident can be determined from records of accidents in a specified period. – For each accident in each class, record every cost not covered by insurance. Compute total of these costs by class of accident & divide by the total number of accidents in that class to determine an average uninsured cost for each class, specific to the particular company. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 57 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now Cost-Estimation Method • Shown is an example of how to determine average cost of a selected sample of Class 1 accidents. There were four Class 1 accidents in the pilot test. The accidents cost the company $554.23 in uninsured costs, or an average of $138.56 per accident. With this information, accurate cost estimates of an accident can be figured, and accurate predictions made. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 58 29 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now Other Cost-Estimation Methods • Costs associated with workplace accidents, injuries, & incidents fall into broad categories such as: – Lost work hours – Medical costs – Property damage – Fire losses – Insurance premiums and administration – Indirect costs Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 59 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now Other Cost-Estimation Methods • Compile total number lost hours for the period and multiply times the applicable loaded labor rate. – The employeeʼs hourly rate plus benefits. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 60 30 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now Estimating Hidden Costs Accident costs are like an iceberg, in that the larger part of the actual cost is hidden beneath the surface. • Slowdown in production near the site • Need to replace the injured worker – Costs associated with the learning curve • Accident investigation team time Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 61 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now Estimating Hidden Costs Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 62 31 12/13/22 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now GLOBAL IMPACT OF ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES • Rapid development & pressure of global competition are resulting in increased workplace fatalities in China and the Pacific Rim countries. – Many developing countries becoming industrialized lack a safety and health infrastructure. • Occupational safety & health must be seen as a strategy for sustaining economic growth & social development in emerging countries. • The ILO reports record-keeping & reporting systems in developing countries are deteriorating instead of improving. – Only a fraction of the real toll is being reported. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 63 Chapter 1 - Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now GLOBAL IMPACT OF ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES • Occupational injuries in developing countries are more prevalent in such high-risk industries as mining, construction, and agriculture. – Men tend to die as the result of accidents, lung diseases, & work-related cancers such as caused by asbestos. – Women suffer more from musculoskeletal disorders, communicable diseases, and psychosocial problems. – Younger workers are more likely to suffer nonfatal injuries. • Older workers are more likely to suffer fatal injuries. – More than half of retirements are taken early to collect pensions based on work-related disabilities rather than normal retirement. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 64 32