ICT notes.pdf

ICT in Health Sciences Chapter 1 – Introduction to computers 1. Computer : An electronic device, operating under control of instructions stored in its own memory (RAM) 2. Computer can accept data, process it according to a specified rule, and produc...

ICT in Health Sciences Chapter 1 – Introduction to computers 1. Computer : An electronic device, operating under control of instructions stored in its own memory (RAM) 2. Computer can accept data, process it according to a specified rule, and produce information, and store the information for future use 3. Hardware : Collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system - Monitor, mouse, keyboard, data storage, system unit, etc 4. Motherboard : Main circuit board of computer 5. Computer chip : Small semiconducting material which integrated circuits are etched. Contains many microscopic pathways capable of carrying electrical current. Contains resistors, capacitors, transistors. 6. Processor (CPU) : Interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate a computer. Contains control unit and ALU. Contains registers (temp hold data). Repeats four operations for every instruction : - Fetching > Decoding > Executing > Storing 7. Multi-core processor : Single chip with two or more separate processor cores 8. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) : Performs arithmetic, comparison, etc. 9. 10. Leading manufacturers of PC processor chips : Intel & AMD 11. To cool down PC : Heat sinks, liquid cooling technologies, cooling mats 12. Memory : Electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data. Memory stores three basic categories of items : - Operating system, other programs that control the computer - Applications that carry out a specific task - Data being processed by applications and resulting information 13. RAM : Consists of memory chips that can be read from and written by the processor and other devices. 14. Cache : Temporary storage area (improve processing time) - Memory cache : frequently stores used instructions n data - Disk cache 15. Adapter card : Circuit board that enhances functions of a component of a desktop. Held by expansion slots - Sound cards, video cards 16. Software – Organized collections of computer data and instructions - System software, application software  Chapter 2 – Managing Information Systems 1. Must be valuable, information must be accurate, organized, timely, accessible, useful, and cost effective to produce 2. Five elements : - Hardware, Software, Data, People, Procedures 3. Hardware : Physical components of the technology 4. Software : Set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do 5. Data : Collection of facts that are unorganized and unprocessed 6. People : People that use the IS 7. Process : Series of steps undertaken to achieve a desired outcome or goal 8. Types of IS - Transaction Processing System (TPS) - Office Automation System (OAS) - Knowledge Work System (KWS) - Decision Support System (DSS) - Management Information System (MIS) - Executive Support System (ESS) 9. TPS : Performs and records daily routine transactions necessary to conduct business 10. OAS : Designed to increase productivity of data workers in the office. E.g. word, e-mail, scheduling system 11. KWS : Aids knowledge workers in creation and integration of new knowledge in the organization 12. DSS : At the management level, combines data and sophisticated analytic models to support semi-structured and unstructured decision making 13. MIS : At the management level of an organization, functions the planning, controlling, and decision making by providing routine summary and exception report. 14. ESS : At the strategic level, designed to address unstructured decision making through advanced graphics and communication  Chapter 3 – Health Informatics 1. Electronic Health Record (EHR) : digitized version of a patient’s medical chart. 2. Eight key functions that EHR should support : - Physician access to patient information - Access to new and past test results - Computerized provider order entry - Computerized decision-support systems - Secure electronic communication among providers and patients - Patient access to health records - Computerized administration processes - Standards-based electronic data storage and reporting for patient safety  Presentation I – Network 1. Difference between internet and WEB : Aspect Internet WEB Definition Global network of Collection of interlinked interconnected devices hypertext documents Scope Email, file transfer, video Websites, web pages, streaming web-based services Main function Facilitates data exchange Provide access to between information through computers/devices websites Access method Protocols like TCP/IP Accessed via wed browsers Components Routers, servers, Webpages, websites, computers, cables hyperlinks, javascript Our application Email, video Browsing websites, conferencing, online social media, watching gaming videos online Users Devices, computer, Web browsers like servers, IoT systems chrome, firefox Dependency Internet can exist without Web relies on internet web to function 2. Web : global network of interconnected documents and resources, accessible via the internet. Operates on HTTP. Provides platform for information sharing 3. Webpages : individual documents on the web, written in HTML. Each webpage is a distinct unit of content (text, image, video) 4. Website : collection of related webpages hosted under a single domain. Website includes pages like homepage, about page, etc 5. Web servers : specialized computers or software applications that store, process, and serve webpages to users over the internet. (Different from search engines. Its like typing www.example.com into browser. We already know the destination, so we used web server instead of search engine) 6. Purpose of a browser : - Accessing websites - Contain hyperlinks to other resources - Provide tools like bookmark, history, privacy settings - Example : chrome, firefox, safari 7. Purpose of a search engine : - Help users find information on the internet - Using algorithms – rank and display most relevant results - Example : google, yahoo, bing  Presentation II – Network & Internet literacy 1. Network : group of two or more computers or other electronic devices that are interconnected for the purpose of exchanging data and sharing resources 2. Difference between wired and wireless network : Aspect Wired network Wireless network Speed Higher Lower, but possible to achieve equal speed Installation Complex, more time Easy, less time Mobility Limited Not limited, can most freely Bandwidth Higher (faster) Lower (slower) Common medium Copper wires, fibre optic EM waves, radio waves, cables infrared waves Reliability Reliable, provides high- Less reliable, failure of performance network router can affect whole network  Chapter 4 – Communication 1. Communication : the process in which two or more computers or devices transfer data, instructions and information 2. For success communication, you need : - Sending device - Transmission media (channel) - Receiving device 3. Network : collection of computers and devices connected via communication devices and transmission media 4. Importance of network : - Facilitate communication - Share data & information - Share software - Transfer funds 5. LAN (local area network) : network that connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area (home, school office building). Each computer or device on the network is called a node, share resources i. Wireless LAN (WLAN) : wireless. Computers and devices must have built-in wireless capability. WLAN can communicate with wired LAN for resources 6. MAN (metropolitan area network) : high-speed network that connects local area networks in a metropolitan area (city, town). Includes one or more LANs 7. WAN (wide area network) : network that covers large geographical area (country, world). Using wired and wireless transmission media. Largest WAN = internet 8. PAN (personal area network) : network that connects computers and devices in an individual’s workspace using wired and wireless technology. Connects devices through a router using network cables or special USB cables. Use Bluetooth or Wi-Fi i. BAN (body area network) : wirelessly connects sensors worn by or attached to a human body 9. Network architecture : configuration of computers, devices and media on a network i. Client/server network : one or more computers act as server, the other computers on the network request service from the server (client). Both wired and wireless networks can be configured ii. Peer-to-peer : each computer or mobile device (peer) has equal responsibilities and capabilities, sharing hardware, data, etc. Connects